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PFDS 10.1.1 多相再帰


  Kiwamu Okabe
多相再帰って何?
再帰を一つ進める前と後とで型が異なること。
datatype a Seq = NIL' | CONS' of a * (a * a) Seq

fun sizeS NIL' = 0
  | sizeS (CONS' (x, ps)) = 1 + 2 * sizeS ps



sizeS関数の型は...
☆ 左辺 => sizeS: a Seq -> int
☆ 右辺 => sizeS: (a * a) Seq -> int
SMLで書きたい...んだけど
PFDSによるとStandard MLでは...
☆ 多相的なデータ型を定義することは可能
☆ 多相再帰を書くことは不可能
SML# や SML/NJ はどーなのか気になりま
すね。 (すいません試してないです)
多相再帰=>単相再帰
datatype a Seq = NIL' | CONS' of a * (a * a) Seq



↓単相へ変換
datatype a EP = ELEM of a | PAIR of a EP * a EP
datatype a Seq = NIL' | CONS' of a EP * a Seq



のように多相再帰=>単相再帰への変換が必
ず可能です。
それなら全部単相再帰で書くべき?
それはもったいない!
☆ 多相にすれば型宣言を2つ=>1つに削減で
きた
☆ a EP型へのパターンマッチが不要で、その
コンストラクタをメモリに置く必要がない
☆ 多相にすれば、Seqの段数とペアの数が一
致することを型が保証してくれる
OCamlだと
type 'a my_seq = Nil | Cons of 'a * ('a * 'a) my_seq

let rec sizeS : 'a.    'a my_seq -> int = function
  | Nil -> 0
  | Cons (_, my_seq)   -> 1 + 2 * sizeS my_seq



OCaml 3.12.0 以降であれば、関数に直接型
宣言書くだけでOK。
Haskellだと
data MySeq a = MSNil | MSCons (a, MySeq (a,a))

sizeS   :: MySeq a -> Int
sizeS   MSNil = 0
sizeS   (MSCons (_, ps)) = 1 + 2 * sizeS ps



こちらも型宣言書けば問題ない。
再帰関数に型宣言付けるのがキモ
型宣言を付けないと、こんなエラーになってしま
います。
MySeq.hs:7:40:
    Occurs check: cannot construct the infinite type: t0 = (t0, t0)
    Expected type: MySeq t0
      Actual type: MySeq (t0, t0)
    In the first argument of `sizeS', namely `ps'
    In the second argument of `(*)', namely `sizeS ps'


型変数t0が何者なのか調べようとして、発散し
てしまうらしい。
参考文献
* recursive module で polymorphic recursion を書く (camlspotter)
  http://d.hatena.ne.jp/camlspotter/20090408/1239172620
* 多相再帰 - λx.x K S K @ はてな
  http://d.hatena.ne.jp/KeisukeNakano/20060720/1153367670
* polymorphic recursion の話 - Hatena::Diary::pi8027
  http://d.hatena.ne.jp/pi8027/20101121/polymorphic_recursion
* 今日のスライドで使ったコード例
  https://github.com/master-q/readPurelyFunctionalDataStructures/
tree/master/PolymorphicRecursion

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PFDS 10.1.1 多相再帰