This presentation discusses possible use of linked data in library community, focusing on how to lift existing metadata into a semantic level.

1. Digital Library Applications of Social Networking Dr. Myungdae Cho Library School SungKyunKwan University myungdae.cho@gmail.com

2. Agenda

3. 1. Social Networking & Information Fluency From PIM (Personal Information Management) level - Is Memex incarnated? - more than hyperlink … To “Sociality” by Link and Tags -> Inter-subjectivity - a thought in a user links to many thoughts in internet community ->Principle of Emergence

4. Socialty (Messaging, Blogging, Streaming media)

5. Machine, Humanand Socialty in Information Discovery Forms Inter-subjectivity Ontology (gives Subjective Path) In other words: Top down + Bottom up

6. Another view of Machine, Humanand Socialty in Information Discovery RDF vocabularies or (Ontology) User-Created Metadata Linked Data (semantically organized data) Mapped data from existing DB (such as MARC)

7. 2. Social Networking in Libraries Social networking could enable librarians and patrons not only to interact, but to share and changeresources dynamically in an electronic medium.

8. Why do libraries care about social networking sites? The next big thing after Google is Social Networking. ( From “As facebook takes off, Myspace strikes back” Kirkpatrick, Davis. Foutune. Sept. 19, 2007)

9. 2.1 Existing Library Application of Social Networking Librarything in libraries Delicious in libraries Mashup….. couldbe as an application of Linked data

10. 2.1.1 Librarything in libraries http://www.librarything.com/ “Personalized desire from individual’s needs” “Cataloguing thru Social Networking” LibraryThing is a prominent social cataloging web application for storing and sharing personal library catalogs and book lists.

11. Librarything in libraries LibraryThing helps you create a library-quality catalog of your books. LibraryThing connects people based on the books they share.

12. 2.1.2. Delicious in libraries

13. del.icio.us-like PennTags PennTags - When card catalogs meet tags http://tags.library.upenn.edu/ http://www.slideshare.net/laurie.allen/penntags-presentation-at-educause-2006 http://www.diglib.org/forums/fall2006/presentations/winkler-2006-11.pdf

15. 3. how to lift existing metadata into a semantic level Mapping (Marc21 -> DC, Marc -> FRBR etc) Open Sources (Open Api) Linked Data

16. 3.1 Open Source Open Source Social Platforms: 10 of the Best 10 open source software platforms http://mashable.com/2007/07/25/open-source-social-platforms/ www.programmableweb.com SungKyunKwan University: Use ofOpen API http://lib.skku.edu/index.ax

17. 3.2 Linked Data “Oh my goodness, the original web of documents was just the tip of iceberg.” ( Sir Tim Berners Lee, July 2008)

18. What is it?

19. Closed containers of data Information systems, such as library catalogs, have been, and still are, for the greatest part closed containers of data, or “silos” without connections between them, inaccessible to Web architecture (No Url, no links) with a few exception. (Tim Berners Lee) free from the capsules of the catalog

20. Linked Data Linked Data is a methodology for providing meanings and relationships between things anywhere on the web, using URISfor identifying, RDF for describingand HTTP for publishing

23. Collocations through Linked Data Wiki: http://www.wikipedia.org/ vs dbpedia : http://dbpedia.org/About WorldCat: http://www.worldcat.org/ vs Fictionfinder (FRBR model): http://fictionfinder.oclc.org

24. rdf identifiers as a disambiguation http://rdf.freebase.com/?freebaseid http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/en.blade_runner

25. rdf identifiers as a disambiguation annotation Disambiguation process

26. rdf identifiers as a disambiguation

27. Another disambiguation_dereferenceable URIs

28. In summary so far:Paradigm Shift in www

29. 4. Library’s role in Semantic Web Phase 1: Semantifying MARC, Thesaurus etc Translating LC controlled vocabularies and authority control for named entities, thesauri from domain specific societies and institutions into RDF/RDFS, OWL, SKOS with URIs assigned according to ‘Linked Data Design Principles (TBL, 2007) Phase 2: Authority data discovery, sharing, and reuse, e.g., LC authorities & Vocabularies, OCLC’s Faceted Application of Subject Terminology (FAST) etc Phase 3: Into the Semantic Web Web of Linked data DBPedia GeoNames Librarything

31. Developed FRBR work set algorithms’ andxISBN Web Services

32. FictionFinderhttp://fictionfinder.oclc.org

34. Types of Controlled Vocabularies used in metadata standards Lists of enumerated values Code lists (e.g. language, country) Taxonomies Formal Thesauri Locally controlled enumerated lists Controlled vocabularies: ALA program on Linked Data ALA Annual 2009

35. Thesauri A thesaurus is a controlled vocabulary with multiple types of relationships Example: Rice UF Paddy BT Cereals BT Plant products NT Brown rice RT Rice straw

36. Standards maintained at LC contain controlled vocabularies LCSH/NAF Thesaurus of Graphic Materials ISO 639-2 (language codes) MARC (including code lists) MODS METS PREMIS MIX (XML schema for NISO Z39.87 Technical metadata for digital still images) … and some others

37. Representing information about controlled vocabulary values Data elements in metadata formats, e.g. MARC Authority format XML schemas (sometimes as enumeration values) RDF/XML and RDFS (Resource Description Framework) SKOS MADS (Metadata Authority Description Schema)

38. Reasons for developing a web service for vocabularies Facilitate development and maintenance process for vocabularies Make controlled lists “openly” available Provide comprehensive information about controlled values Experiment with semantic web technologies and linked data Expose vocabularies to wider communities

39. Popular Rdf Vocabularies People + Organisations FOAF, HCard, Relationship, Resume Places Geonames, Geo Events RDFCalendar Social Media SIOC, Review Topics + Tags SKOS, MOAT, HolyGoat eCommerce GoodRelations, CC Licensing More... Scovo, DOAP, Recipes, Measurements, ...

40. SKOS “Simple Knowledge Organisation System(s)” A Semantic Web standard called Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) defines the organization of terms into thesaurus form, with broader and narrower terms and alternate terms including alternate language entries Simple, extensible, machine-understandable representation for “concept schemes” Thesauri Classification Schemes Taxonomies Subject Headings Other types of ‘controlled vocabulary’… Disadvantage: unusual concept schemes don’t fit into SKOS (original structure too complex)

41. A Method to Convert Thesauri to SKOS Case1 Original XML data file: http://www.esd.org.uk/standards/ipsv/ipsv.xml Original XML Schema filehttp://www.esd.org.uk/standards/xmlschemas/taxonomy-v3.0.xsd Conversion program: convertipsv.pl (contains instructions for usage) Resulting RDF: ipsv/rdf/ipsv.rdf SKOS Core schema: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core/history/2005-10-14 (version used for this paper, for latest version seehere) Additional IPSV schema: ipsv/ipsv1-eswc06.rdf Case 2 Partial original data files: gtaa/SampleOfGTAA.zip Conversion program: gtaa/GTAAtoSKOSinstanceRDFSv6.pl Resulting RDF: gtaa/GTAAinstancesSKOSv7.rdf SKOS Core schema: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core/history/2005-10-14 (version used for this paper, for latest version seehere) Additional GTAA schema: gtaa/GTAAskosModelRDFSv4.rdfs

42. Converting into SKOS graph Identify Describe Publish

43. Identify Step 1: Identify concepts… http://www.example.com/concepts#lovehttp://www.example.com/concepts#awehttp://www.example.com/concepts#joy

44. Describe Step 2: Describe…

45. Publish Step 3: Publish… Put the file on a web server for programs to download & process Put the file on special RDF server on which you can query with SQL-like language: Select * from … Where …

46. Publishing LCSH in the Web Project LCSH into RDF (i.e., create an RDF representation) Library of Congress Subject Headings available as linked-data using the SKOS vocabulary. http://lcsh.info

47. LCSH in SKOS

48. LCSH in SKOS

49. LCSH in SKOS

50. Skosuse cases_2: NSDL Metadata Registry http://metadataregistry.org/

51. Skosuse cases_3: getty http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/download.html

52. Skosuse cases_4: Agricultural Information Management Standards (AIMS) http://aims.fao.org/en/search/google/cow?query=cow&cx=011162950886884224513:ennli7xeebg&cof=FORID:11&sitesearch=&hl=en&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&lr=lang_en

53. FRBR conceptual model Coyle (2008) advocates FRBR conceptual model as part of a semantic model in saying “Since FRBR is about entities and relationships, it seems to be perfectly positioned as the first step in the transformation of library data to the semantic web.”

54. FRBR Expression of Core FRBR Concepts in RDF http://vocab.org/frbr/core.html This vocabulary is an expression in RDF of the concepts and relations described in the IFLA report on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR).

55. FRBR as a RDF vocabulary FRBR is a complete data model that is a new way of looking at our data, not just taking existing records and identifying work relationships. FRBR a type of RDF vocabulary entities and the relationships inFRBR is identifiable, linkable, usable, and reusable, and everything can be matched up.

56. FRBR-SKOS

57. RDA (Resource Description and Access) The new cataloging rules, replacing AACR2 RDA -> RDF Joint DCMI/RDA task force Seed funding to develop initial prototype RDF vocabularies for bibliographic information Based on FRBR and data model implicit in RDA Early stage year http://dublincore.org/dcmirdataskgroup/ Karen Coyle

58. library related Linked Data projects A brief and incomplete list of some library related Linked Data projects: RDF BookMashup – Integration of Web 2.0 data sources like Amazon, Google or Yahoo into the Semantic Web. Library of Congress Authorities – Exposing LoCAutorities and Vocabularies to the web using URI’s DBPedia – Exposing structured data from WikiPedia to the web LIBRIS – Linked Data interface to Swedish LIBRIS Union catalog Scriblio+Wordpress+Triplify – “A social, semantic OPAC Union Catalogue”

59. Language of Interoperability Universal identifiers (URIs): like written word – For “connecting the dots” Abstract syntax (RDF triples): sentence grammar – Foundation of syntactic interoperability Vocabularies: words and concepts – Foundation of semantic interoperability Platform for compatible domain models – Application Profiles Human-understandable – machine-processable

60. 5. Proposed Models for Libraries with Linked data A publisher provides basic information about a book (e.g., using onix) The National Library adds bibliographic and authority control A local library adds holding information Some nice guy out there adds links from, say, Wikipedia A library’s IT staff creates a Webpage where I can find all related information regarding this book, links to related books from the same author, on the same subject, the author’s bio from wikipedia, comments from other Portals. =>Since, instead of following links between HTML pages, Linked Data browsers enable users to navigate between different data sources by following RDF links. How about User-created metadata

61. Advantages over other methods No crosswalk/mapping - Each one uses his own metadata format, all triples can be aggregated No data redundancy - Each one creates only the data he needs, and retrieves already existing information No harvesting - The data is available directly on the Web No branding issue - The URIs allow to track down the original data whatever its origin No software-specific developments - Everything relies on open standards as RDF, SPARQL … no need to learn a new protocol or query language

62. Thank you for listening! Questions?