The document discusses DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It describes how DNA is made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. RNA is similar but contains ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose. The document explains transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to proteins using tRNA and the large and small ribosomal subunits.

1. DNA and RNA Biology ~ Edgar

2. LE 10-02a Sugar-phosphate backbone Phosphate group Nitrogenous base Sugar DNA nucleotide DNA polynucleotide DNA nucleotide Sugar (deoxyribose) Thymine (T) Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) Phosphate group A C T G T T G T C A

3. LE 10-02b Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Pyrimidines Adenine (A) Purines Guanine (G)

4. LE 10-02c Phosphate group Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or U) Sugar (ribose) Uracil (U)

5. LE 10-02d Key Hydrogen atom Phosphorus atom Carbon atom Nitrogen atom Oxygen atom

6. LE 10-03d Hydrogen bond Base pair Ribbon model Partial chemical structure Computer model G C T A A T T A C C G G G C T T T T A A A A G C A T A C T G C G A T

7. LE 10-03da Base pair Ribbon model G C T A T A A T C C G G G C A A A A A T T T T T C G

8. LE 10-03db Hydrogen bond T A G C C G T A Partial chemical structure

9. LE 10-03dc Computer model

10. LE 10-04a Parental molecule of DNA Both parental strands serve as templates Two identical daughter molecules of DNA T Nucleotides C G A G C A A T T A A A A C C C T T G G A C A A A A A A C C C C G T G T T T T G T T T G G

11. LE 10-04aa Parental molecule of DNA Both parental strands serve as templates Nucleotides A A C C T G A G T A A C G T T C A A A C C G G T T T

12. LE 10-04ab Both parental strands serve as templates Nucleotides A C A C G T A T G C C A A T T G Two identical daughter molecules of DNA A A A T T T C C G G A A A T T T C C G G

13. LE 10-04b G C T A A T G G C C T T A A C C G G G G C C G G G C C C T T T T T C A A A A A G T G C A T T T T A A A A

14. LE 10-05a Origin of replication Bubble Parental strand Daughter strand Two daughter DNA molecules

15. LE 10-05b 3  end 5  end 5  end 3  end P 4  A T C G HO OH P 1  3  2  5  P P P P C G P P A T P 4  3  1  2  5 

16. LE 10-05c DNA polymerase molecule Parental DNA Daughter strand synthesized continuously Daughter strand synthesized In pieces 3  5  3  5  5  3  3  5  DNA ligase Overall direction of replication

17. LE 10-06a DNA RNA Protein Translation Transcription

18. LE 10-07a DNA molecule Gene 1 Gene 2 Gene 3 A A A A A C C G G C C C G G G U U U U U U U A A DNA strand Transcription RNA Translation Polypeptide Amino acid Codon

19. LE 10-08a Second base First base Third base UUU U C A G G A A C U U U C A C A G G U C A G U C A G UUC UUA UUG CUU CUC CUA CUG AUU AUC AUA Leu lle AUG Met or start GUU GUC GUA GUG Val Ala Thr GCG GCA GCC GCU ACG ACA ACC ACU Pro CCG CCA CCC CCU UCG UCA UCC UCU Ser Tyr Cys UAU UAC UAA UAG CAU CAC CAA CAG His Gln Stop Stop UGU UGC UGA UGG Trp Stop Arg CGU CGU CGA CGG Asn Lys Asp Glu Gly Arg Ser AAU AGU AAC AAA AAG GAU GAG AGC AGA AGG GGU GGC GGG Phe Leu GAC GAA GAG GGA

20. LE 10-08b Strand to be transcribed Transcription DNA T A G T A C T T T T A A A A G C G C T T T A A A A G U RNA Translation Start codon A A U U G U U A G Stop codon Phe Lys Met Polypeptide

21. LE 10-09a RNA polymerase RNA nucleotides Template strand of DNA Direction of transcription Newly made RNA T A A C C A C T C C A A U T T G G U G T T A A C C U A C G G T A

22. LE 10-09b RNA polymerase Initiation Promoter DNA Terminator DNA Area shown In Figure 10.9A Initiation Elongation Termination Growing RNA Completed RNA RNA polymerase DNA of gene

23. LE 10-10 Exon Exon Exon Intron Intron Cap DNA RNA transcript with cap and tail mRNA Coding sequence Nucleus Cytoplasm Exons spliced together Tail Introns removed Transcription Addition of cap and tail

24. LE 10-11a Amino acid attachment site Hydrogen bond RNA polynucleotide chain Anticodon

25. LE 10-11b Anticodon Amino acid attachment site

26. Figure 10.11C

27. LE 10-12a tRNA molecules Growing polypeptide Large subunit Small subunit mRNA

28. LE 10-12b tRNA-binding sites Large subunit Small subunit mRNA binding site

29. LE 10-12c Growing polypeptide mRNA Codons tRNA Next amino acid to be added to polypeptide

30. LE 10-13a Start of genetic message End

31. LE 10-13b C Initiator tRNA Met Met P site mRNA Start codon Small ribosomal subunit A site Large Ribosomal subunit C A U A A U U G A G U

32. LE 10-14 Polypeptide P site mRNA A site Codons Anticodon Amino acid Condon recognition Peptide bond formation New peptide bond Translocation Stop codon mRNA movement

33. LE 10-15 DNA mRNA Transcription RNA polymerase mRNA is transcribed from a DNA template. Each amino acid attaches to its proper tRNA with the help of a specific enzyme and ATP. Translation Amino acid mRNA Enzyme ATP Anticodon Large ribosomal subunit Initiator tRNA Start Codon Small ribosomal subunit U A A U C G Initiation of polypeptide synthesis The mRNA, the first tRNA, and the ribosomal Sub units come together. Stop codon A succession of tRNAs add their amino acids to the polypeptide chain as the mRNA is moved through the ribosome, one codon at a time. Growing polypeptide New peptide bond forming mRNA Polypeptide Codons Elongation Termination The ribosome recognizes a stop codon. The poly- peptide is terminated and released. tRNA

34. LE 10-15a DNA tRNA Transcription RNA polymerase mRNA is Each amino acid Translation Amino acid mRNA Enzyme ATP Anticodon Large ribosomal subunit Initiator tRNA Start Codon Small ribosomal subunit U A A U C G Initiation of polypeptide transcribed from a DNA template. attaches to its proper tRNA with the help of a specific enzyme and ATP. synthesis The mRNA, the first tRNA, and the ribosomal sub units come together. mRNA

35. LE 10-15b Stop codon A succession of tRNAs add their amino acids to the polypeptide chain as the mRNA is moved through the ribosome, one codon at a time. Growing polypeptide New peptide bond forming mRNA Polypeptide Codons Elongation Termination The ribosome recognizes a stop codon. The poly- peptide is terminated and released.

36. LE 10-16a Normal hemoglobin DNA mRNA C T T A A G Normal hemoglobin Glu mRNA C G A Sickle-cell hemoglobin Val Mutant hemoglobin DNA A T U

37. LE 10-16aa Normal hemoglobin DNA Normal hemoglobin Glu mRNA C G A A T T

38. LE 10-16ab Mutant hemoglobin DNA Sickle-cell hemoglobin Val mRNA C G A T A U

39. LE 10-16b Normal gene Base substitution Protein mRNA Base deletion Missing Met Met Met Lys Lys Lys Phe Gly Ala Ala Phe Ala Ser Leu His A A A A A A A A A A A A A A U U U U U U U U U U U U G G G G G G G G G C C C C G G G G G C C U

40. LE 10-16ba Normal gene mRNA Protein A Lys Phe Gly Ala A A A C C G G G G U U U U U G Met

41. LE 10-16bb Base substitution Met Lys Phe Ser Ala U A G C A A A U U U G G A G C

42. LE 10-16bc Base deletion Missing A Lys Leu Ala His U G C A A G U U U G G C G U A Met

43. Fig. 18-6 DNA Signal Gene NUCLEUS Chromatin modification Chromatin Gene available for transcription Exon Intron Tail RNA Cap RNA processing Primary transcript mRNA in nucleus Transport to cytoplasm mRNA in cytoplasm Translation CYTOPLASM Degradation of mRNA Protein processing Polypeptide Active protein Cellular function Transport to cellular destination Degradation of protein Transcription

44. Fig. 18-4a (a) Lactose absent, repressor active, operon off DNA Protein Active repressor RNA polymerase Regulatory gene Promoter Operator mRNA 5  3  No RNA made lac I lacZ

45. Fig. 18-4b (b) Lactose present, repressor inactive, operon on mRNA Protein DNA mRNA 5  Inactive repressor Allolactose (inducer) 5  3  RNA polymerase Permease Transacetylase lac operon  -Galactosidase lacY lacZ lacA lac I

46. LE un206-1 Sugar-phosphate backbone G G G G C C C C A A A T T T A A A A A T T T T T C G G C A T DNA Polynucleotide Sugar Sugar Nucleotide Phosphategroup Nitrogenousbase Deoxy-ribose Ribose CGA T CGA U DNA RNA Nitrogenous base G

47. LE un206-1a Sugar- phosphate backbone C G T A DNA A A A A A T T T A T T G C C G G C A T T G C A C G T Polynucleotide

48. LE un206-1b Sugar Nitrogenous base Nucleotide Phosphategroup DNA RNA Nitrogenous base CGA T CGA U Sugar Deoxy-ribose Ribose G C Sugar-phosphate backbone A G T

49. LE un206-2 Growing polypeptide Amino acid tRNA Codons mRNA Large ribosomal subunit Small ribosomal subunit Anticodon

50. LE un207 is a polymer made from monomers called is performed by enzyme called comes in three kinds called is performed by organelles called use amino-acid-bearing molecules called one or more polymers made from monomers called molecules are components of DNA RNA Protein (a) (b) (g) (c) (d) (e) (f) (h) (i)