1. Nanotechnology involves manipulating materials at the nanoscale (1-100 nanometers) to create new structures with diverse applications. 2. The document discusses the history and development of nanotechnology. Key advancements include the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and the discovery of carbon nanotubes in 1991. 3. Applications discussed include pinpoint doping of semiconductors through single ion implantation, mass selected etching/deposition, and monolayer surface modification for fields like biotechnology and electronics.

1. NANOTECHNOLOGY
Miss.M.S.Patil Mr.V.R.Patil
Lecturer IT Deptt. Lecturer E&TC Deptt.
RCPIT,Shirpur RCPIT,Shirpur
Mb.-9373145351 Mb.-9373235207
Patilmanisha2003@yahoo.co.in patilvinod555@indiatimes.com
Abstract
In response to the rapidly changing face of technology and demand for physically smaller
with greater efficiency in every requirement the only solution is Nanotechnology. This paper
gives introduction to nanotechnology its use in various industries.An analysis of key trends in
several major industries points to a growing market for several specific types of "nano
products." This analysis suggests that in some areas it is unlikely that anything less than a
nanotech based solution will do. In the case of today's mobile communications and by
extension, future pervasive computing environments radical new nano material technologies
are necessary to support the next evolution in computing. The paper also goes on to discuss
how and why nanotechnology is uniquely positioned to provide soltions to real world
problems. There is even the prospect of self–building objects. In other words, the nano-
products could be programmed to manipulate the molecules and atoms after they have been
made.
1. Introduction To Nano-technology
It would help if you have seen movie benefits of Nanotechnology are both
“Inner Space”, imagine a small doctor pervasive and revolutionary.
traveling inside your body fixing up Nanotechnology, which deals with matter
whatever is wrong or envisage yourself at atomic levels, is not just restricted to the
stuck in a traffic jam & being guided by the field of medicine. Nanotechnology puts the
computers in your shirt’s threads to a clear power of creation into human hands but
road or alternatively think of chameleon contrary to popular perception, the
like soldiers being in perfectly with their immediate goals of Nanotechnology are not
surroundings & sensing all oncoming to further life & conquer death. It is more
attacks All these are not mere of a quest for discovering Nanostructures
imaginations, they would be realities in the that may have excellent electrical,
brave new world of Nanotechnology, a chemical, mechanical, or optical properties.
technology that would be used in this & so Nanotechnology is truly multidisciplinary.
many more things we have not even Materials scientists, mechanical and
dreamed of. All this is going to happen electronic engineers, and medical
sooner than we expect.The prefix ‘Nano’ researchers are teaming up with biologists,
expresses extreme smallness. physicists and chemists. Research at the
Nanotechnology refers to nanometer-scale scale-scale frontier is unified by the need to
science and technology. One nanometer share knowledge, tools and techniques, and
(nm) is one billionth of a meter, i.e. around expertise on atomic and molecular
80,000 times smaller than the width of a interactions. Powerful new concepts and
human hair.Nanotechnology is the study capabilities, such as atomic-scale imaging
and manipulation of tiny objects at the and manipulation, self-assembly,
dimension of molecules and atoms. It knowledge of biological structure-function
involves the control of materials at the relationships, together with increasingly
Nanoscale, achieving miniaturization powerful computing tools, are rapidly
through atomic and molecular converging from different research fields.
manufacturing techniques. The potential These will enable Nanotechnology to

2. progress and researchers to expand their which enables us to implant dopant atoms
expertise into new application fields. one-by-one into a fine semiconductor
region until the necessary number is
2. History of Nano-technology. reached. So far, the aiming precision in the
SII was only 200-300 nm due to a chopping
The term ‘Nanotechnology’ was for extracting single ion from a stream of
popularized by K.Eric Drexler in 1986 ions.A focused ion beam (FIB) optics for
when he came out with a book called the SII has been modified in order to
“Engines of Creation”, in which he implant single ion into Nano-scale
described what is possible with scale semiconductor region.
technology. By extending a distance between the
However, one of the first practical chopping electrode and objective lens (OL)
nanotechnological advances could be traced electrode and reducing a working distance,
back to 1968, when Bell Labs developed the scale of OL (1/6) was designed to be
molecular epitaxy, a technique to deposit 1/19.
single atomic layer on a surface. One of In addition, we newly added electrodes
the practical to effectively use between the chopping electrode and OL
Nanotechnology happened in 1981, when electrode for the precise beam alignment.
Gerd Bining deployed the scanning The beam diameter reaches less than
tunneling microscope to image individual 20 nm, as shown in Fig. 1.
atoms. This was followed by the creation of
buckyballs in 1985. Buckyballs measure
about a nano meter in diameter & are used
widely for Nanotechnology applications.
Samiol Lijima of NEC discovered
carbon Nano tubes, yet another major
nanotechnological advancement, in 1991 &
in 1998 the 1st transistor was made from a
nanotube by Cess Dekker.The fact that
single molecules can act as molecular
switches was demonstrated in 1998
according to research held at Rice
University. The start of 2000 saw a great
boost to Nanotechnology in the form of the
National Nanotechnology Institute (NNI) in
the U.S. NNI aims to provide more funding
& greater public participation in the field of
Nanotechnology.
3. Application of Nano- Figure-1
technology.
Establishment of pinpoint doping The deviation of single ion
technology to a Nano-scale semiconductor incident site was reduced to less than 100
region by single ion implantation. In a nm by 200-300 nm before remodeling.
semiconductor device smaller than 0.1 This modification of FIB optics
micron, a statistical fluctuation due to enables us to implant dopant ions into a
Poisson distribution of dopant atom number Nano-scale semiconductor region with
become a major problem, since it cannot be pinpoint accuracy. An investigation of
eliminated by simply improving the the correlation between the position of
conventional doping techniques such as ion doping atoms in fine semiconductor regions
implantation and diffusion. A deviation and electrical properties is in progress now.
of electrical properties due to the Control of an electrical characteristic
fluctuation prevents further reduction of of sub-micron semiconductor devices by
channel length, higher packaging density, single ion implantation. The inherent
higher device performance and so on. In fluctuation of electrical properties in a fine
order to reduce the fluctuation in electrical semiconductor region has been successfully
characteristics, we have successfully reduced for the first time by implanting a
developed single ion implantation (SII), small number of doping atoms by means of

3. single ion implantation (SII). Trimming beam sources can be used down to very
of the conductance of a fine resistor which low ion energies (from 20 eV to 1000 eV),
corresponds to an active region in which opens new fields of applications in
semiconductor devices has been tried by the monolayer- and nanometer-layer
using the SII. Firstly the conductance thickness range like:
increase per one dopant atom in a sub- Low energy ion beams without any
micron scale Si resistor was measured to be sputtering can be generated for surface
18 nS/atom. modification.
Mass separated soft ion implantation in the
nm-range. Defined mass selected organic
or inorganic ions, radicals or functional
groups can be used for monolayer surface
modification.
4. Future Nano Applications.
4.1. Mass selected Etching/Depositon
i. Mass separated reactive ion beam
etching with minimal ion damage at
semiconductors by controlled, depth
dependent mass selection.
ii. Direct ion beam polymerization at
low ion energies of nm-polymer
layers by controlled, thickness
dependent mass selection.
4.2. Nano-ion implantation.
i. Doping of organic semiconductors
by low energy ion implantation with
selected functional groups for
polymer LED´s for displays or
organic photovoltaic elements.
ii. Low energy ion implantation of
shallow junctions in sub micrometer
structure technology (0.2 - 10 keV
for 0.07µm-technology in silicon).
Secondly very fine test resistors with a size
of sub-micron were made by conventional iii. Stoechiometric ion implantation for
device fabrication technology and the nano-tribology (surface hardening of
statistical distribution of conductance in the micro machine tools).
test devices was obtained. Then the
number of single ions necessary to trim the iv. Low energy hydrogen ion
conductance value to a certain value in the implantation for semiconductor
higher side of the initial distribution was passivation (AIIIBV, SiC...)
implanted to each test resistor. The initial
conductance fluctuation of 6% has been 4.3. Monolayer surface
reduced to only 13%. Through this study, modification.
it turned out that the control of not only the
number of impurity atoms but also its i. Monolayer surface modification of
position was essential. Future applications inorganic substrates (like silicon...)
of mass separated broad ion beams in the with functional groups for docking
field of Nano-technology The conventional of selected macromolecules
ion implantation in the keV- or MeV- (biotechnology),polymer surface
energy range is an ion technique for thin modification by selected functional
layer technology in the 0.1 - 5 µm thickness groups like NH, NH2, CO, OH,...
range. Our mass separated broad ion

4. semiconductor and isolater surface
modification for direct wafer 7. Nano revolution.
bonding in vacuum.
There is a revolution. So far most
5. Economic Potential. people don't know very much about it. It's
mostly a few scientists, engineers and
Nanotechnology has the potential to technologists like the ones at the Pacific
significantly impact on materials sciences Northwest National Laboratory who are
and on manufacturing processes, on Nano- excited. We are in awe about the
electronics and computer technology, on possibilities of creating things that don't
medicine and health by allowing for new presently exist.
diagnostic systems and monitoring systems There are almost an infinite number of
for bodily functions.Nanotechnology can ways to assemble atoms and molecules, the
play an important role in space exploration, basic building blocks of matter. Not long
monitoring of the environment and the use ago we thought about these things but now
of energy resources. the capability to control the movement of
It can offer new ways for biotechnology atoms exists. All of this happens in the
and agriculture.Nanotechnology has an world of the very small with dimensions of
enormous variety of applications. Several one billionth of a meter, a nanometer.
fields of Nanotechnology can be The Nanorevolution is happening.
distinguished, such as: Nano-materials, There is no doubt that it will take its place
Nano-electronics and Nano-biotechnology, in history along side of the discovery and
which enable researchers to operate at the use of fire, the introduction of agriculture
level of molecules an Commercial and the industrial revolution. These
Nanotechnology products are already revolutions happened over considerable
available and include for instance new lengths of time, even centuries.
semi-conductor lasers and computer hard In some parts of the world they are still in
disk drives based on giant magneto- progress. In contrast, the Nanorevolution
resistance. can be expected to blossom in the next few
Novel materials are being marketed, decades. Things are already happening very
such as for spectacles with scratch-resistant fast. We can expect to see dramatic changes
Nano-coatings or sunburn lotions right before our eyes.
containing ultraviolet-absorbing Nano- "Imagine a technology so powerful
particles. The bio-chip arrays currently that it will allow such achievement as
being produced are revolutionizing the desktop manufacturing, cellular repair,
design and output of gene analysis in the artificial intelligence, inexpensive space
fields of biotechnology and biomedicine. travel, clean and abundant energy, and
environmental restoration; a technology so
portable that everyone can reap its benefits;
6. Ethics in Nano-technology. a technology so fundamental that it will
radically change our economic and political
Nanotechnology deals with the most systems; a technology so imminent that
basic assembly of matter.This is like most of us will see its impact within our
delivering the power of creation into lifetimes. Such is the promise of
human hands.Consider the concept of self Nanotechnology."
replicating robots that traverse the human
body providing all sorts of cures. The only 8. Nanotechnology Research.
self replicating mechanism we know of are
the reproductive mechanism of living cells. Nanotechnology research at NMRC
Chances of a deliberate misuse of this encompasses the design, synthesis,
technology are even higher .One only has fabrication and characterization of
to think of the immense destructive Nanostructures and Nanosystems. The
potential that biotechnology has brought research approach is to perform
about through weapons of biological fundamental scientific research and to
warfare. Some experts have called for establish core research and technology
banning Nanotechnology but this will be platforms in order to: Develop a new
like killing one of the greatest development understanding of Nanoscale phenomena
in technology even before its happened. and construct new Nanoscale structures,
This is where ethics takes the center devices and systems.
stage

5. Use these new Nanoscale systems as a strand linked gold Nanoparticle s
tool-kit to develop new applications in monitored as a function of inter-particle
science and engineering. NMRC aims to distance.
provide a complete Nanotechnology 8.2. Design and Simulation Tools for
development loop to enable innovative Molecular Electronics
exploitation of Nanosystems specifically
within emerging Information and
Communication Technology (ICT)
application areas, e.g., Nanoscale
electronics and at the interface between
ICT and other disciplines, e.g., with
photonics (Nano photonics) and with life
sciences (Nanobiotechnology). Highlights
of the Nanotechnology research activities at
NMRC during 2000 are outlined below: -
8.1. Molecular Electronics.
F
Self-assembly of Nanocrystals as igure
Nanoscale electronic devices offers
-4
possible alternatives to
known.Nanofabricationchallengese.g.,Nano
lithography, while opening the way to new figure above shows Simulating prototype
generations of electronic devices that molecular electronic devices: Results on
operate on fundamentally different physical the calculation of the binding configuration
principles. Nanoparticle-based electronic of a methanethiol group to the (111) face of
devices may be assembled using an Au13 cluster). Development of a
biologically- inspired assembly approaches. molecular electronic transport description is
We have successfully employed DNA being pursued as part of a general
as a tool for assembly of metallic nanoelectronics technology computer aided
Nanoparticles. Short oligonucleotides design (NANOTCAD) tool. Formulations
attached to nanoparticle surfaces are used of electronic transport are being devised for
to link the nanoparticles together by self- a full quantum mechanical description of
assembly of complimentary oligonucleotide devices at the atomic and single electron
strands. This "Nanoparticle zipping" scales.
process can be monitored optically as a For example, to understand aspects of the
function of solution temperature (below interaction between a molecule attached to
left). Also, within the Nanostructure a metal surface in a molecular electronic
characterization facility, we are currently device, calculations have been performed
studying the electrical transport properties on the binding of, e.g., methanethiol onto
of prototype Nanodevices based on self- the faces of a Au13 cluster
assembled arrays of metallic Nanoparticle s Such work is beginning to yield basic
(see below right). insights into the structure and energy level
arrangements of molecular electronic
devices.
10. Advantages of Nano-technology.
Imagine consumer goods that replace
themselves in the future. It seems like so
much science fiction, but some scientists
suggest that this technology is very near
reality.
Other things that could be achieved
with this technology include the creation of
computer chips that would be much faster
Figure -3 due to the smaller components that can be
Figure shows temperature dependent made. Of course it is in the medical field
zipping and unzipping of oligonucleotide that Nanotechnology can really produce

6. miracles. Imagine a nano-robot that is [2] Carol Crane, Michael Wilson, Kamali
programmed to travel through your Kannangara “Nanotechnology”
bloodstream and is capable of cleaning out
any fatty deposits, so reducing the [3] Bhushan,Bharat “Handbook on
likelihood of heart diseases. There are a Nanotechnology”
number of amazing possibilities in this
context. It has also been suggested that
using Nanotechnology, medical diagnosis
will be transformed and that the use of
nano-robots within the body could provide
a defense against invading viruses. This has
particular application when considering the
immune system as this technology could be
used to combat immune deficiency diseases
like HIV/AIDS.
Another possibly is the development or
creation of food. As food is also a
combination of atoms, there is no
theoretical reason that once perfected, this
technology could not actually be used to
produce rather than grow food. The
possibilities are endless. There is even
speculation that the earth could be
ecologically reshaped or "terraformed".
This could also mean the reintroduction of
already extinguished species of animals. Of
course this all lies in the future. However,
one only has to think of other technologies,
including the home computer, which, only
a few years ago, were the stuff of
imaginative science fiction.
11. Flaws of Nano-technology.
There is always a downside.
One of the aspects of this new technology
that has to be carefully considered is, who
would control a technology as powerful as
this promises to be?
This is always a possibility that those who
do control this technology would not use it
to the advantage of everyone. Lastly,
change in itself can bring about problems.
Change that is too rapid could upset
economies and create disruption instead of
construction.
12. Conclusion.
Nanotechnology itself may never become a
huge industry in the classical sense but it
could very well have an impact on the
commercial world. Nanotechnology
promises a new, fast world to the future
generation. We can hope for the earth to be
ecologically reshaped giving rise to the
already extinguished species.
13. References
[1] Eric K. Drexler “Engines of Creation:
The Coming Era of Nanotechnology”