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A Roadway Wind/Solar Hybrid Power
Generation and Distribution System:
   towards energy-plus roadways



                 Mo Zhao

       Academic Advisor: Dr. Anuj Sharma

       University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Transportation Energy Consumption

• Transportation sector consumes about 28% of total energy
  consumed by all sectors in the United States.

• 378 million gallons of gasoline are consumed in U.S. every
  day.

• In U.S., only 3% of energy consumed in transportation sector
  is from renewable energy source.

• Transportation sector consumes more than 600 million kWh
  electric powers every month in 2010.



         Sources: Energy Information Administration (EIA), Washington, DC.
Transportation Energy Consumption

In the city of Lincoln

• 418 signalized intersections under its jurisdiction. The total
  electricity consumption at these intersections is nearly
  92,500 kWh per month.

• Electricity expenditure is 5% of the city’s traffic operating
  budget.

• The electricity price charged by local utility, LES, usually
  changes once per year.

• The annual inflation rate for utility prices in Lincoln is around
  2.5 to 3%. This utility price can inflate by as much as 17% if
  the Cap and Trade gets approved for the US.
Green Transportation


• Green vehicles
   1 million electric vehicles on the road in the U.S. by
2015.
• Green fuels
   Reduce the carbon content of the fuels by 15% below
the 2005 level by 2030.
• Intelligent transportation system
     public transit
     As traffic engineers, optimize traffic operation…
• Innovative concept : To use the public right-of-way and roadway
infrastructure as a source for energy production, storage, and distribution.
RHPS: Towards Energy-Plus Roadways

• The Roadway Wind/Solar Hybrid Power Generation and
  Distribution System (RHPS)can be installed on the
  transportation infrastructure along the roadways.

• Electrical power consumed by traffic control systems
  and others on roadway systems can be offset by
  installing enough RHPS units at feasible locations with
  relatively good wind and solar resource.

• It will significantly reduce transportation operation cost
  and reduce CO2 emission from producing electricity
  using clean energy source instead of fossil fuel.
RHPS: Towards Energy-Plus Roadways


• Average US household consumes approx. 1000 KWH of power
  per month

•    Average intersection consumes approx. 220 KWH of power
    per month

    Energy saving by 300,000 signalized intersections in U.S.
    powered by on-site-generated renewable energy
                                =
     residential electricity for about 66,000 households.
Test Site




                                      1 Bergey XL 1.0 KW
                                      2 Solar panel: 420W
                                      4 6-V 305-Ah batteries




            84th and Hwy 2, Lincoln
Test Site
            Battery Bank controller




            meters
Data collection
Data at test site


• Monthly energy consumption is about 275 kWh at 84th &
  Hwy2

• wind energy supplys nearly 30%

• The batteries are designed to support full operations at
  the traffic signal for 5 to 6 hours at 50% battery
  discharging level.
Improve Traffic Network Reliability


• In the City of Lincoln, 2674 power failures happened in
  the service area of local utility agent Lincoln Electricity
  Systems, during Jan1 2006 to Dec 7, 2010.

• Many of these power failures were caused by storms
  and other inclement weather.

• In case of a power outage, the operations at a
  signalized intersection are reverted back to all-way-stop
  control, which can significantly degrade the operations.
Improve Traffic Network Reliability

                                                                             In New York City on
                                                                             August 14, 2003, due to
                                                                             the Northeast
                                                                             Blackout, approximately
                                                                             11,600 signalized
                                                                             intersections and 413
                                                                             train sets operating
                                                                             throughout the New York
                                                                             City subway system lost
                                                                             power, stranding over
                                                                             400,000 customers.

59th Street Bridge, New York City, during August 2003 electrical blackout.
(Source: FHWA Final Report DOT-VNTSC-FHWA-04-04)
Improve Traffic Network Reliability

• The RHPS system won’t be affected by the grid power
  failure.
• It would improve the stability and reliability of traffic
  control system by providing with certain storage
  capacity.

• Power backup system
  Uninterruptable power supply(UPS) and battery bank
  supply: full operation: 5-6 hours;
           flashing: 8-10 hours;
           during grid power failure or fluctuation
• Significantly reduce traffic delay during power outage
Case study at test site
Traffic Network Power Outage Study




            Studied intersections in Kearney, NE
Traffic Network Power Outage Study




     Power outage occurrence time distribution at some studied intersections
RHPS Design Optimization


• Power backup systems can provide alternative power source
  for traffic control signals.

• The policy makers, with limited budgets and unlimited
  demands, need a tool to choose signalized intersections that
  can be provided with backup power.

• A decision support tool to determine the optimal location and
  capacity of backup power in a city-wide or a smaller traffic
  network. The tool will also assess if the backup system can be
  economically augmented using renewable energy sources
  such as a wind turbine and solar panels.
Other Projects on Transportation Infrastructure
•   solar/wind hybrid powered street light installed in Minnesota




                                             a 130 watts solar panel,
                                             a 400 watts wind turbine
                                             Cost: $4,600

                                             Solar/wind hybrid generator
                                             along with sufficient battery
                                             storage provide a reliable
                                             power source for rural ITS
                                             applications
Other Projects on Transportation Infrastructure
 •   Solar powered parking lots

                                      5,000 photovoltaic panels

                                      Production:
                                      more than 1000 megawatts per year
                                                       =
                                      energy to power 114 households

                                      Reduced CO2 emission:

                                                1,900,000 pounds
                                                        =
                                         annual emissions from 158 cars.

solar parking lot in Bordentown, NJ
Other Projects on Transportation Infrastructure
•   Oregon solar highway




Ground-mounted PV array was installed at the interchange of I-5 and I-205

Cost: $1,280,000
Annual Electricity production: 112,000 kilowatt-hours
Concepts of Use Renewable Energy in
Transportation
• The Solar Roadways: replace all existing transportation
  infrastructure like roads, parking, etc., with Solar Road
  Panels that collect energy and provide sensor data
                                3 layers of road solar panels:

                                Road surface layer made of
                                translucent glass which is able to
                                provide strength and traction yet
                                pass sunlight,
                                Electronic layer collects power
                                from sensor and host some
                                circuitry,
                                Base plate layer is for power and
                                data distribution.
Questions?




             Thank You!

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Summer Institute 2012: A Roadway Wind/Solar Hybrid Power Generation and Distribution System

  • 1. A Roadway Wind/Solar Hybrid Power Generation and Distribution System: towards energy-plus roadways Mo Zhao Academic Advisor: Dr. Anuj Sharma University of Nebraska-Lincoln
  • 2. Transportation Energy Consumption • Transportation sector consumes about 28% of total energy consumed by all sectors in the United States. • 378 million gallons of gasoline are consumed in U.S. every day. • In U.S., only 3% of energy consumed in transportation sector is from renewable energy source. • Transportation sector consumes more than 600 million kWh electric powers every month in 2010. Sources: Energy Information Administration (EIA), Washington, DC.
  • 3. Transportation Energy Consumption In the city of Lincoln • 418 signalized intersections under its jurisdiction. The total electricity consumption at these intersections is nearly 92,500 kWh per month. • Electricity expenditure is 5% of the city’s traffic operating budget. • The electricity price charged by local utility, LES, usually changes once per year. • The annual inflation rate for utility prices in Lincoln is around 2.5 to 3%. This utility price can inflate by as much as 17% if the Cap and Trade gets approved for the US.
  • 4. Green Transportation • Green vehicles 1 million electric vehicles on the road in the U.S. by 2015. • Green fuels Reduce the carbon content of the fuels by 15% below the 2005 level by 2030. • Intelligent transportation system  public transit  As traffic engineers, optimize traffic operation…
  • 5. • Innovative concept : To use the public right-of-way and roadway infrastructure as a source for energy production, storage, and distribution.
  • 6. RHPS: Towards Energy-Plus Roadways • The Roadway Wind/Solar Hybrid Power Generation and Distribution System (RHPS)can be installed on the transportation infrastructure along the roadways. • Electrical power consumed by traffic control systems and others on roadway systems can be offset by installing enough RHPS units at feasible locations with relatively good wind and solar resource. • It will significantly reduce transportation operation cost and reduce CO2 emission from producing electricity using clean energy source instead of fossil fuel.
  • 7. RHPS: Towards Energy-Plus Roadways • Average US household consumes approx. 1000 KWH of power per month • Average intersection consumes approx. 220 KWH of power per month Energy saving by 300,000 signalized intersections in U.S. powered by on-site-generated renewable energy = residential electricity for about 66,000 households.
  • 8. Test Site 1 Bergey XL 1.0 KW 2 Solar panel: 420W 4 6-V 305-Ah batteries 84th and Hwy 2, Lincoln
  • 9. Test Site Battery Bank controller meters
  • 11. Data at test site • Monthly energy consumption is about 275 kWh at 84th & Hwy2 • wind energy supplys nearly 30% • The batteries are designed to support full operations at the traffic signal for 5 to 6 hours at 50% battery discharging level.
  • 12. Improve Traffic Network Reliability • In the City of Lincoln, 2674 power failures happened in the service area of local utility agent Lincoln Electricity Systems, during Jan1 2006 to Dec 7, 2010. • Many of these power failures were caused by storms and other inclement weather. • In case of a power outage, the operations at a signalized intersection are reverted back to all-way-stop control, which can significantly degrade the operations.
  • 13. Improve Traffic Network Reliability In New York City on August 14, 2003, due to the Northeast Blackout, approximately 11,600 signalized intersections and 413 train sets operating throughout the New York City subway system lost power, stranding over 400,000 customers. 59th Street Bridge, New York City, during August 2003 electrical blackout. (Source: FHWA Final Report DOT-VNTSC-FHWA-04-04)
  • 14. Improve Traffic Network Reliability • The RHPS system won’t be affected by the grid power failure. • It would improve the stability and reliability of traffic control system by providing with certain storage capacity. • Power backup system Uninterruptable power supply(UPS) and battery bank supply: full operation: 5-6 hours; flashing: 8-10 hours; during grid power failure or fluctuation • Significantly reduce traffic delay during power outage
  • 15. Case study at test site
  • 16. Traffic Network Power Outage Study Studied intersections in Kearney, NE
  • 17. Traffic Network Power Outage Study Power outage occurrence time distribution at some studied intersections
  • 18. RHPS Design Optimization • Power backup systems can provide alternative power source for traffic control signals. • The policy makers, with limited budgets and unlimited demands, need a tool to choose signalized intersections that can be provided with backup power. • A decision support tool to determine the optimal location and capacity of backup power in a city-wide or a smaller traffic network. The tool will also assess if the backup system can be economically augmented using renewable energy sources such as a wind turbine and solar panels.
  • 19. Other Projects on Transportation Infrastructure • solar/wind hybrid powered street light installed in Minnesota a 130 watts solar panel, a 400 watts wind turbine Cost: $4,600 Solar/wind hybrid generator along with sufficient battery storage provide a reliable power source for rural ITS applications
  • 20. Other Projects on Transportation Infrastructure • Solar powered parking lots 5,000 photovoltaic panels Production: more than 1000 megawatts per year = energy to power 114 households Reduced CO2 emission: 1,900,000 pounds = annual emissions from 158 cars. solar parking lot in Bordentown, NJ
  • 21. Other Projects on Transportation Infrastructure • Oregon solar highway Ground-mounted PV array was installed at the interchange of I-5 and I-205 Cost: $1,280,000 Annual Electricity production: 112,000 kilowatt-hours
  • 22. Concepts of Use Renewable Energy in Transportation • The Solar Roadways: replace all existing transportation infrastructure like roads, parking, etc., with Solar Road Panels that collect energy and provide sensor data 3 layers of road solar panels: Road surface layer made of translucent glass which is able to provide strength and traction yet pass sunlight, Electronic layer collects power from sensor and host some circuitry, Base plate layer is for power and data distribution.
  • 23. Questions? Thank You!