This document discusses accounting for inventories. It defines inventory and explains the purpose of inventory management is to determine inventory levels and costs. It describes establishing responsibility and segregation of duties for inventory counts. It also discusses periodic and perpetual inventory systems, different inventory valuation methods including FIFO, LIFO, weighted average and lower of cost or market. Journal entries for purchases and sales of inventory are presented. Examples are provided to illustrate the calculation of cost of goods sold and ending inventory balances using different valuation methods.

1. TOPIC 6 ACCOUNTING FOR INVENTORIES

2. ACCOUNTING FOR INVENTORIES DEFINITION: FRS 102: Inventory is an asset that owned by the business for the purpose of selling to the customer. Managing inventory is done to determine: 1. Inventory on hand 2. Inventory available for sale 3. Cost of goods sold.

3. InventoryControl Establishment of responsibility: every inventory counter is accountable by different person. Segregation of duties: a person who records the inventories is not the same as the person who makes a count and also not the same with the person who distributes the inventories.

4. InventoryControl Independent Internal Verification: make a second count and verify the balance by a different person. Documentation Procedure: numbering tag or barcode is paste to the inventory and each sales is made using on-line basis. Physical, mechanical and electronic control: make a physical stock count frequently.

5. Inventory Accounting System There are two basic systems of accounting for inventories: 1. Perpetual Inventory system (Sistem Berterusan) Periodic Inventory System (Sistem Berkala)

6. Differences between these two systems:

7. Valuation of Inventory 1. First In First Out (FIFO) - first items purchase will be sold first. Last In First Out (LIFO) - last item purchase will be sold first. Weighted Average (WA) - make an average cost per unit purchase of the goods.

8. Example: The information below regarding an inventory product name AIA for year 2006: The physical stock counts on 31 Dec 2006 shows a balance of 400 units.

9. Total Stock (unit) - total Sales (unit) = Closing stock (unit) [Opening stock + Purchase] – Total Sales = Closing Stock 100 unit + 1100 unit - 800 unit = 400 unit. a) FIFO - Periodic: Cost of Good Sold: Opening Inventory 800 Add: Purchase 12,600 13,400 Less: Closing Stock 5,000 COST OF GOOD SOLD 8,400

10. b) FIFO - PERPETUAL

11. LIFO - Periodic: Cost of Good Sold: Opening Inventory 800 Add: Purchase 12,600 13,400 Less: Closing Stock 3,800 COST OF GOOD SOLD 9,600

13. WEIGHTED AVERAGE Periodic Weighted Average cost per unit = Opening Inventory + Purchases Total unit available for sale RM800 + RM12,600 (100 + 1,100) unit = RM11.17 per unit Closing Inventory = 400 unit x RM11.17 = RM4,468 COGS = 800 unit x RM11.17 = RM8,932

14. Perpetual

15. Effect of using different method: Inflation Assume that the purchase price is increasing: FIFO: The lower price of the inventory will be taken out first; this will lower down the cost of goods sold of the inventory. Thus the profit will be increased. LIFO: The higher price of the inventory will be taken out first; this will increase the cost of good sold of the inventory. Thus the profit will be decreased.

16. Deflation: - deflation (lower price of the inventory) will give a reverse situation whilst using either FIFO, LIFO or WA.

17. VALUING INVENTORY AT THE LOWER OF COST OR MARKET (LCM) An alternative method of valuing inventory in a situation of declining value of inventory : lower than cost (e.g due to changes in technology or fashion) To comply with accounting principle: Conservatism: the best choice is to select the method that is least likely to overstate asset and net income.

20. Income Statement – Periodic System ________________________________________________________ Opening Inventory 2, 000 Add: Purchase 20,000 Carriage Inward 2, 500 Import Duty 1, 500 24, 000 (-) Return Outward (1, 000) 23, 000 Cost of Goods Available for sale 25, 000 (-) Closing Stock (5, 000) Cost of Good Sold 20, 000

21. Income Statement - Perpetual System ________________________________________________ Sales xxx Less: Cost of Good Sold xx Less: Inventory Shortage xxxx Gross Profit xxx

22. EFFECT ON PROFIT: OVER/UNDERSTATE VALUE OF INVENTORY

23. Journal Entries for Purchasing of Goods

24. Journal Entries for Sales of Goods

25. OTHER CURRENT ASSET 1. SHORT TERM INVESTMENT Definition: Investment made for a period of less than one year and very easy to change or convert it in the cash term. Example: investment in Marketable securities (Treasury Bill) The objective of investment is to earn interest and dividends. Types: - investment in government bond - investment in stock of large corporation Reasons: Stock and bonds traded on organized securities markets, such as Bursa Malaysia, are readily marketable because can be bought and sold daily. Therefore, easy to convert into cash when it is needed.

26. Accrued Revenue Prepaid Assets/Expenses Presentation in Financial Statement Current Asset Cash Bank Investment Accrued Revenue Prepaid Expenses.

27. Exercises on Inventory 1. Berikut adalah belian dan jualan Syarikat Zamani dalam bulan September 20X6. Dikehendaki: Dengan menggunakan kedua-dua sistem iaitu berterusan dan berkala, kira nilai stok akhirnya mengikut kaedah: a) FIFO (MDKD) b) LIFO (MKKD) c) Kos Purata