2. History of Corrections
Continuously rising crime rates through the
70s-90s
Tough on crime stance
Continued to rise through 2008
3. American Corrections Today
Currently more than 3,200 death row inmates
140,000 + life sentences
Prisons and jails= 2.3 million inmates
As of 2011, numbers of inmates have begun to
decrease as well as those on probation
5. American Corrections Today
7.5 million Americans are in the correctional
system---jail, prison, community corrections
1:28 males 30 or older have been in prison
11% males, 2% females born this year will be
incarcerated
6. The Purpose of Corrections
Corrections
Variety of programs, services, facilities, and
organizations responsible for the management
of individuals who have been accused or
convicted of criminal offenses
7. The Purpose of Corrections
Social Control
Helps Define the Limits of Behavior
Punishment
Change offenders through corrective action
Public, private organizations
State, local, federal governments
Community and closed settings
8. A Systems Framework for Studying
Corrections
System
Police, prosecutors, courts, corrections
Goals
Punishment
Protection
12. A Systems Framework for Studying
Corrections
Environment
Public opinion
Fiscal constraints
The law
13. A Systems Framework for Studying
Corrections
Feedback
Learn
Grow
Improve
Trouble obtaining useful feedback
14. A Systems Framework for Studying
Corrections
Complexity
Pretrial drug treatment
Electronically monitored home confinement
Work centers
Private, nonprofit residential treatment
programs
15. Discussion Question
What if... correctional spending on the state
level was cut to a minimum, allowing only
violent and repeat offenders to be housed in
correctional facilities, and fines and probation
were used for property and less serious
crimes? Would this reduce crime? What other
impacts would this move have on society?
16. The Corrections System Today
Federalism
State Level Corrections
California
Florida
New York
Texas
17. The Corrections System Today
Main Components of Corrections
Prison
Jail
Probation
Intermediate sanctions
Parole
18. The History of Corrections In America
The Colonial Period (1620-1776)
“The Great Law”
The Quaker Code
The Anglican Code
19. Discussion Question
What if... the modern penitentiary movement
had failed and banishment, public
punishments, and fines were still the means
for dealing with common criminals? Would
this be a deterrent for violent crimes and
property crimes? Explain.
20. The History of Corrections In America
The Arrival of the Penitentiary (1760-1830)
The Penitentiary Act of 1779
Four principles
A secure and sanitary building
Inspection to ensure that offenders followed the rules
Abolition of fees charged offenders for their food
A reformatory regime
21. The History of Corrections In America
East State Penitentiary
The Pennsylvania System
Five principles
Prisoners would not be treated vengefully
Solitary confinement would prevent further
corruption
In isolation, offenders would reflect on their
transgressions and repent
Solitary confinement would be punishment
Solitary confinement would be economical
22. The History of Corrections In America
The Arrival of the Penitentiary
The New York (Auburn) System
Congregate System
Isolation at night
Workshops in the day
24. Discussion Question
What if… the Pennsylvania style of corrections
had won out in the 1800s and isolation was
still used today? Would this reduce recidivism
if economically possible? What other impacts
might it have on society?
25. The History of Corrections In America
The Arrival of the Penitentiary
Prisons in the South and West
Lease system
Anticontract Law of 1887
26. The History of Corrections In America
The Reformatory Movement
Alexander Maconochie—mark system
Cincinnati, 1870
National Prison Association: Declaration of Principles
Elmira Reformatory
Zebulon Brockway
Three grade system of classification
Indeterminate sentence
27. The History of Corrections In America
Corrections in the Twentieth Century
The Progressives
The Positivist School—social, economic,
biological, psychological factors
The Medical Model
Social deficiencies
Psychological deficiencies
Biological deficiencies
28. The History of Corrections In America
Corrections in the Twentieth Century
The Community Model
Civil rights movement
War on poverty
Vietnam War
President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and
Administration of Justice
Attica
29. The History of Corrections In America
Corrections in the Twentieth Century
The Decline of Rehabilitation
Public concern about rising crime rates
Studies challenge treatment programs
Martinson
Correctional discretion
30. The History of Corrections In America
Corrections in the Twentieth Century
The Emergence of Crime Control
Determinate sentencing
Incarceration
Risk containment
Intensive supervision probation
Mandatory penalties
Evidence-based corrections
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics Correctional Surveys (The Annual Probation and Parole Survey, National Prisoner Statistics, and The Survey of Jails). The Bureau of Justice Statistics is the major source of criminal justice data: bjs.gov.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs, June 2010.