1. Floodplain Management: Adapting to a Changing Climate
Lecture
Group
Tasks
Total
Time
Time Title Media Content Activity Lead
Pre- Background e-mail 1. Participates asked to read USGS report Read material and organize themselves in to groups Freitag /
workshop and Floodplain Management: a new assisted by instructors. Requested to bring maps DePue
approach…. illustrating local issues if desired.
2. Participates asked to select a geographic
region
5 min. Getting Organized None Participants arranged at tables by Moderators help participates sit at appropriate table Freitag /
geographical region DePue
5
15 min. 1. Welcome Lecture, 1. Purpose of workshop Indivudal participant activilty (name, organization, Freitag /
PowerPoint 2. Expected outcome expected outcome) DePue
15 A 3. Day’s program (6 step, 3 Task process)
4. Know each other.
2. min 2. Polling – (individual task) None Polling on participants attitude toward Indivudal participant activilty (Two container curculated Freitag /
climate change among participants. Both opaque. One containes DePue
1. Problem (Al Gore) noodles of 3 different colors Colors correspond to 1.
2. Much to do about nothing ( more hype problem (green), hype (red) and unsure (yellow).
2 1
that science) Participants are asked to vote by selecting on color and
3. Unsure placing the noodle piece from on jar into the other.
Both jars are opaque and the selection is secret)
10 min. 3a. Round 1 (Group): None Determine assets or values that might be at Small group activity. Working in table groups. Freitag /
Determine Problem -- (Team risk. DePue
10 2 task)
10 min. 3b. Round 1 (Group): Reporting None Participant table teams describe assets / Small group activity. Working in table groups. Freitag /
-- (Team task) values to class. DePue
10
10 min. 4. Developing a Risk / Lecture, Understanding risk. Introducing a working Listening. Question can be asked at any time. Freitag
Opportunity Model -- (Lecture PowerPoint definition
10 B with Q and A) • Hazard
• Impact
• Capabilities
40 min. 5. Understanding Climate Lecture, Profile / Characterize Change / Region Listening. Question can be asked at any time. DePue
change Science -- (Lecture with PowerPoint • Frequency
Q and A) • Location
40 C
• Timing
• Severity
30 min 6. Impacts Lecture, Manipulate the effect (Beneficial or adverse) Listening. Question can be asked at any time. Freitag
PowerPoint Vulnerability or exposure to
• Systems
30 D
• Built environment
• Natural environment
15 15 min. 6. Break None Informal discussions Networking
15 min. 8a. Round 2: Define Risks -- None Identify risks to assets or values identified in Small group activity. Working in table groups. Freitag /
(Team task) task 1a DePue
15 3
10 min. 8b. Round 2: Reporting -- None Participant table teams describe risk Small group activity. Working in table groups. Freitag /
(Team task) identified DePue
10
30 min. 9. Identifying Capabilities -- ( Lecture, Present approaches and tool with in context Listening. Question can be asked at any time. Freitag /
Lecture with Q and A) PowerPoint of DePue
• Mitigation and the Four phases of
30 E emergency mangement
• Climate change concepts (retreat,
accommodate and protect)
• Case studies (NW)
15 min. 10a. Round 3: Identify None Identify capabiliites the reduce risks to assets Small group activity. Working in table groups. Freitag /
Capabilities -- (Team task) or values identified in task 1a DePue
15 4
10 min. 10b. Round 3: Reporting -- None Participant table teams describe capabilities Small group activity. Working in table groups. Freitag /
(Team task) DePue
10
20 min. 11. Discussing Strategies and None Discussion of issues present Discussion by entire class Freitag / Strategies
Wrap-up (Discussion by all) DePue
20 F
237
3.95
This workshop will help floodplain managers, planners, engineers, and scientists identify Climate Change impacts for their geographic region and area of interest;
and identify adaption strategies. Group activity will include a region specific climate change scenario used to identify threatened values/assets associated with
specific floodplains, applying a 6 step approach to identify adaptation measures. Instructors: Michael DePue, PE, CFM, PBS&J; Bob Freitag, CFM, University of
Washington

2. 5/20/2010
Floodplain Management:
Adapting to a Changing Climate
Bob Freitag CFM (University of Washington
Michael DePue PE, CFM (PBS&J)
Originally published on Tuesday, December 23, 2008
E-mail cartoon Printer-friendly
1

3. 5/20/2010
Adapting to a Changing Climate
1. Welcome
2. Polling – (individual task)
3. Round 1 (Group): Determine Problem and Reporting -- (Team
task)
4. Developing a Risk / Opportunity Model -- (Lecture with Q and A)
5. Understanding Climate change Science -- (Lecture with Q and A)
6. Break
7. Identifying Climate Change Impacts -- ( Lecture with Q and A)
8. Round 2: Define Risks and Reporting -- (Team task)
9. Identifying Capabilities -- ( Lecture with Q and A)
10. Round 3: Identify Capabilities and Reporting -- (Team task)
11. Discussing Strategies and Wrap-up (Discussion by all)
Floods Are Not the Problem
Six Questions to ask when choosing a plan to control the
effects of flooding:
1. What values or assets do you want to protect or
enhance?
2. What are the apparent risks of opportunities for
enhancement?
3. What is the range of risk-reduction or opportunity-
enhancement strategies available?
4. How well does each strategy reduce the risk or enhance
the resource?
5. What other risks or benefits does each strategy
introduce?
6. Are the costs imposed by each strategy too high?
2

4. 5/20/2010
A New Vocabulary
• Flood: Neither positive or negative; it is simply water spilling over its
banks. A change in condition that could be a hazard or lead to an
opportunity
• Hazard: Often seen as something with a potentially adverse effect.
“Change” may be a better word.
• Change: A change in condition could be a hazards or lead to an
opportunity
• Opportunities: can be viewed as being similar but opposite of risk; the
benefits
• Risk: a function of “Change” in condition, Impacts and Capabilities. Risk
and Opportunities are different sides of the same coin.
• Disaster: a realized risk
• Benefit: a realized opportunity.
• Mitigation and adaptation ( with flooding being a secondary hazard)
• Adaptation: Retreat, accommodate, protect
Resiliency –
“the ability to tolerate change”
3

5. 5/20/2010
Ecological Resilience vs.
Engineering Resilience
• Ecological Resilience is a Better Framework
Engineering Resilience Ecological Resilience
Seeks stability Accepts inevitability of change
Resists disturbance Absorbs and recovers from disturbance
One equilibrium point Multiple, non-stable equilibria
Single acceptable outcome Multiple acceptable outcomes
Predictability Unpredictability
Fail-safe Safe-fail
Narrow tolerances Wide tolerances
Rigid boundaries and edges Flexible boundaries and edges
Efficiency of function Persistence of function
Redundancy of structure Redundancy of function
4

6. 5/20/2010
A Resilient City Case Study:
Snoqualmie, Washington
• Case Study: Snoqualmie, Washington
– 698 of 700 housing units in floodplain
– 13 disaster flood related declarations between 1965 and
2001
– Water is clean, slow-moving and comes with warning
– Flooding benefits downstream communities.
– Most severely floodprone homes have been elevated.
(several hundred since 1986)
– City amenities defined by river and river location
• Climate change is increasing flood frequency.
• Snoqualmie will always flood.
• Snoqualmie is becoming resilient to flood damage.
5

7. 5/20/2010
Northwest
Northeast
Midwest
Great Plains
Southwest
Southeast
USGS
Teams
1. Welcome
• Northeast 2. Polling – (individual task)
• Southeast 3. Round 1 (Group): Determine
Problem and Reporting -- (Team
task)
• Midwest 4. Developing a Risk / Opportunity
Model -- (Lecture with Q and A)
• Great Plains 5. Understanding Climate change
Science -- (Lecture with Q and A)
• Southwest 6. Break
7. Identifying Climate Change Impacts
• Northwest -- ( Lecture with Q and A)
8. Round 2: Define Risks and
• Alaska Reporting -- (Team task)
9. Identifying Capabilities -- ( Lecture
• Islands with Q and A)
10. Round 3: Identify Capabilities and
• Coasts Reporting -- (Team task)
11. Discussing Strategies and Wrap-up
(Discussion by all)
6

8. 5/20/2010
Floodplain Management:
Adapting to a Changing Climate
Round 1 (Group): Determine Problem and
Reporting
Adapting to a Changing Climate
1. Welcome
2. Polling – (individual task)
3. Round 1 (Group): Determine Problem and Reporting -- (Team
task)
4. Developing a Risk / Opportunity Model -- (Lecture with Q and A)
5. Understanding Climate change Science -- (Lecture with Q and A)
6. Break
7. Identifying Climate Change Impacts -- ( Lecture with Q and A)
8. Round 2: Define Risks and Reporting -- (Team task)
9. Identifying Capabilities -- ( Lecture with Q and A)
10. Round 3: Identify Capabilities and Reporting -- (Team task)
11. Discussing Strategies and Wrap-up (Discussion by all)
1

9. 5/20/2010
Six Step Process
1. What values or assets do you want to protect or
enhance?
2. What are the apparent risks or opportunities for
enhancement?
3. What is the range of risk-reduction or opportunity-
enhancement strategies available?
4. How well does each strategy reduce the risk or
enhance the resource?
5. What other risks or benefits does each strategy
introduce?
6. Are the costs imposed by each strategy too high?
2

10. 5/20/2010
Adapting to a Changing
Climate:
Developing a Risk / Opportunity
Model
Six Step Process
1. What values or assets do you want to protect or
enhance?
2. What are the apparent risks or opportunities for
enhancement?
3. What is the range of risk-reduction or opportunity-
enhancement strategies available?
4. How well does each strategy reduce the risk or
enhance the resource?
5. What other risks or benefits does each strategy
introduce?
6. Are the costs imposed by each strategy too high?
1

11. 5/20/2010
Risks and Opportunities
Resiliency: The ultimate goal: being able to tolerate (benefit
from) change.
Risks and Opportunities
(Result of change, effect, and capability)
Focus on change Manipulate the effect
Capabilities
Primary and secondary Beneficial or adverse
Strategies made up of
Hazard of disturbance Vulnerability or exposure
approaches and tools
Location Systems: Money
Frequency Built environment Power
Severity Natural environment Timing
Timing
Disaster: Realized Risk Benefit Realized Opportunity
Risks and Opportunities
Focus on Manipulate the effect
Primary and secondary hazard Beneficial or adverse
or disturbance
or exposure
• Location
• Frequency Systems:
• Severity • Built environment
• Timing • Natural environment
• Societal, political, and
organizational
Strategies made up of
approaches and tools
• Money
• Power
• Timing
2

12. 5/20/2010
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Layers
Exposed inventory (e.g.
Points Floodprone parcels with
without road accesses)
Infrastructures - inventory (e.g
access roads)
Polygons Parcels – inventory
Change 2 (floodway can
be raster or vector)
Lines Change 1 (floodplain
can be raster or vector)
Real World (floodplain)
Risk /Opportunity = f ( exposed Inventory / change )
RISK / (OPPORTUNITY)
ASSESSMENT
ACCEPTABLE RISK (ACHIEVEABLE
OPPORTUNITY)
•HAZARD/CHANGE RISK/OPP.
•Impacts
UNACCEPTABLE RISK/OPP.
•Capabilities
RISK REDUCTION /
OPPORTUNITY ENHANSEMENT
POLICY OPTIONS
Natural Environment •PREVENTION/MITIGATION
- Climate
- Biology
•PREPAREDNESS
- Geology •EMERGENCY RESPONSE
Built Environment •RECOVERY and
- Structures
- Infrastructure RECONSTRUCTION
Systems
3

13. 5/20/2010
Natural Processes Must Drive Solutions
• Case Study: New York, New York
– The Catskill/Delaware watershed provides 90% of the drinking water for
New York City. The 1600 square mile watershed allows excellent
filtration with some chlorination to kill microorganisms.
– Development in the Catskills threatened the ability of the watershed to
filter the water naturally and the EPA began to demand that New York
install a new filtration system costing billions.
• The Six Questions revisited:
1. What values or assets do you want to protect or enhance?
2. What are the apparent risks of opportunities for enhancement?
3. What is the range of risk-reduction or opportunity-enhancement
strategies available?
4. How well does each strategy reduce the risk or enhance the resource?
5. What other risks or benefits does each strategy introduce?
6. Are the costs imposed by each strategy too high?
4

14. 5/20/2010
Adapting to a Changing
Climate:
Profiling the Change
1

15. 5/20/2010
Outline
• Introduction
• Overview of Broad Trends
• Impact of Climate Change in the United States
by region
– Frequency
– Location
– Timing
– Severity
What is “Climate Change”?
• “Climate Change” is the term for the change in the
statistical distribution of weather over periods of
time that range from decades to millions of years.
• In recent decades general climate change has been
trending towards a gradual warming of the earth’s
atmosphere and oceans. This upward temperature
trend is usually called “Global Warming”
2

16. 5/20/2010
Global Warming
Source of table: Global Warming Art; Source of data: NASA, Goddard Institute for Space Studies (Hansen, et al, 2006)
Climate Change in the United States.
• Key findings
– Average U.S. temperature has risen more than 2°F
over the past 50 years
– Precipitation has increased an average of about 5
percent over the past 50 years
• Wet areas wetter, dry areas drier.
– Heaviest downpours have increased approximately 20
percent on average in the past century
• Strongest increases in the wettest places.
– Many types of extreme weather events have become
more frequent and intense during the past 40 to 50
years.
From: Third Public Review Draft of the Unified Synthesis Product Global Climate Change in the United States. National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Commerce. April 27, 2009.
3

17. 5/20/2010
Climate Change in the United States.
• Key findings (continued)
– Destructive energy of Atlantic hurricanes has increased
– In eastern Pacific, the strongest hurricanes have become
stronger since the 1980s even while the total number of
storms has decreased.
– Sea level has risen 2 to 5 inches during the past 50 years
along many U.S. coasts
– For cold-season storms outside the tropics, storm tracks
are shifting northward and the strongest storms are
projected to become stronger.
– Arctic sea ice is declining rapidly and this is projected to
continue
From: Third Public Review Draft of the Unified Synthesis Product Global Climate Change in the United States. National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Commerce. April 27, 2009.
Climate Change and Water Resources
Management: A Federal Perspective 2009
Sea Level Trends
Temperature Trends
From: Brekke, L.D., Kiang, J.E., Olsen, J.R., Pulwarty, R.S., Raff, D.A., Turnipseed, D.P., Webb, R.S., and White, K.D., 2009, Climate change and
water resources management—A federal perspective: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1331, 65 p. (Also available online at
http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1331/)
4

18. 5/20/2010
U.S. Coastal Sensitivity to Sea Level Rise 2009
From: “U.S. Climate Change Science Program Synthesis and Assessment Product 4.1, Coastal Sensitivity to Sea Level Rise: A Focus on the Mid-
Atlantic Region.” Lead Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Other Key Participating Agencies: U.S. Geological Survey, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, Contributing Agencies: Department of Transportation. January 15, 2009
Climate Change in the United States.
• Other trends occurring on regional scale
– A longer growing season
– Less winter precipitation falling as snow and more as rain
– Reduced snowpack
– Earlier breakup of winter ice on lakes and rivers
– Earlier spring snowmelt and earlier peak river flows
– In some areas, average fall precipitation has increased by
30 percent
– Increase in percentage of land area experiencing drought
– Warmer coast waters and more hurricanes
From: Third Public Review Draft of the Unified Synthesis Product Global Climate Change in the United States. National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Commerce. April 27, 2009.
5

19. 5/20/2010
Increased summer continental drying and
associated risk of drought
(USGS, Abrupt Climate Change, 2008)
Water infrastructure will have to be redesigned. Water use will have to adjust
to limited water availability.
From: CCSP, 2008: Abrupt Climate Change. A report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on
Global Change Research [Clark, P.U., A.J. Weaver (coordinating lead authors), E. Brook, E.R. Cook, T.L. Delworth, and K.
Steffen (chapter lead authors)]. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, 459 pp.
A longer growing season
Increase in mean global temperature
of 1.8°C is likely to lengthen the
growing season in higher latitudes.
Changes in the Mid-latitudes are
mixed. (USDA, 2001)
ers.usda.gov/publications/aib765/aib765-8.pdf
http://www.arborday.org/media/mapchanges.cfm
From: Roy Darwin. United States Department of
Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Climate
Change and Food Security. Agriculture
Information Bulletin Number 765-8 June 2001
6

20. 5/20/2010
General Trends Commonly Found in CC Reports
Type Scale Impact Source
Cyclones Global Increase in tropical cyclone peak wind intensities IPCC 2001
Cyclones USA Warmer coast waters and more hurricanes NOAA 2009
Land Cover USA A longer growing season NOAA 2009
Many types of extreme weather events have become more frequent and intense
Multi-Hazard USA NOAA 2009
during the past 40 to 50 years.
Precipitation Global Increase in tropical cyclone mean and peak precipitation intensities IPCC 2001
Precipitation Global Increased summer continental drying and associated risk of drought IPCC 2001
Precipitation Global More intense precipitation events IPCC 2001
Precipitation USA In some areas, average fall precipitation has increased by 30 percent NOAA 2009
Precipitation USA Less winter precipitation falling as snow and more as rain NOAA 2009
Precipitation USA Reduced snowpack NOAA 2009
Precipitation USA Wet areas wetter, dry areas drier. NOAA 2009
Sea Level Rise Global Increased coastal erosion due to increased sea levels USEPA 2009
Sea level has risen 2 to 5 inches during the past 50 years along many U.S.
Sea Level Rise USA NOAA 2009
coasts
For cold-season storms outside the tropics, storm tracks are shifting northward
Storm Tracks USA NOAA 2009
and the strongest storms are projected to become stronger.
Temperatures Global Higher maximum temperatures and more hot days over nearly all land areas IPCC 2001
Higher minimum temperatures, fewer cold days and frost days over nearly all
Temperatures Global IPCC 2001
land areas
Temperatures Global Increase of heat index over land areas IPCC 2001
Temperatures Global Reduced diurnal temperature range over most land areas IPCC 2001
Temperatures USA Earlier breakup of winter ice on lakes and rivers NOAA 2009
Temperatures USA Earlier spring snowmelt and earlier peak river flows NOAA 2009
Northwest
Northeast
Midwest
Great Plains
Southwest
Southeast
USGS
7

21. 5/20/2010
Northeast
• Impacts
– More frequent days with temperatures above 90°F
– A longer growing season
– Increased heavy precipitation
– Less winter precipitation falling as snow and more as
rain
– Reduced snowpack
– Earlier breakup of winter ice on lakes and rivers
– Earlier spring snowmelt resulting in earlier peak river
flows
– Rising sea surface temperatures and sea level
From: Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, Thomas R. Karl, Jerry M. Melillo, and Thomas C. Peterson,
(eds.). Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Northeast
• Extreme heat and declining air quality
• Agricultural production likely to be adversely
affected as favorable climates shift
From: Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, Thomas R. Karl, Jerry M. Melillo, and Thomas C. Peterson,
(eds.). Cambridge University Press, 2009.
8

22. 5/20/2010
Northeast
• Climate change
illustrated:
– Massive changes in the
environment of the
northeast: A change in
climate equivalent to
moving upstate New
York to the latitude of
South Carolina!
Source: New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
Northeast
• Challenge: Urban Flooding
Downtown Boston
Red shading shows a rise of
1.5 meters
Source: US Environmental Protection Agency
From: Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, Thomas R. Karl, Jerry M. Melillo, and Thomas C. Peterson,
(eds.). Cambridge University Press, 2009.
9

23. 5/20/2010
Northeast
• Case Study: Chesapeake
Bay
– The combination of sea
level rise and land
subsidence has caused a
relative rise in sea height
of one foot over the past
century.
Areas at risk by height of sea
level rise
Southeast
• For the Southeast:
– Annual average temperature has
risen about 2°F since 1970
• Greatest increase in winter
– Since 1901, average fall
precipitation has increased by 30
percent
– Noticeable increase in heavy
downpours in many areas
– Increase in percentage of land area
experiencing drought in last 30
years
– Trend is towards warmer coast
waters and more hurricanes
• Expect individual hurricanes to result
in more rainfall than in the past
– Total future precipitation trends
unclear
• Models disagree
From: Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, Thomas R. Karl, Jerry M. Melillo, and Thomas C. Peterson,
(eds.). Cambridge University Press, 2009.
10

24. 5/20/2010
Southeast
From: Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, Thomas R. Karl, Jerry M. Melillo, and Thomas C. Peterson,
(eds.). Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Southeast
• Challenge: Hurricanes
– The number of large hurricanes will increase
– Their impact will be more wide-spread and severe
From: Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, Thomas R. Karl, Jerry M. Melillo, and Thomas C. Peterson,
(eds.). Cambridge University Press, 2009.
11

25. 5/20/2010
Southeast
Source: Scientific American
Southeast
Tampa
Clearwater
St. Petersburg
Source: Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council
12

26. 5/20/2010
Southeast
Challenge: Loss of
wetlands as a
protective barrier
From: Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, Thomas R. Karl, Jerry M. Melillo, and Thomas C. Peterson,
(eds.). Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Midwest
• Longer growing season
• Increases in heat waves, floods, droughts, insects,
and weeds will present
• Likely increase in precipitation in winter and
spring, more heavy downpours, and greater
evaporation in summer would lead to more
periods of both floods and water deficits.
• Significant reductions in Great Lakes water levels
• During the summer increasing heat waves,
reduced air quality, and insect and waterborne
diseases.
• Native species are very likely to face increasing
threats from rapidly changing climate conditions,
pests, diseases, and invasive species
From: Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, Thomas R. Karl, Jerry M. Melillo, and Thomas C. Peterson,
(eds.). Cambridge University Press, 2009.
13

27. 5/20/2010
Midwest
From: Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, Thomas R. Karl, Jerry M. Melillo, and Thomas C. Peterson,
(eds.). Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Great Plains
• Projected increases in temperature,
evaporation, and drought frequency
• Agriculture, ranching, and natural
lands are very likely to also be
stressed by rising temperatures.
• Climate change is likely to affect
native plant and animal species by
altering key habitats
• Ongoing shifts in the region’s
population from rural areas to urban
centers will interact with a changing
climate
From: Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, Thomas R. Karl, Jerry M. Melillo, and Thomas C. Peterson,
(eds.). Cambridge University Press, 2009.
14

28. 5/20/2010
Great Plains
From: Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, Thomas R. Karl, Jerry M. Melillo, and Thomas C. Peterson,
(eds.). Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Great Plains
From: Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, Thomas R. Karl, Jerry M. Melillo, and Thomas C. Peterson,
(eds.). Cambridge University Press, 2009.
15

29. 5/20/2010
Southwest
• Water supplies will become increasingly scarce, calling for
tradeoffs among competing uses, and potentially leading to
conflict.
• Increasing temperature, drought, wildfire, and invasive
species will accelerate transformation of the landscape.
• Increased frequency and altered timing of flooding will
increase risks to people, ecosystems, and infrastructure.
• Unique tourism and recreation opportunities are likely to
suffer.
• Cities and agriculture face increasing risks from a changing
climate.
• Ecological thresholds are likely to be crossed throughout the
region, causing major disruptions to ecosystems and to the
benefits they provide to people.
• Quality of life will be affected by increasing heat stress,
water scarcity, severe weather events, and reduced
availability of insurance for at-risk properties
From: Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, Thomas R. Karl, Jerry M. Melillo, and Thomas C. Peterson,
(eds.). Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Southwest
From: Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, Thomas R. Karl, Jerry M. Melillo, and Thomas C. Peterson,
(eds.). Cambridge University Press, 2009.
16

30. 5/20/2010
Southwest
• Challenge: Effects of mudslides as a result of
brush and forest fires
Northwest
• Declining springtime snowpack
leads to reduced summer stream
flows, straining water supplies.
• Increased insect outbreaks,
wildfires, and changing species
composition in forests
• Salmon and other coldwater
species will experience additional
stresses as a result of rising water
temperatures and declining
summer stream flows
• Sea-level rise along vulnerable
coastlines will result in increased
erosion and the loss of land.
From: Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, Thomas R. Karl, Jerry M. Melillo, and Thomas C. Peterson,
(eds.). Cambridge University Press, 2009.
17

31. 5/20/2010
Northwest
From: Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, Thomas R. Karl, Jerry M. Melillo, and Thomas C. Peterson,
(eds.). Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Alaska
• Longer summers and higher
temperatures are causing drier
conditions, even in the absence
of strong trends in precipitation.
• Lakes are declining in area.
• Thawing permafrost damages
roads, runways, water and sewer
systems, and other infrastructure.
• Coastal storms increase risks to
villages and fishing fleets.
• Displacement of marine species
will affect key fisheries
From: Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, Thomas R. Karl, Jerry M. Melillo, and Thomas C. Peterson,
(eds.). Cambridge University Press, 2009.
18

32. 5/20/2010
Alaska
From: Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, Thomas R. Karl, Jerry M. Melillo, and Thomas C. Peterson,
(eds.). Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Islands
• The availability of
freshwater is likely
to be reduced
• Island
communities,
infrastructure, and
ecosystems are
vulnerable to
coastal inundation
due to sea-level
rise and coastal
storms.
From: Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, Thomas R. Karl, Jerry M. Melillo, and Thomas C. Peterson,
(eds.). Cambridge University Press, 2009.
19

33. 5/20/2010
Islands
From: Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, Thomas R. Karl, Jerry M. Melillo, and Thomas C. Peterson,
(eds.). Cambridge University Press, 2009.
A longer growing season
More topo coverage
needed for bigger
floods-roughness
More difficulty
obtaining aerial
topo due to
vegetation
Changes to erosion
Topography of landscape
Changes to runoff
coefficients
Changes to surface
Riverine roughness and
More vegetation on Hydraulic Hydrology runoff times
Longer growing season
levees Structures
Evapotranspiration
More vegetation on changes
dams Increased
Riverine roughness in
New environmental
permit reqs for
Hydraulics channels
maintenance Wider floodplains
due to more
roughness
Potential for
additional or new
debris in floods
20

34. 5/20/2010
Increased summer continental drying and
associated risk of drought Dust storms,
limiting aerial flight
Changes to erosion
Topography of landscape
Changes to runoff
coefficients
Changes to surface
Less vegetation on Riverine roughness and
Hydraulic Increased summer Hydrology runoff times
levees—more
erosion Structures drying and risk of
drought
Less vegetation on Evapotranspiration
dams—more changes
erosion
Loss of endangered Desert pavement
species and env formation ?
permit issues Increased fire risk
with associated
Fire risk to pump runoff changes
stations, etc.
Less vegetation in
Groundwater table Riverine channel, more
increases or Hydraulics erosion
decrease
Harder to convince
public of flood risk
Less saturation time in drought
for structures
More flashy flows,
unsteady routing
needed
More intense precipitation events
More topo coverage
needed for bigger
floods
Changes to erosion
Topography of landscape
More breakouts to
other basins with
higher flows
Change to precip
S-curve
Riverine
Hydraulic More intense Hydrology Changes to AMC
Changes to PMP/
PMF for Dams Structures precipitation events Time of
Changes to interior concentration
drainage design changes
precip for levees Rating curves must
be bigger for higher
Design rainfalls flows
outdated More breakouts to
other basins with
Increased pluvial
higher flows
erosion near
structures Rating curves must
be bigger for higher More breakouts to
Groundwater table
flows other basins with
increases or
higher flows
decrease
Riverine Possible need for
Additional
Hydraulics unsteady routing
saturation for
due to flash effects
structures
More structure
overtopping
Wider floodplains
More erosive flows,
geomorph changes
21

35. 5/20/2010
Risks and Opportunities
Resiliency: The ultimate goal: being able to tolerate (benefit
from) change.
Risks and Opportunities
(Result of change, effect, and capability)
Focus on change Manipulate the effect
Capabilities
Primary and secondary Beneficial or adverse
Strategies made up of
Hazard of disturbance Vulnerability or exposure
approaches and tools
Location Systems: Money
Frequency Built environment Power
Severity Natural environment Timing
Timing
Disaster: Realized Risk Benefit Realized Opportunity
The physical and biological changes
driving strategies:
• Global warming and associated changes in the
amount of rain and season run off, giving us less
storage in the form of snow and ice often resulting
in higher summer peaks and lower summer flows;
and more stream energy, causing more channel
instability.
• Changes in vegetative cover, caused by global
warming and increased urbanization contributing
to soil erosion, less vegetative friction, less
transevaporation, reduced soil moisture, and
greater fluctuations in discharges in associated
rivers.
22

36. 5/20/2010
Projected Flows – Rivers draining the
Cascades
Capabilities and Tools
• Case Study: Davenport, Iowa
– The City of Davenport floods regularly and began
looking into the construction of a floodwall.
– After consideration, the City declined to build the wall
and instead began to buy-up flood-prone properties.
• The Six Questions revisited:
– 1. What values or assets do you want to protect or enhance?
– 2. What are the apparent risks of opportunities for
enhancement?
– 3. What is the range of risk-reduction or opportunity-
enhancement strategies available?
– 4. How well does each strategy reduce the risk or enhance the
resource?
– 5. What other risks or benefits does each strategy introduce?
23

37. 5/20/2010
QUESTIONS?
24

38. 5/20/2010
Adapting to a Changing
Climate:
Identifying Impacts
Risks and Opportunities
Resiliency: The ultimate goal: being able to tolerate (benefit
from) change.
Risks and Opportunities
(Result of change, effect, and capability)
Focus on change Manipulate the effect
Capabilities
Primary and secondary Beneficial or adverse
Strategies made up of
Hazard of disturbance Vulnerability or exposure
approaches and tools
Location Systems: Money
Frequency Built environment Power
Severity Natural environment Timing
Timing
Disaster: Realized Risk Benefit Realized Opportunity
1

39. 5/20/2010
Watershed processes
Profiling Change (Hazard)
Location, Frequency, Severity and Timing
Natural Geological Environments
• Basics – Watershed, energy, sediment
• Karst
• Glaciations
• Loess and ground cover
• Climate
• Permafrost
• Other
2

40. 5/20/2010
What does a river do -- functions
(represents a risk / opportunity)
• Transports sediment
• Drains the watershed
• Provides fresh water supply.
• Transports chemicals and nutrients
• Provides Energy
• Provides habitat for living things.
What do we do to and with rivers?
We use rivers to:
• Provide water for living --crops and drinking
• Discard waists
• Provide cooling for domestic and Industrial
uses
• Transportation
• Support fisheries
• Recreate and enjoy
• Provide a sense of place, barriers, buffers….
3

41. 5/20/2010
Elements Of Channel Formation
4

42. 5/20/2010
Glacial Impact Areas
5

43. 5/20/2010
Loess
Wind Blown Silt
From Glaciers
Rock Flour
Stream Banks Stand
Vertical
When Stable
Water Distribution
(Total Units)
6

44. 5/20/2010
Topographic Influence
Average Runoff Patterns
Low ----- Western Plains & Southwest
High ----- New England, Appalachians, Gulf Coast
& Pacific Northwest
7

45. 5/20/2010
Figure 2. Permafrost distribution in the Arctic. "Most of the Arctic is
covered by ice and snow for more than eight and even up to twelve
months a year, but conditions are highly variable, ranging from snow
several metres deep each winter to the polar deserts of northern
Greenland with only 50- 100 mm of precipitation annually. A large
portion of the Arctic is underlain by permafrost. Permafrost, defined
as ground that does not thaw for two or more years, can reach a
thickness of up to 1000 metres, as it does on the North Slope of
Alaska. It extends through as much as 50% of Canada and 80% of
Alaska (Clark, 1988)." Image credit: Philippe Rekacewicz, 2005,
UNEP/GRID-Arendal Maps and Graphics Library based on
International Permafrost Association (1998) Circumpolar Active-Layer
Permafrost System (CAPS), version 1.0..
Profiling Change (Hazard)
Location, Frequency, Severity and Timing
Natural Biological Environments
• Food Webs and Trophic Ecology
• Natural cycles – Carbon, Nitrogen…
• Product of disturbances
• Need for diversity
• Importance of the hyporheic zone
• River continuum corridors
• Four diminutions
• Serial discontinuity
• Corridor elements
8

46. 5/20/2010
Food Webs &Trophic Ecology
Input environment Output environment
Ecosystem
Food Webs &Trophic Ecology
9

47. 5/20/2010
Natural cycles – Carbon, Nitrogen…
Nutrient Spiraling
10

48. 5/20/2010
Product of Disturbances
Flood Pulse Concept
http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/CS/SSB/images
/history_center_flood/keizer_1.jpg 1964
Lateral and
Temporal Dimension
http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/Y2785E/y2785e02.htm Tibee Creek Mississippi
Characteristics of disturbances
Important temporally and spatially
• Frequency – number of times an event or disturbance occurs over a
fixed time period, referred to more accurately as probability (e.g.
probability of a flood of a given magnitude over some time period)
• Duration – The time span over which the disturbance occurs (e.g.,
flooded time period)
• Magnitude – this size of the disturbance, this may refer to the quantity
of the disturbance (e.g., flood stage) or the area covered (e.g., acres
flooded)
These concepts are evident in engineering design in the form of design
limits (e.g., the use of ‘depth-duration-intensity’ charts for precipitation
used for designing runoff storage)
11

49. 5/20/2010
Complexity and Diversity
Riverine systems are highly variable in space and time even under natural
conditions. Restoration or other actions should not seek to homogenize
the system.
http://www.sfwmd.gov/org/erd/krr/photo/changal/krr571.html
Think about the processes that create disturbances and thus create diversity
Hyporheic Corridor Concept
Vertical
Dimension
12

50. 5/20/2010
Commonly measured substances related to
water quality
• Light
• Temperature
• Dissolved ions
• Suspended solids
• Nutrients and gases
• Toxics such as metals and
pesticides/herbicides
River
Continuum
Conceptual
Diagram
Longitudinal dimension
13

51. 5/20/2010
Four dimensions of river ecosystems
Serial Discontinuity
• Tributaries http://www.airphotona.com/image.asp?imageid
=354&catnum=2000&keyword=&country=&state=
&pagenum=3
• Dams
• Lakes
• Diversions
• Human inputs
http://www.pmc.ucsc.edu/~rparsons/ San_Juan/0007.jpg
Interruption of longitudinal connectivity
14

52. 5/20/2010
Serial Continuity
Taiga, boreal forests
Tundra
15

53. 5/20/2010
Natural Processes Must Drive Solutions
• Case Study: New York, New York
– The Catskill/Delaware watershed provides 90% of the drinking water for
New York City. The 1600 square mile watershed allows excellent
filtration with some chlorination to kill microorganisms.
– Development in the Catskills threatened the ability of the watershed to
filter the water naturally and the EPA began to demand that New York
install a new filtration system costing billions.
• The Six Questions revisited:
1. What values or assets do you want to protect or enhance?
2. What are the apparent risks of opportunities for enhancement?
3. What is the range of risk-reduction or opportunity-enhancement
strategies available?
4. How well does each strategy reduce the risk or enhance the resource?
5. What other risks or benefits does each strategy introduce?
6. Are the costs imposed by each strategy too high?
Our Built Environment is often the
Change (Hazard)
Our Built
Environment is
ALSO be
impacted.
16

54. 5/20/2010
Our Relationship to Rivers
• The Value of Rivers and Floodplains
– History of Relationship:
• Hunter-Gatherer Societies
• Early Agrarian Societies to Urban-Agricultural
Civilization
• Eighteenth and early Nineteenth Centuries River Valley
Settlement in America
• Mid-Twentieth Century to Present, Urban Riverfronts
and Floodplain Urbanization
– The Cincinnati Experience
Our Relationship to Rivers
• Case Study: Chicago, Illinois
– The Chicago Stockyards were one of the economic engines of Chicago
from it’s beginning.
– However, the stockyards generated enormous amounts of waste and
pollution that was directed to Lake Michigan. The Lake was also the
source of Chicago’s fresh water supply.
• The Six Questions revisited:
1. What values or assets do you want to protect or enhance?
2. What are the apparent risks of opportunities for enhancement?
3. What is the range of risk-reduction or opportunity-enhancement
strategies available?
4. How well does each strategy reduce the risk or enhance the
resource?
5. What other risks or benefits does each strategy introduce?
6. Are the costs imposed by each strategy too high?
17

55. 5/20/2010
Various (often conflicting)
Philosophies of Flood Management
• Historically the three main agencies
concerned with flood management have
been:
– USACE: Managing Change, Often with Big
Footprints
– Natural Resources Conservation Services: Smaller
Footprints, but Cumulative Effects
– National Flood Insurance Program: Focusing on
the Effects of Change
• No Adverse Impact (NAI)
18

56. 5/20/2010
Floodplain Management:
Adapting to a Changing Climate
Round 2: Define Risks and Reporting --
Adapting to a Changing Climate
1. Welcome
2. Polling – (individual task)
3. Round 1 (Group): Determine Problem and Reporting -- (Team
task)
4. Developing a Risk / Opportunity Model -- (Lecture with Q and A)
5. Understanding Climate change Science -- (Lecture with Q and A)
6. Break
7. Identifying Climate Change Impacts -- ( Lecture with Q and A)
8. Round 2: Define Risks and Reporting -- (Team task)
9. Identifying Capabilities -- ( Lecture with Q and A)
10. Round 3: Identify Capabilities and Reporting -- (Team task)
11. Discussing Strategies and Wrap-up (Discussion by all)
1

57. 5/20/2010
Six Step Process
1. What values or assets do you want to protect or
enhance?
2. What are the apparent risks or opportunities for
enhancement?
3. What is the range of risk-reduction or opportunity-
enhancement strategies available?
4. How well does each strategy reduce the risk or
enhance the resource?
5. What other risks or benefits does each strategy
introduce?
6. Are the costs imposed by each strategy too high?
Worksheets (Presented for information only.
Participants not expected to complete forms)
To approaches or tools lie with the:
Change agent (hazard) (changing frequency
(levee), severity, (storage), location (rerouting)
or timing (LID)
Impact reduction: (retreating off floodplain,
accommodating flooding (wet floodproofing)
or Protection (diking around structure)
Capabilities: (sharing risk, amassing political
strength…)
2

58. 5/20/2010
3

59. 5/20/2010
4

60. 5/20/2010
5

61. 5/20/2010
Adapting to a Changing
Climate:
Identifying Capabilities
Risks and Opportunities
Resiliency: The ultimate goal: being able to tolerate (benefit
from) change.
Risks and Opportunities
(Result of change, effect, and capability)
Focus on change Manipulate the effect
Capabilities
Primary and secondary Beneficial or adverse
Strategies made up of
Hazard of disturbance Vulnerability or exposure
approaches and tools
Location Systems: Money
Frequency Built environment Power
Severity Natural environment Timing
Timing
Disaster: Realized Risk Benefit Realized Opportunity
1

62. 5/20/2010
Six Step Process
1. What values or assets do you want to protect or
enhance?
2. What are the apparent risks or opportunities for
enhancement?
3. What is the range of risk-reduction or opportunity-
enhancement strategies available?
4. How well does each strategy reduce the risk or
enhance the resource?
5. What other risks or benefits does each strategy
introduce?
6. Are the costs imposed by each strategy too high?
Capabilities – Approaches and Tools
Basic approaches (adaptation)
1. Prevent (secondary hazards)*
2. Accommodate
3. Retreat
4. Protect
Themes
1. Work from macro scale down
2. Smallest foot print probably best
3. Water is a resources not a risk -- opportunity
4. Think seasonally, long term
5. Consider geology and biology
6. Exploit beneficial processes then assess for NAI
* Within the Climate change Community “Mitigation” refers to reducing carbon
emissions. Adaptation often includes may of the more traditional mitigation
approaches advocated by the floodplain management community.
2

63. 5/20/2010
Any River gage
Any River gage
Accommodate
Area of
Major Impact
Minimal
damage
Levee height .
3

64. 5/20/2010
Any River gage
Extreme
damage
PREVENTABLE
damage
Minimal
damage
Levee height .
Any River gage
Extreme
damage
PREVENTABLE
damage
Minimal
damage
Levee height .
4

65. 5/20/2010
Any River gage
Flood stage
lowered –
increasing
storage
PREVENTABLE
damage
Minimal
damage
Levee height .
Any River gage
Extreme
damage
PREVENTABLE
damage
Minimal
damage
Levee height .
5

66. 5/20/2010
Watershed processes
Water Hazards / Changes:
Land cover / land use functions
Population growth as a Hazard: Change agent
6

67. 5/20/2010
Water Hazards / Changes:
Land cover / land use functions
Storing Water within higher watershed
7

68. 5/20/2010
Storing Water within higher watershed
Beavers
reintroduced
No Beavers
• Dam Types
– Beaver dams
– Check dams
– Timber dams
– Portadam®
– Earthen dams
– Reinforced Concrete dam
8

69. 5/20/2010
Site Overview Map
Little Eagle
Lake dam
Eagle Lake dam
Howard
Hanson Dam
Beaverdam
Lake dam Green River dam #1
Green River
dam #2
Total Storage Gained: 850.5 acre-feet or ~ 8% of Required
Peak Flow Reduction to Prevent Flooding
9

70. 5/20/2010
Storing Water within middle and
lower watershed / floodplain
Developed flood friendly
environment to:
accommodate :
• critical storage areas
• low-impact development
• flooding
10

71. 5/20/2010
Setback Levee Example
Bioengineered- Narita Levee
Four Years Later
Source: King County
Approaches: Structural and Nonstructural
• Rethinking structural methods
– Setback levees
– Lowering levees (controlled breaching)
– Creating friction (LWD, Drop structures, check
dams
– Management of larger dams to mimic seasonal
flows
– Detention / retention
– Underground storage
11

72. 5/20/2010
Approaches: Structural and Nonstructural
• Nonstructural Approaches:
Low-Impact Development
– upper and middle watershed
can be developed / managed
to flatten hydrograph and
maintain upstream storage
and infiltration.
– Lower watershed and
Floodplain can be developed
such that post development
hydrograph equals or
improves predevelopment
conditions.
Approaches: Structural and Nonstructural
• Case Study: Buck Hollow River, Oregon
– The Buck Hollow watershed is highly susceptible to erosion.
– 130 years of grazing and farming have deteriorated the
watershed.
– Water was needed by local ranchers and farmers and salmon
• The Six Questions revisited:
1. What values or assets do you want to protect or enhance?
2. What are the apparent risks of opportunities for
enhancement?
3. What is the range of risk-reduction or opportunity-
enhancement strategies available?
4. How well does each strategy reduce the risk or enhance the
resource?
5. What other risks or benefits does each strategy introduce?
6. Are the costs imposed by each strategy too high?
12

73. 5/20/2010
Capabilities – Approaches and Tools
Basic Tools
1. Police Powers
2. Capital Improvements
3. Plan Persuade -- provide information to facilitate action
Themes
1. Little acceptance, little action
2. Police Powers only work in environment of change
3. Capital Improvements only work in an environment of need
4. Private initiatives have greatest impact.
5. Government can provide leadership.
6. Local government / property rights / water rights can detract from a big
picture watershed based approach
Police Powers
– 14th Amendment: “…nor shall any State deprive any
person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of
law”
– 10th Amendment: The federal government has the power
to regulate only matters specifically delegated to it by the
Constitution.
• The Commerce Clause: (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3) of the United
States Constitution, empower the United States Congress, "To
regulate Commerce … among the several States, and with the
Indian Tribes.”
– 5th Amendment: says, “…nor shall private property be
taken for public use without just compensation
13

74. 5/20/2010
Police Powers
LOCAL GOVERNMENT POWERS
REGULATION: TAXATION
Building Codes Preferential Taxation
Zoning Ordinances Special Assessments
Subdivision Ordinances Exactions
Floodplain Ordinances
SPENDING
Critical Area Management
Public Buildings and
Facilities
ACQUISITION/INCENTIVES Capital Improvements
Programming
Fee Simple Acquisition
Easements
TDRs
Property rights
Land ownership rights are sometimes referred to as
a bundle of sticks with each stick representing a
right such as the right to possess, sell, lease
property, develop, mine ore, etc. But not all rights
out of the bundle held by the owner are owned by
the owner. In the United States, no owner ever
holds the fullest possible bundle.
14

75. 5/20/2010
Property rights
Regulations that “go too far” are
takings
Public Purpose Test:
Regulations must serve a legitimate public interest.
Relationship Test:
Regulations must have a strong relationship to goals sought.
Economic impact:
Some economic benefit must remain to the owner.
Water Rights
– In those areas where rainfall, and thus water, is relatively
abundant (typically east of the Mississippi River) riparian
water rights are generally in force.
– A riparian owner is permitted to use all the water it needs
for its “proper purposes,” returning to the stream all that is
not consumed, without liability to downstream riparian
owners. Individual states, especially courts, have defined
what constitute proper purposes, and statutes in each
state must be consulted for specifics. Usually, what is
proper consists of uses for individual households, farms,
municipalities, and businesses.
15

76. 5/20/2010
Ownership
Land and Property Acquisition
ADDITIONAL TOOLS
• Fee-simple Acquisition of Undeveloped Land
• Advance Site Acquisition (Land Banking)
• Purchase Sellback/Leaseback
• Purchase Option (Right of First Refusal)
• Sword of Damocles Provision
16

77. 5/20/2010
Plans and Planning Environmental Management
– Comprehensive land use – Wetland protection
– Hazard Mitigation plans – Stormwater management
Building Standards Public Facilities Policies
– Special building standards
– Capital improvements plan
– Building codes
Land and Property Acquisition
Development Regulations
– Zoning ordinances – Acquisition of land
– Overly zones – Structural buy-outs
– Bonus and incentive zoning – Relocation of existing dev.
– Performance or impact zoning – Acquisition of dev. rights and
– Planned Unit Development easements
(PUD) – Transfer of development rights
– Subdivision ordinance Taxation and Fiscal Policies
Information and Community – Preferential (reduced) taxation
Participation
– Impact taxes or special
– Public information
assessments
– Disclosure
TDRs
17

78. 5/20/2010
Capabilities (Risk/Opportunity)
Approaches: (Adaptation) Tools:
Create balanced safe to fail • Historically withthree main agencies
concerned
the
flood management
communities have been:
– USACE: Managing Change, Often with
Big Footprints
1. Prevent: Detention – Natural Resources Conservation
Services: Smaller Footprints, but
2. Protect: Strengthen extensive cumulative effects
– National Flood Insurance Program:
levees, dams … Focusing on the Effects of Change
3. Accommodate: Wet • Others:
–
floodproofing… •
No Adverse Impact (NAI)
NFIP/ Biological Opinion
4. Retreat: Move critical • Insurance (excess coverage)
•
structures off / above •
USACE advanced measures
Businesses / home owners informed of
the floodplain … Contingency Planning needs.
• Purchase / transfer development rights
Our Built Environment can be the
Change (Hazard)
Location, Frequency, Severity and Timing
Our Built Environment can ALSO
be impacted. We need to
focus on the:
• Begin with the basin.
Landscape scale .
• Exploit (+) the Biological
Landscape
– Conservation,
rehabilitation and
restoration
– A rule of thumb --
complexity and diversity
•
18

79. 5/20/2010
Reducing risks to assets and values
Examples of risk reduction methods focusing on
• The basin
• Channels, floodplains and riparian areas
• Biological Landscape
– Conservation, rehabilitation and restoration
– A rule of thumb -- complexity and diversity
• Green Belt Movement International – a case study in
addressing a hazard
Live with flooding
19

80. 5/20/2010
Wolves
Elk: the primary prey of wolves. Many
fear that wolves will decimate the
Yellowstone elk population. Source:
Oregon State University
The gray wolf. The Yellowstone wolves
were removed in 1926 and
reintroduced in 1995. Source: Oregon
State University.
Green Belt Movement
Wangari Maathai
20

81. 5/20/2010
Risks /Opportunities
• Floodprone
areas not fully
developed
• Market forces
will result in
redevelopment
• Change in how
land owners
view flooding
21

82. 5/20/2010
Floodplain Management:
Adapting to a Changing Climate
Round 3: Identify Capabilities and
Reporting
Adapting to a Changing Climate
1. Welcome
2. Polling – (individual task)
3. Round 1 (Group): Determine Problem and Reporting -- (Team
task)
4. Developing a Risk / Opportunity Model -- (Lecture with Q and A)
5. Understanding Climate change Science -- (Lecture with Q and A)
6. Break
7. Identifying Climate Change Impacts -- ( Lecture with Q and A)
8. Round 2: Define Risks and Reporting -- (Team task)
9. Identifying Capabilities -- ( Lecture with Q and A)
10. Round 3: Identify Capabilities and Reporting -- (Team task)
11. Discussing Strategies and Wrap-up (Discussion by all)
1