2. Sejarah Ilmu Pengetahuan
⢠Pemikiran filsafat banyak
dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan
⢠Pd dasarnya filsafat (Barat, India,
Cina) muncul â sifat yg religius
⢠Di Yunani (mitos), India (Weda,
Hindu), Cina (confusius)
⢠Barat: mitos â diganti rasio
⢠India: tidak pernah lepas
induknya â Agama Hindu
â˘
â˘
â˘
â˘
Pembagian periodisasi filsafat
Barat â zaman (Kuno, Abad
Pertengahan, Modern, Kini)
Pembagian periodisasi filsafat
Cina â zaman (Kuno,
Pembaruan, Neo-Konfusionisme,
Modern)
Pembagian periodisasi filsafat
India â periode (Weda,
Wiracarita, Sutra-Sutra,
Skolastik)
Periode Filsafat Yunani â sangat
penting â menjadi acuan
3. Historisitas
⢠Sejarah filsafat barat dibagi menjadi tiga,
yaitu zaman Yunani Kuno dengan ciri
pemikirannya bersifat kosmosentris
⢠Zaman Pertengahan dengan ciri
pemikirannya yang bercorak teosentris
⢠Zaman Modern dengan ciri pemikirannya
yang bercorak antroposentris
⢠Zaman Kontemporer dengan ciri
pemikiran logosentris.
7. Apakah ARCHE dari segala sesuatu yang ada ?
Thales (624 - 548 SM)
AIR
Anaximander (610 - 518 SM)
APEIRON
Anaximanes (590 - 518 SM)
UDARA
Phytagoras (580 - 500 SM)
BILANGAN
Demokritos (460 - 370 SM)
ATOM
9. ⢠Abad 6 SM â 0 M
â Periode Filsafat Yunani
â Ahli filsafatnya Thales
â Menggunakan pola
deduktif
â Kemunculan ilmu sangat
berkembang
⢠Abad 0 â 6 M
â Periode Kelahiran Nabi
Isa
â Pertentangan Gereja
â Filsafat mengalami
kemunduran
â Raja membatasi
kebebasan berfikir
11. PERMULAAN ABAD MODERN
RENAISSANCE
14 - 15 MASEHI
AUFKLARUNG
(PENCERAHAN)
18 MASEHI
LEONARDO DA VINCI
COPERNICUS
KEPLER
GALILEO GALILEI
FRANCIS BACON
VOLTAIRE
JJ. ROUSSEAU
MONTESQUIEU
IMMANUEL KANT
12. AGAMA DAN FILSAFAT MULAI DI PISAHKAN
AGAMA DI DASARI KEYAKINAN (KEIMANAN)
FILSAFAT DI DASARI OLEH OLAH PIKIR (SEKULARISASI)
RASIONALISME
EMPIRISME
KRITISISME
IDEALISME
POSITIVISME
TUMBUH ILMU-ILMU CABANG (âMENINGGALKAN FILSAFATâ)
BIOLOGI
ASTRONOMI
MATEMATIKA
FISIKA
KIMIA
SOSIOLOGI
14. perkembangan
⢠Abad 6 M ditandai dengan runtuhnya mitologi
dan dongeng-dongeng.
⢠Abad 6-16 M ditandai dengan kuatnya doktrin
teologis atau anciella theologia. Filsafat
digunakan untuk memperkuat keyakinan agama.
⢠Abad 16 zaman modern yang ditandai dengan
renaissans merebaknya ilmu pengetahuan.
⢠Abad 20 atau zaman pasca renaissans ditandai
dengan menguatnya pemikiran pasca modernis
15. Mythology
ďŹAim of early Greek philosophers is to find
natural rather than supernatural explanations
for natural practices
16. Natural Philosophers
ďŹNature of the physical world
ďŹScience
ďŹThales â 625BC â 545BC â Greek colony in Asia
Minor â first know philosopher â everything from
water â single basic substance
ďŹAnaximander â 610-546 BC â all created things
are limited â that which comes before and after
must be âboundlessâ - basic stuff could not be as
ordinary as water
ďŹAnaximenes â 570-526 BC â source of all things
must be air of vapour
17. Democritus
ďŹ 460-370 BC
ďŹ âeverything was built up of tiny invisible blocksâ (p.
43)
ďŹ Each block was eternal and immutable
ďŹ firm and solid
ďŹ not all the same â different shapes and sizes
ďŹ unlimited number
ďŹ Called atoms, âun-cuttableâ (p. 43)
18. How accurate is Democritus
theory to what we know today?
ďŹAtoms theory still exists
ďŹP. 84 â the lego horse â Platoâs idea of the
model plan â âWorld of ideasâ
19. Athens â circa 450 BC
ďŹâCultural center of the Greek world.â (p. 61)
ďŹFocus changed from natural philosophy to
âthe individual and the individualâs place in
society.â (p. 62)
ďŹDemocracy evolved
ďŹArt of rhetoric â âsaying things in a
convincing manner.â (p. 62)
20. Prominent Philosophers
⢠Sophist â âa wise and informed personâ (p. 62) â â
man and his place in societyâ (p. 62)â
⢠âNo absolute norms for what was right or wrong.â (p.
63)
⢠Protogoras (485-410 BC) âMan is the measure of all
thingsâ (p. 62)
21. Socrates
ďŹ470-399 BC
ďŹthere are norms
ďŹwrote nothing down
ďŹgreatest influence on western thinking
ďŹtaught in the city squares
ďŹ known to us through Platoâs writings
ďŹ we must use our reason to grasp
âphilosophical truthsâ p. 65
ďŹ feigned ignorance â âSocratic ironyâ
23. Plato
ďŹ428-347 BC
ďŹPupil of Socrates
ďŹtheory of ideas
ďŹMyth of the cave â
denies the reality of
the natural world
ďŹWe must become
enlightened
24. Myth of the Cave
ďŹFrom The Republic
ďŹWhat we take in with our senses is not real,
but rather a poor copy of it â we see only
shadows â imprisoned by our senses â the
shadows are less real than the actual
ďŹShould take in the world intellectually
ďŹIgnorance is likened to imprisonment
26. Aristotle
ďŹ384-322 BC
ďŹstudent of Plato
ďŹElemental theory â fire, water, wind, earth
ďŹRejected Plato's âworld of ideasâ
ďŹSenses are important
ďŹWomen as inferior
27. Medieval/Baroque
ďŹ Machiavelli
â 1469-1527 â control populace â
politics, government - two books, The Prince
is still used today in politics (Stalin really liked
The Prince)
ďŹ Spinoza â 1632-1677 - in God (one
substance) tolerance and free thought â
âRationalist Mysticâ
ďŹ Hobbes â 1588-1679 â materialist â natural
world â political thinking - The Leviathan â
âThe value or worth of a man is, as of all
things, his price.â
28. THOMAS HOBBES
1588-1679
⢠âAlam semesta, segala yang ada, bersifat
korporeal, atau badani, yang memiliki dimensi
besaran panjang, lebar, dan kedalamanâ
⢠Yang ada hanyalah materi,
⢠Setiap benda bergerak, termasuk manusia,
adalah mesin
⢠Proses mental merupakan gerakan materi yang
ada dalam kepala manusia.
⢠Hobbes terpesona oleh gerak, khususnya
setelah mengunjungi Galileo.
29. ďŹ Locke
â 1632-1704 â father of empiricism
and liberalism, education. âAll mankind is
good and ought not to harm one another.â
âNo manâs knowledge here can go beyond
his experiences.â
ďŹ Hume â 1711-1776 â nothing is certain
(complexity), empiricist, take actions because
of morals
ďŹ Leibniz â 1646 â 1716 â rationalist â
borrowed reality â âThere is a reason why
every fact is as it is and not otherwise.â â
calculus (Leibniz or Newton)
30. Existentialism/Modernism
ďŹ
ďŹ
ďŹ
ďŹ
ďŹ
Kierkegaard â 1813-1855 â father of existentialism individual finds own identity a problem â mystery of
own existence
deBeauvoir - 1908-1986 â French existentialist â
Sartre - feminism
Sartre â 1905-1980 â fate doesn't exist â man is
what he conceives himself to be âHell is other
people.â
Descartes â 1596-1650 â father of modern
philosophy â method of doubt - âCogito ergo sum - I
think therefore I am.â
Camusâ 1913-1960 â French writer â absurd that
humans demand significance in an indifferent
universe - âMan is the only creature who refuses to
be what he is.â
31. Senses or Reason
ďŹ Empiricists
â believe that we learn through
our senses; we learn based on observation,
experience ; we are born with a clean slate
(tabula rasa)
ďŹ Rationalists â believe one has to have an
understanding of oneâs self to learn âKnow
thyselfâ; senses offer a limited world; rely on
âtruths,â logic and intuition
ďŹ Kant synthesized the two â need reason and
the senses to learn