2. Behaviorism - definition Behaviorism is the prediction and control of human behavior in which introspection and/ or independent thinking play no essential part of its teaching methods.
3. Behaviorism - facts To a behaviorist, human learning is purely an objective and experimental branch of natural science. There is no internal cognitive processing of information. The behaviorist recognizes no dividing line between man and animal — both learn to behave solely through a system of positive and negative rewards.
5. Ivan Pavlov Pavlov used conditioning to teach dogs to salivate when he rang a bell. When he provided the stimulus ( food) and he achieved his desired reflex ( salivation), he rang a bell. Eventually, the dogs associated the bell with food and they began to salivate when Pavlov rang the bell even if food was not present. This process was termed classic conditioning and refers to the natural reflex that occurs in response to a stimulus.
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7. B.F. Skinner Skinner conducted experiments with pigeons and rewarded them when he saw them behaving in a desired manner. When a stimulus- response pattern occurs, such as a pigeon turning ( the stimulus), a reward is given ( the response). Eventually, Skinner was able to teach pigeons to dance using this technique. This is called Operant conditioning which describes learning that is controlled and results in shaping behavior through the reinforcement of stimulus-response patterns.
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9. Albert Bandura Bandura focuses on those motivational factors and self- regulatory mechanisms that contribute to a person’s behavior. Bandura believes that people acquire behaviors, first, through the observation of others and then, by using those observations to imitate what they have observed
10. Albert Bandura His most famous experiment was the 1961 “Bobo Doll” study. In the experiment, he made a film in which a woman was shown beating up a bobo doll and shouting aggressive words. The film was then shown to a group of children. Afterwards, the children were allowed to play in a room that held a bobo doll. The children immediately began to beat the doll, imitating the actions and words of the woman in the film. The children received no encouragement or incentives to beat up the doll; they were simply imitating the behavior they had observed. Bandura termed this phenomena observational learning and characterized the elements of effective observational learning as attention, retention, reciprocation, and motivation.
11. Classroom Implications When the teacher is rewarding good behavior it can decrease bad behavior, and the behaviors rewarded will increase. Teachers avoid the use of punishment In behaviorism the teacher believes that learning is just memorizing information not acquiring knowledge.
