1. Thermography Dr. Nidhi Mathur

2. Thermogaphy A medical science that performs diagnostics using highly detailed and sensitive infrared images. 2 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

3. Thermogram A regional temperature map of the surface of a part of the body made by a thermograph. 3 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

5. The Greek physician Hippocrates wrote, In whatever part of the body excess of heat or cold is felt, the disease is there to be discovered. 4 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

6. 5 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

8. The intrinsic safety of this method makes infrared Thermography free from any limitations or contra- indications.

9. Thermography is a non-invasive, non-contact tool that uses the heat from your body to aid in making diagnosis of a host of health care conditions.

10. Thermography is completely safe and uses no radiation.6 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

12. the IR camera or detector and

13. a standard PC or laptop computer. These systems have only a few controls and relatively easy to use. 7 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

15. relies on quantum effects and include photoconductors, and photovoltaic diodes.Uncooled detector which can be fabricated into high resolution FPA's. These are currently becoming available in a range of IR viewers. 8 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

16. Basics 9 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

18. The amount of radiated energy is a function of the object's temperature and its relative efficiency of thermal radiation, known as emissivity.

19. Radiated energy (power) is proportional to the body's temperature, raised to the 4th power.

20. This energy can be measured and an instrument calibrated to indicate the corresponding temperature of the surface it's "looking at."

21. Instruments which "scan" an object and create an image or spatial map of surface temperatures are referred to as thermal imagers. 10 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

23. So, for an IR film to show something, it must be over 250°C or be reflecting infrared radiation from something that is at least that hot.11 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

24. 12 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

26. IR involves four bands:

27. near infrared (0.75-3 μm),

28. middle infrared (3-6 μm),

29. far infrared (6-15 μm) and

30. extreme infrared (15-100 μm).

31. Infrared video cameras are passive (emits no energy), but merely collects the thermal radiation emitted from the surface of the human body.In active Thermography, an energy source is required to produce a thermal contrast between the feature of interest and the background. The active approach is necessary in many cases given that the inspected parts are usually in equilibrium with the surroundings. 13 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

33. The IR camera captures the radiosity of the target it is viewing.

34. Radiosity is defined as the infrared energy coming from a target modulated by the intervening atmosphere, and consists of

35. emitted,

36. reflected and sometimes

37. transmitted IR energy.14 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

38. R.E. E.E. I.E. T.E. I.E. = E.E. + T.E. + R.E. Incident Energy energy profile when viewed through a thermal imaging device, Emitted Energy generally what is intended to be measured, Transmitted Energy energy that passes through the subject from a remote thermal source, and Reflected Energyamount of energy that reflects off the surface of the object from a remote thermal source. 15 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

40. 17 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

42. Each material has a different emissivity and it can be quite a task to determine the appropriate emissivity for a subject.

45. The shape of an object affects its emissivity.

46. For semi-transparent materials, the thickness will affect emissivity.

47. Other factors affecting emissivity include:

48. viewing angle,

49. Temperature and,

50. Wavelength. The wavelength dependence of emissivity means that different IR cameras can get different values for the same object. And they would both be correct! 19 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

51. Emissivites may also change when some materials are at a different temperature. To make a temperature measurement of an object: thermographer will refer to the emissivity table to choose the emissivity value of the object which is then entered into the camera. camera's algorithm will correct the temperature by referring to the emissivity percent and calculate a temperature that would more closely match the actual Contact Temperature of the object. 20 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

52. 21 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

53. FLIR ThermaCam P25 22 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

55. EMG is a test of motor physiology

56. DITI is unique in its capability to show physiological change and metabolic processes. It has also proven to be a very useful complementary procedure to other diagnostic modalities.

57. Unlike most diagnostic modalities, DITI is non invasive. It is a very sensitive and reliable means of graphically mapping and displaying skin surface temperature.

58. Medical DITI can offer considerable financial savings by avoiding the need for more expensive investigations.23 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

60. Medical DITI can show a combined effect of the autonomic nervous system and the vascular system, down to capillary dysfunctions.

61. Since the body is very symmetrical with regard to temperature, subtle temperature asymmetry's can be easily identified.

62. Medical DITI is a monitor of thermal abnormalities present in a number of diseases and physical injuries.24 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

64. length of time allowed for patient equilibration to the ambient temperature

65. type of equipment utilized

66. type of floor covering

67. presence or absence of windows which can alter room temperature

68. type of heating or air conditioning for thermal regulation of the room.

69. usage of lotions, deodorants and cosmetics on the skin

70. ingestion of vasodilator and vasoconstrictorsubstances (ie:caffeine)

71. medications taken by the patient25 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

72. Because our bodies are generally symmetrical, when unusual bits of tissue are present or normal parts of the body are reacting strangely, this is evident in our body’s thermal “footprint,” so to speak. 26 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

73. Applications 27 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

75. Medical imaging

76. Infrared Mammography

77. Veterinary medicine

78. Night vision

79. Process control

80. Nondestructive testing

81. Surveillance in security, law enforcement and defence

82. Chemical imaging

83. Volcanology 28 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

84. Medical Applications 29 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

86. Vascular disorders- Deals with bleeding disorders. The Digital Infrared camera captures any deviation from the normal within a blood vessel. Hemorrhages and clots within blood vessels can be identified by these Infrared cameras.

87. Respiratory disorders- Deals with breathing disorders. The Digital Infrared camera helps in finding out the physiological changes within the respiratory organs. 30 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

89. Tissue viability- Deals with the vitality of tissues. Infrared cameras help in detecting the vitality by ensuring adequate blood supply to the tissues.

90. Skeletal and neuromuscular diseases- Deals with bones, nerves, and muscle disorders. Even the smallest of hairline cracks within a bone can be captured by Digital Infrared camera because of its very high resolution. Similarly Infrared cameras play a major role in identifying neuromuscular diseases. 31 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

92. dentistry,

93. neurology,

94. orthopedics,

95. occupational medicine,

96. pain management,

97. vascular medicine/cardiology and

98. veterinary medicine. 32 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

99. Disease Monitoring – Viral Infections Deep Vein Thrombophlebitis Vascular Disease Multiple sclerosis Migraine Headache Pain Evaluation Dental Thermal Imaging – Focal Tooth Infection Veterinarian Thermal Imaging 33 Dr. Nidhi Mathur

100. 34 Dr. Nidhi Mathur