The document discusses the high biodiversity found within the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, including a variety of habitats such as wetlands, beaches, rocky shores, kelp forests, and deep sea environments that are home to many plant and animal species. It also describes some of the unique features of the sanctuary, such as the Monterey Bay Canyon, and highlights the Monterey Bay Aquarium which showcases marine life from the sanctuary in large tank exhibits that pump in water directly from the Bay.

1. Biodiversity in the Monterey
Bay National Marine Sanctuary
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Megan Childers

2. Outline
• History of National Marine Sanctuaries
• What is a NMS?
• Monterey Bay NMS
• Biodiversity
– Wetlands
– Beaches & Dunes
– Rocky Shores
– Coral Reefs
– Kelp Forests
– Sandy Sea Floor
• Octopus
– Open Waters
– Deep Sea
• Monterey Bay Aquarium
• Conclusion

3. History

4. Santa Barbara Oil Spill
• Jan. 29, 1969
• 3 million gallons of oil QuickTime™ and a
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• Severe impacts on wildlife
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5. Marine Protection, Research,
and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA)
• 1972
• National Marine Sanctuaries Act
• Ecologically or culturally significant
• Resource protection, research, education,
public use
• NMS Mission:
– “…to manage marine areas of special national
significance to protect their ecological and cultural
integrity for the benefit of current and future
generations.”

6. What is a NMS?
• Undersea counterpart to National Parks
• Unique/unusual habitats
• Sensitive or endangered species
• Rich biological diversity
• Open to the public

7. Federal Organization
Department of Commerce (DOC)
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
National Ocean Service (NOS)
Sanctuaries & Reserve Division
NMS NMS NMS NMS NMS NMS NMS NMS NMS NMS NMS NMS NMS

8. National Marine Sanctuaries
• USS Monitor (NC)- 1975
• Channel Islands (CA) - 1980
• Gulf of the Farallones (CA)- 1981
• Gray’s Reef (GA)- 1981
• Fagatele Bay (American Samoa) - 1986
• Cordell Bank (CA) - 1989
• Florida Keys (FL)- 1990
• Flower Garden Banks (Gulf of Mexico)- 1992
• Monterey Bay (CA)- 1992
• Stellwagen Bank (MA)- 1992
• Hawaiian Island Humpback Whale (HI)- 1992
• Olympic Coast (WA)- 1994
• Thunder Bay (MI)- 2000

9. Monterey Bay NMS
• Established 1992
• Largest of the 13 NMS
• 5,300 sq mi QuickTime™ and a
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10. Monterey Submarine Canyon
• 10,633 ft (~2 mi) deepest point
– Twice as deep as the Grand Canyon!
• Area of continued research
– Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs)
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11. Code of Conduct
• Allowed activities:
– Fishing (recreational and commercial)
• Prohibited activities:
– NO exploring for or developing or producing oil, gas, or
mineral resources
– NO discharging or depositing any materials in the water
– NO altering the seabed or constructing new structures
(ex: piers)
– NO harassing marine mammals, sea turtles, sea birds
– NO operating personal watercraft except in designated
areas

12. Habitats

13. Wetlands
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Elkhorn Slough

14. • Break down pollutants and purify water
• Nutrient rich
– Decaying plants and animals - detritus
• Feeding ground for birds
• 4 subhabitats
– Waterways
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– Uplands

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Snowy Egret
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Pacific Herring Bat Ray

16. Beaches & Dunes
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17. • Sand dunes constantly changing
– Waves
– Wind
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Peregrine Falcon
Smith’s Blue Butterfly*
Marbled Murrelet*
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Steller Sea Lion*
Black Legless Lizard* California Least Tern*

19. Rocky Shores
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20. • Tide pools
• 4 intertidal zones
– Splash zone QuickTime™ and a
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– Middle intertidal zone
– Low intertidal zone

21. Splash Zone
• Crashing waves
• Covered by water for a few hours/day
• Hardy animals
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Acorn Barnacle Limpet

22. High Intertidal Zone
• Covered by water about 1/2 the day
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Ochre Star
Aggregating Anemone Shore Crab

23. Middle Intertidal Zone
• Covered by water most of the day
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Red Abalone
Sea Urchin
Coralline Sculpin

24. Low Intertidal Zone
• Normally always covered by water
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Sea Sponge
Opalescent Nudibranch
Orange Sea
Cucumber

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Brown Pelican Brandt’s Cormorant
California Sea Lion
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Harbor Seal Sea Otter*

28. Coral Reefs
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29. • Home to larger animals
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Giant Sea Star
Giant Green Anemone QuickTime™ and a
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Giant Acorn Barnacle

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Giant Octopus Leopard Shark
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Blue Rockfish Wolf-Eel

31. Kelp Forests
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32. • Brown algae
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Bull Kelp
Giant Kelp Nereocystis
Macrocystis

33. • Nutrients absorbed throughout plant
– Holdfasts, stipes, blades
• MB is perfect habitat
– Cold water
– Nutrient-rich
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Giant Kelpfish
Garibaldi
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Sheephead Sea Urchins

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36. Sandy Sea Floor
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37. “Flat things and squishy things”
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Sand Dollar Thornback Ray
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Angel Shark California Halibut

38. Flat fish
• The migrating eye…
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Moon Snail Rainbow Nudibranch
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Sea Cucumber Market Squid

40. Meet the Octopus
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Red Octopus QuickTime™ and a
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Octopus rubescens Enteroctopus dofleini
California Two-Spot Octopus
Octopus bimaculoides

41. Octopus Outline
• Classification
• Habitat
• Appearance
• Diet
• Reproduction

42. Classification
• Phylum Mollusca
• Class Cephalopoda
• Order Octopoda
• Genus Octopus, Enteroctopus, etc.

43. Habitat
• Found in every ocean at every depth
• Live in dens
• Burrow in mud, hole in rock, empty
shell, coral, beer bottle
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44. Appearance
• Camouflage
• Change entire appearance in <1 sec.
• Color, texture, shape
• Move arms

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Mimic Octopus
Thaumoctopus mimicus

50. Diet
• Eat almost anything that can’t get away
• Crabs, clams, fish
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52. Sex at Last!
• Mating and reproduction occurs at end of life
• Males die after mating - senescence
• Females die after eggs hatch
• Males have erectile tissue - ligula
– First finding in invertebrate
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53. Now, back to our regularly
scheduled program…

54. Open Waters
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Green Sea Turtle*

55. • Floaters, drifters, and swimmers
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Plankton Bluefin Tuna
Egg-Yolk Jelly

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Purple-Striped Jelly Pacific White-Sided Dolphin
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Ocean Sunfish Blue Shark

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Sperm Whale*
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Killer Whale
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Humpback Whale* Blue Whale*

58. Deep Sea
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59. • Great pressure QuickTime™ and a
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• Dark
• Bioluminescence
• Food scarcity
– Detritus and drift kelp from above

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Cock-Eyed Squid
Anglerfish
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Dumbo Octopus
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Northern Lampfish Midwater Jelly

61. Monterey Bay Aquarium
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62. Open Sea Exhibit
• 1 million gallon tank
• Pumps in water straight from Bay
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64. Kelp Forest Exhibit
• 28 ft tall tank
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66. Giant Pacific Octopus
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67. Outdoor Exhibits
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68. “The mission of the nonprofit Monterey Bay Aquarium is
to inspire conservation of the oceans.”
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69. Conclusion
• National Marine Sanctuaries Act
– Ecological and cultural importance
• Monterey Bay NMS is made up of a variety
habitats
– Wetlands to Deep Sea
• Remarkable biodiversity
– Octopus
• Monterey Bay Aquarium inspires
conservation

70. References
• Ambrose, R.F. 1984. Food preferences, food availability and the diet of Octopus bimaculatus
Verrill. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 77: 29-44.
• Craig, J., A.J. Jamieson, P.M. Bagley, and I.G. Pirede. 2011. Naturally occurring
bioluminescence on the deep-sea floor. Journal of Marine Systems 88 (4): 563-567.
• Hanlon, R. 2007. Cephalopod dynamic camouflage. Current Biology 17 (11): 400-404.
• Jessup, D. A., M. Miller, J. Ames, M. Harris, C. Kreuder, P.A. Conrad, and J.A.K. Mazet.
2004. Southern sea otter as a sentinel of marine ecosystem health. EcoHealth 1: 239-245.
• Mather, Jennifer A., Roland C. Anderson, and James B. Wood. Octopus: The Ocean’s
Intelligent Invertebrate. Portland: Timber Press, 2010. Print.
• Mautner, Don. ENVS 282 - Monterey Bay: A Case Study in Environmental Science and
Policy. California State University Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA. Jan.-May 2012. Lecture/Class.
• McDonnell, P.J. 2008. Symmetrical versus asymmetrical globe placement: It’s no fluke.
Ophthalmology Times 33 (22): 4-4. 2/3 p.
• Monterey Bay Aquarium. A Natural History of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary.
Monterey, CA: Monterey Bay Aquarium Foundation, 1997. Print.
• NOAA. 2009. Nat’l Marine Sanctuaries – America’s ocean and Great Lakes treasures. NOAA
Fact Sheet, 2 p.
• http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/
• http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/

71. Questions?
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