1. Immune System,
Vaccines, and
Antibiotics Part 2
Biology EOC Review
SC.912.L14.52
By M. Donohue

2. •What is Immunity???
• Brainstorm!
• Raise Your Hand!

3. •Thehomeostasis? Why do System system plays a role in
What is
Immune you think the immune
homeostasis?
Your Body Fighting
• Disease disrupts stability of
an organisms STABLE Against Evil Invaders!
INTERNAL environment
• Immune systems helps
MAINTAIN stability…AKA
HOMEOSTASIS
• Immune System:
• The organ system that
protects the body from
disease
• Made up of specialized
cells and organs that work
together to protect you
from pathogens
• Infection- the multiplication
of a pathogen in body
tissue
• Three different lines of
defense…we will get to
these in a bit…

4. •How Do We Build Immunity?
• You have to make ANTIBODIES!!! Your body marks the
• Remember those? attackers, herds them
• Definition: protein produced by white together, and
blood cells (WBCS) DESTROYS them!
• Attaches to antigens of invaders using
”lock and key” mechanism
• Antigens are proteins on the surface of
call cells and viruses…their id card
• Antibodies cause antigens to clump
together=easier for your body to attack
and destroy
• Antibodies in a nutshell Mark invader
and herd them together so they can be
easily destroyed by other WBCs (white
blood cells)
• Well how does our body do that?
• Two different ways….
• Active Immunity
• Passive Immunity

6. •Two Major Types of Immune Responses
• Active Immunity • Passive Immunity
• Results from exposure to
pathogen • Created by transferring
• Can occur naturally… antibodies made by
• Pathogen enters one organism into
body another organism
• immune system
• Ex. Rabies
makes
antibodies…AKA you • Often acquired before
get sick birth during fetal
• Can occur by development
VACCINATION
• Weakened or • Newborns receive
deactivated virus antibodies through
introduced to body their mother’s milk
to make antigens
• Doesn’t usually make
you sick
• Next time a person
gets infected, their
body rapidly makes
antibodies to destroy
pathogen

7. •Overview of Vertebrate Defenses
against pathogens
INNATE Immunity ACQUIRED immunity
-Rapid responses to a broad range of microbes -Slower responses to
specific microbes
External Defenses Internal Defenses
•Skin •Phagocytic cells •Humoral response
•Mucous membranes •Antimicrobial proteins (antibodies)
•Secretions •Inflammatory •Cell-mediated
response response (cytotoxic
•Natural Killer cells lymphocytes)

9. •The Immune Systems 3 Lines of Defense

10. •The Immune Systems 3 Lines of Defense
• #1: Barriers to Infection (nonspecific)
• Function-keep invaders (pathogens) OUT of
your body
• Skin
• Mucous membranes (respiratory tract)
• mucus traps pathogens
• cilia moves it out of your throat and
nose or into stomach (sneeze,
cough, swallow)
• Mucus, Saliva and tears
• contain enzyme lysozyme (enzyme
that breaks down cell walls of
bacteria)
• Perspiring (sweat and oil)
• liquid waste secreted from pores
that contains acids, salts and
enzymes that kill bacteria on surface
of skin

11. •The Immune Systems 3 Lines of Defense
• #2 Inflammatory Response (nonspecific)
• Function- respond to the invaders that have
entered the body and have started to damage
precious tissue
• White Blood Cells WBCs
• Several different types specialized to fight
disease
• Blood vessels near injury WIDEN(dilate) to let
more blood flow to area of injury
• Plasma fills spaces between cells
• Plasma carries WBCs called MACROPHAGES to
injury site
• MACROPHAGES- large WBCs that
engulf and destroy pathogens and
alert other immune cells
• Area is swollen b/c of increased blood flow
• Fever- increase in temp. makes more less
suitable for growth of bacteria and
MACROPHAGES work more efficiently

12. •The Immune Systems 3 Lines of Defense
• #3: Immune Response (specific)
• Function-specialized attack on
SPECIFIC pathogens that have
invaded the body
• Many WBCs involved
• Macrophages, T cells, and B
cells
• WBCs secrete antibodies, a
protein that attaches to specific
region of foreign substance called
the antigen

13. •Meet the Troops
Who are the warriors saving our bodies?
•
• Phagocytes
• cells specialized in finding and "eating"
bacteria, viruses, and dead or injured
body cells.
• There are three main types
1) the granulocyte
2) the macrophage
3) the dendritic cell
• Lymphocytes
• migrate to parts of the lymphatic system
• T cells and B cells

14. •Phagocytes
• The granulocytes often take the first
stand during an infection.
• Sacrifice them selves in battle…gobble up
invaders until they die  (thank you brave
warriors…)
• The macrophages ("big eaters")
• slower to respond to invaders than the
granulocyte but they are larger, live longer,
and have far greater capacities
• ALERT the rest of the immune system of
invaders.
• The dendritic cells are "eater" cells and
devour intruders
• Helps ACTIVATE rest of immune system
• filter body fluids

15. •Lymphocytes (specialized attackers)
• On the surface of each lymphatic cell are receptors that
enable them to recognize foreign substances.
• very specialized receptors- each can match only one specific
Antigen-
• protein on the surface of a cell (good or bad) that signals to other cells
what it is
• T cells
• T cells come in two different types, helper cells and killer cells.
• B cells
• JOB: search for antigens matching its receptors, connect and
become PRATIALLY ACTIVATED
• FULL ACTIVATION require proteins from helper T cells
• Once FULLY ACTIVATED:
• the B cell starts to divide to produce clones of itself called plasma cells
and B memory cells.

16. •T Cells
Two types
•
• Helper T cells main regulators
of the immune defense
• JOB: activate B cells and killer T
cells.
• must be activated by antigen
presentation
• ACTIVATED Helper divides and to
produces PROTEINS that activate
B and T cells
• Killer T cells
• specialized in attacking cells of
the body infected by viruses and
by bacteria (and sometimes
cancer cells)
• Recognize antigens on invaders
and swiftly kill the EVIL invader

20. •B Cells (2 types)
• The plasma cell
• Job: Make antibodies that search for other similar
invaders
• Antibody finds invader, attaches to it and attracts
macrophages to come over and gobble up the invader
• Some Antibodies also neutralize toxins and incapacitate
viruses, preventing them from infecting new cells.
• The Memory Cells
• Prolonged life span and can thereby "remember" specific
intruders (T cells produce even better ones)
• The next time the same invader comes into body, B and T
memory cells help the immune system to activate much
faster
• Invaders are wiped out before the infected human feels
any symptoms
• Immunity against the invader has been achieved

24. Once the battle is done, the T-suppressor cell calls
off the troops so they can rest up for the next
battle!

25. •Nonspecific vs. specific defenses
• Nonspecific defenses do not distinguish
one infectious microbe from another
• Specific defenses recognize and
defend against invading microbes and
cancer cells
• Involves presence of an antigen

26. •Nonspecific defenses
• Skin
• Mucus
• Macrophages
• Inflammatory Response
• Interferons and complement proteins
• attack microbes either directly or indirectly by
impeding their reproduction
• Interferons are produced by infected cells
• Diffuse to healthy cells where they cause the
cell to inhibit viral production
• Complement proteins are activated by
microbes or immune system
• Coat infected cells –easier to eat
• Can amplify inflammatory response

27. •Nonspecific defenses:
inflammatory response

28. •Nonspecific defenses:
inflammatory response
• Redness, heat, and swelling caused by
• Increase in blood flow, fluid, and cells
• Inflammatory response disinfects and cleans
injured tissues
• Pus = dead white cells and fluid
• Systemic response is widespread
• Toxins or microorganisms released in bloodstream
• Circulates through body
• Inflammatory weapons
• increase white blood cells,
• Fever
• Low-grade fever can stimulate phagocytosis and inhibit growth
of many microorganisms

29. •Specific immunity
• Often more effective than nonspecific
response
• It also amplifies nonspecific response
• Specific response begins due to presence of
an antigen
• Can either increase # of cells that attack invader
directly OR
• Produce antibodies
• Immune system “remembers” antigens it has
previously encountered
• Responds immediately and vigorously
• Is adaptive

30. •Antibiotics
• What happens when your body can’t fight off infection?
• Must call for extra help…Medicine/drugs
called ANTIBIOTICS
• Drugs used to either kill bacterial or prevent
reproduction
• Penicillin-1st antibiotic
• 1928
• Used to be effective against many bacterial
infections
• Today, it is the least effective antibiotic against
many of the infections it fought
• Why???
• See next slide….

31. •Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics
• Why do some antibiotics stop working???
• Antibiotic usually kills entire colony of bacteria
• Sometimes a few little suckers survive
• They develop their own immunity/resistance to the
antibiotic (it’s in their simple DNA)…EVOLUTION!
• These resistant bacteria reproduce ASEXUALLY and
pass off instructions for resistance to offspring
• Their little super army of resistant bacterial clones
grows quickly over time and occurs every time
antibiotic is used
• Eventually there may be so many resistant bacteria
that the antibiotic won’t work…BIG PROBLEMS!
• Need to find a new strategy of attack
• SOOOOO…do NOT use antibiotics every time you
feel sick…only use when they are prescribed by
your Doc!

33. Explain
why this
is true…

34. • Let's see exactly how this all works...CLICK ME!!!!

35. •Summary (What you need to know)
• Nonspecific vs. specific Immunity
• As organisms have become more evolved, SPECIFIC Immunity has
developed (helps in survival and reproduction)
• Active vs. passive immunity
• Antibodies
• Protein that attaches to the antigens of invaders and signals to
immune cells that it needs to be destroyed
• Antigens
• Proteins on the surface of cells that indicate to other cells what it is
• Macrophages
• First ones to Gobble up invaders
• T Cells
• Attack specific invaders and kill them
• B Cells
• Produces Antibodies against the invader

36. Test Your Skills!
Fold you paper long ways (hotdog)
Title column on the left Answers
Title the second column Explanations
Answers Explanation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10

37. Test Your Skills!
1. What is your body’s first line of
defense?
a)Skin
b)Antibodies
c) Red blood cells
d)White blood cells

38. Test Your Skills!
2. Scientists from different fields
work together to continually modify
the chemical composition of
antibiotic medicines. This is to keep
up with the adaptive abilities of the
pathogens antibiotics are intended
to treat. Antibiotics inhibit the
formation of membranes in certain
prokaryotes. Which of the following
would most likely be treated with
antibiotics?
a. Body cells
b. Foreign pathogens
c. Inherited risk factors
d. Cells that carry mutations

39. Test Your Skills!
3. Rather than use a whole virus,
some vaccines use only parts of
the protein coat of the virus.
Why does this method work?
a. The viral protein coat is what
causes the viral disease
b. The viral protein coat carries
the antibodies needed to
fight the disease
c. The viral protein coat carries
the antigens that provoke
the immune response
d. The viral protein coat
provides a food source for
viruses that enter the
infected host cell

40. Test Your Skills!
4. An antibiotic is advertised as
being able to kill 95% of all bacteria
it is meant to treat. What can
happen with prolonged or
repeated use of this antibiotic?
a. That type of bacteria may
become extinct
b. That type of bacteria may
become resistant to the
antibiotic
c. The bodies of the patients may
become resistant to the
antibiotic.
d. A lower does of the antibiotic
may be needed to treat the
next outbreak of the bacteria

41. Test Your Skills!
5. Which of these statements best
describes how a vaccine can
protect a person from an infectious
virus?
a. The vaccine stimulates platelet
production, which kills the virus.
b. A small dose of the weakened
virus is given to the patient so
antibodies can form.
c. The vaccine stimulates
chemical blockers that do not
allow the virus to enter the
blood stream.
d. A small dose of the weakened
virus is given to the patient in
order to prevent wall synthesis
and repair.

42. Test Your Skills!
6. Some forms of vaccination consist of
injecting a person with inactive viruses.
How do the proteins from the inactive
virus protect the person from later
infections by those viruses?
a. They cause a mild infection that
prevents the person's body from
responding to later infections.
b. They bond with receptors on the
cells of the person so that later
active viruses cannot bind with
them.
c. They stimulate an immune
response that produces memory
cells. These cells can produce
antibodies when a new active virus
infects the cell.
d. They remain in the body and serve
as a food source for later active
viruses instead of feeding on the
person’s tissues and causing
infection

43. Test Your Skills!
7. Biologically produced proteins
called antibodies help the body fight
infection in which of these ways?
a. Antibodies destroy pathogens by
engulfing and digesting them
b. Antibodies are found in the
antibiotic medications that can be
used to help the body fight off
infections that have occurred.
c. Antibodies identify and destroy
foreign material s and pathogens
by producing powerful chemicals
that dissolve them, making them
harmless.
d. Antibodies attach to the surface
proteins of antigens, inactivating
the pathogen or signaling other
immune cells to destroy the foreign
protein material

44. Test Your Skills!
8. Certain cells are activated by
the immune system to find and
destroy pathogenic cells that
make their way into the body. T
cells are affected by the
macrophages as a step in what
type of the immune system
response?
a. A specific, general response
b. A specific, targeted response
c. A nonspecific, general
response
d. A nonspecific, targeted
response

45. Test Your Skills!
9. The human immune system is made up of special
cells, proteins, tissues, and organs that defend against
viruses and microorganisms everyday. In the human
body there area two different types of response
systems (as describe in the table below). Which choice
correctly identifies X and Y??
a. X=active , Y= passive
b. X= acquired, Y= inborn
c. X=inborn , Y= acquired
d. X=Antibodies , Y= White blood cells
X Y
Evolutionary Early (vertebrates) Recent (mammals)
Types of response General response Targeted, specific
antigen response
Timing of response Early line of Slow, development
defense, largely becomes stronger in
unchanging time, has memory
Examples Natural killer cells, Antibodies made by
interferon, body in response to
inflammation antigen

46. 10. The p53 gene codes for the p53 protein that locates errors on the DNA
for cellular repair. The diagram below shows the relationship among possible
environmental influences, the p53 gene, and cancer.
Which of the following statements best describes the relationships
among possible environmental influences, the p53 gene, and
cancer?
a. Environmental influences can lead to mutations in the p53
gene, which can cause certain cancers.
b. Increased levels of p53 protein, rather than environmental
influences, can cause certain cancers.
c. Mutations in the p53 gene increase environmental influences
that can cause certain cancers.
d. Genes such as p53 are less causal than environmental
influences in stimulating certain cancers.

47. •Answers to #1-10
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. B
5. B
6. C
7. D
8. B
9. C
10. A