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Learning Paper

Building National
Capacity for
Universal
Coverage
Malaria control
in Nigeria
[ 2 ]

The Learning Papers
Series
Since starting operations in 2003,
Malaria Consortium has gained a great deal of
experience and knowledge through technical and
operational programmes and activities relating
to the control of malaria and other infectious
childhood and neglected tropical diseases.
Organisationally, we are dedicated to ensuring
our work remains grounded in the lessons we
learn through implementation. We explore
beyond current practice, to try out innovative
ways – through research, implementation and
policy development – to achieve effective and
sustainable disease management and control.
Collaboration and cooperation with others
through our work has been paramount and much
of what we have learned has been achieved
through our partnerships.
This series of learning papers aims to capture and
collate some of the knowledge, learning and,
where possible, the evidence around the focus
and effectiveness of our work. By sharing this
learning, we hope to provide new knowledge
on public health development that will help
influence and advance both policy and practice.
Building National Capacity
for Universal Coverage
[ Malaria control in Nigeria ]
Author: Sue George
Additional information and support:
Dr Kolawole Maxwell
Malaria Consortium Country Director for Nigeria

Dr Folake Olayinka
SuNMaP Programme Director

Stephen Cooper
SuNMaP Deputy Programme Director

Dr Ebenezer Sheshi Baba
SuNMaP Programme Technical Director

and other SuNMaP programme staff, especially:
Kolo Yakubu, Kabir Lawal, Tunde Adesoro and
Phillip Bassey
Editor:
Diana Thomas
Senior Communications Manager, Malaria Consortium

Contact:
learningpapers@malariaconsortium.org
A mother in Kano is registered to receive a free
net for herself and her baby through SuNMaP
Photo: William Daniels / Malaria Consortium
CONTENTS
[ 2 ]	Introduction
[ 3 ]	

Capacity building through SuNMaP

[ 5 ]	

Planning the roll-out

[ 6 ]	

Catch-up phase

[ 8 ]	

Keep-up phase

[ 10 ]	 CASE STUDY
	Rural health workers:
	
turning pains to gain	
[ 12 ]	

C
 ASE STUDY
Medicine vendors:
giving the right treatment

[ 14 ]	

C
 ASE STUDY
Malaria control managers:
managerial tasks made easy

[ 16 ]	 ASE STUDY
C

Community health extension worker:
keeping up to date
[ 18 ]	

C
 ASE STUDY
Community care givers:
bringing care closer to home

[ 20 ]	
Challenges
[ 22 ]	Going forward
[ 24 ]	About Malaria Consortium

SuNMaP partners:

www.malariaconsortium.org

www.healthpartners-int.co.uk

www.gridconsulting.net
[ 2 ]

Introduction
SuNMaP

Nigeria

 Malaria kills around

300,000
250,000
 Nigerians a year

 of them children

30 %
10 %

 of childhood deaths and

Support to the Nigeria Malaria Programme
– is a £50 million five-year UK aid funded
programme that works with the government
and people of Nigeria to strengthen
the national effort to control malaria.
The programme began in April 2008,
and runs to March 2013.

Funded by UKAid    epartment for
/D
International Development, SuNMaP works
with the Nigeria National Malaria Control
Programme (NMCP) to harmonise donor
efforts around agreed national strategies
and plans for malaria control.
The role of SuNMaP is to provide the
necessary technical expertise and experience
for a comprehensive fight against malaria.
The programme’s approach is focused on
improving the capacity of the Nigerian
government to lead the fight against
malaria, strengthening public-private
partnerships, and reaching the poor and
vulnerable with interventions such as long
lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs).

SuNMaP is jointly managed by a consortium
led by international NGO, Malaria Consortium,
UK-based Health Partners International,
and national company, GRID Consulting.
Other members of the consortium are
programme implementing partners drawn
from the commercial sector, civil society, non
governmental and faith based organisations.
The project is currently being implemented
in 10 states: Anambra, Kano, Niger, Katsina,
Ogun, Lagos, Jigawa, Enugu, Kaduna and
Yobe (see map page 21). Operations in Yobe
are yet to commence due to the security
situation in that state.

 all maternal deaths are
 associated with the disease

Malaria in Nigeria
Malaria kills around 300,000 Nigerians a year, 250,000 of them children. Nearly
30 percent of childhood deaths and 10 percent of all maternal deaths are caused
by the disease. While children under five and pregnant women are particularly
vulnerable, almost the entire population of Nigeria is at risk. According to the
Nigerian government, the nation also loses around $1 billion a year from the cost
of treatment and absenteeism.
Source: National Malaria Indicator Survey Report 2010
[ 3 ]

Capacity building
through SuNMaP
Capacity building
A people-centred, pragmatic and focused approach that goes beyond training to
improve the knowledge, skills and practices of programme managers and health
care providers. It strengthens organisational capacity to implement effective and
sustained malaria control within the health system.

Capacity building is considered crucial to all
six of the core elements, or outputs, that
make up the SuNMaP programme: capacity
building; harmonisation; prevention of
malaria; treatment of malaria; awareness
and demand creation; operations research.
The “cross-cutting” nature of SuNMaP’s work
means each of the outputs is inter-related
to the others in a complementary way.
For instance, hospital staff require capacity
building in order to treat malaria more
effectively; harmonisation is required
to ensure that research efforts are not
duplicated, and so on.
At the onset of the SuNMaP programme,
capacity building was considered to be

Hospital staff are trained
under SuNMaP’s capacity
building work to help them
treat malaria more effectively

confined to the first output – national, state
and local government area (LGA) capacity
for planning, management and coordination
are improved. However, it became apparent
that it was an essential part of SuNMaP’s
entire programme, and the strategy was
adjusted to take this into consideration.
SuNMaP decided to adopt a people-centred,
pragmatic and focused approach that goes
beyond training to improve the knowledge,
skills and practices of programme managers
and health care providers. It strengthens
organisational capacity to implement
effective and sustained malaria control
within the health system. Further information
on how this works in practice appears
throughout this learning paper.
[ 4 ]

SuNMaP’s capacity
building work has
five key objectives
Improved capacity for planning, management
and coordination, and the embedding
of malaria control programme activities
in the health planning, budgeting and
implementing processes at national,
state and LGA levels.
Capacity building technical support

customised to respond to the context,
divergences, peculiarities and priorities
of the intended beneficiaries.
Effective, efficient NMCP teams providing
leadership for all key players and working
together in a synergistic manner at
national, state and LGA levels.
Well established systems for mobilising,

harmonising, distributing, utilising and
sustaining resources for malaria control.
H
 ealth managers and providers in the public
and private sector who know their roles
in the prevention, delivery of services and
management of malaria control are based
on three principles for implementation
(consistency with national policies, stakeholder
engagement and harmonisation).
The components of SuNMaP’s capacity building
are: participatory appraisal / assessments;
building individual and team capabilities;
strengthening of line systems; institutional
strengthening; exit and sustainability.
[ 5 ]

Planning
the roll-out
At the start of the programme in 2008, SuNMaP conducted a baseline assessment
on the ability of existing field staff, and NMCP and State Malaria Control Programme
(SMCP) staff, to deliver malaria control. The assessment helped to inform the design
of the capacity development programme. One of the outcomes of the assessment was
the realisation that, while there was a wide range of training materials on malaria
control in Nigeria, these were not standardised, and at service delivery points there
appeared to be poor perception of and adherence to policy recommendations on
malaria control. These findings revealed the urgent need for capacity development
at all levels if the strategic plan goals were to be reached.
As a result, SuNMaP supported stakeholders and Roll Back Malaria partners in each of
the programme states to develop a broad and ambitious capacity building plan for the
roll-out of service delivery and programme management training. This encompassed
policy makers, managers and health workers, as well as people who worked in the
community such as patent medicine vendors and community caregivers.
Agreements were reached with a range of stakeholders on the minimum skill set
required at various levels to deliver quality malaria control services. Existing materials
were reviewed, synthesised and used as much as possible in the development of
the capacity building modules. Programme management training materials were
developed from scratch as none had previously existed, and eight service delivery
modules were developed. All materials and the training curriculum were developed in
partnership with relevant stakeholders and recognised the resource-scarce operating
environment. The Roll Back Malaria partnership participated in the process, with
leadership provided by NMCP.
Where external technical support to this planning process was provided, this was also
seen as an opportunity to build the capacity of NMCP, SMCP and field staff.
The capacity building plan took into account SuNMaP’s support and that from other
partners. This enabled the state to prepare a harmonised micro-plan for the capacity
building roll-out.

Roll-out planning
C
 apacity building roll-out was based on the ‘catch-up, keep-up’
stipulations within the national malaria control strategy.
T
 he capacity building plan developed covered both service delivery
and programme management.

At the start of the SuNMaP programme it was found that,
despite training provision at different health sector levels,
this had not included training for service delivery
Photo: Akintunde Akinleye / Malaria Consortium
[ 6 ]

Catch-up phase
The catch-up phase is the
implementation of activities
designed to rapidly increase
the very low coverage for
malaria control in an area

 More than

8,000

 health workers were
 trained in the initial phase

The initial wave of service delivery training
targeted health workers in selected healthcare
facilities, as laid down in SuNMaP’s programme
targets. More than 8,000 people were
trained. In many instances, this was done
alongside the provision of commodities –
LLINs or arteminisin combination therapy
(ACT) anti-malaria drugs.
The service delivery training was rolled-out
out in clusters to maximise the resources
(trainers, funds and time) and encourage
“working together” between health
workers at various levels.

The programme approach to training
focuses on the use of participatory adult
learning techniques using simple and
adaptable learning aids. During training
events, three main objectives are achieved:
Identification of misconceptions and
barriers to best practice
Group exercises aimed at improving
the understanding of the link between
the malaria transmission cycle and key
malaria control interventions
Facilitation and consensus building
around key messages and best practice

SuNMaP carried out training of trainers
initially so that this would then cascade
elsewhere. See the diagram below for
further explanation.

Trainers / Facilitators

Trainers / Facilitators

Community Health Officer

M
 edical Doctor

Nurse /Midwife

N
 urse /Midwife

Pharmacist

P
 harmacist
t
 ransiting Lab
Scientist

Hospital level
cluster:

PHC level cluster:

D
 octors

C
 ommunity
Health Officers
 Extension Workers

Nurses  Midwives

Nurses  Midwives

P
 harmacists

P
 harmacy Technicians

L
 ab Scientists

transiting
Lab Scientist

L
 ab Assistants

Patent Medicine
Vendors Cluster

Community care
givers cluster:
C
 ommunity Directed
Distributors

Trainers / 
Facilitators
C
 ommunity Health
Officer
Nurse /Midwife
t
 ransiting Lab Scientist
t
 ransiting Pharmacist
for Quality Assurance

Role Model Care Givers
T
 raditional Birth
Attendants

Trainers / 
Facilitators
Health Officer
Community
Nurse /Midwife

transiting Lab Scientist
transiting Pharmacist
for Quality Assurance

Local government area training clusters
The burden of malaria remains extremely high
in Nigeria. Capacity to identify, treat and
manage the disease is critical at all levels
Photo: William Daniels / Malaria Consortium
Building capacity for universal coverage: malaria control in Nigeria
[ 8 ]

Keep-up phase
Keep-up phase
The keep-up phase comprises activities aimed at maintaining and possibly increasing
the level of coverage of interventions for malaria control in an area. This includes
interventions aimed at:
r
 e-enforcing knowledge and skills on malaria case management
i mproving the management and supervisory skills of malaria control teams at

the national, supported states and LGA levels
s
 trengthening key health systems supporting malaria control interventions to
maintain quality of care, availability of supplies and funding
s
 trengthening the institutions responsible for malaria control to ensure sustainability
of the programme support.

Programme
management

On-the-job
capacity building

Institutional
strengthening

The development of programme
management modules took place
a year later than those for service
delivery. While developed specifically
for malaria programmes, they could
also be used for the management of
other health services. The programme
management training covers state level
and LGA management staff, including
health workers, in 25 percent of LGAs
in each of the programme states.

Much of the programme management
capacity building is carried out through
hands-on support and on-the-job
capacity building, which has been
incorporated into ISS. All the capacity
building modules are designed to
maximise adult learning through
participation and experiential learning
and sharing; didactic techniques are
kept to a barest minimum. Each of
the modules are designed to include
both the trainer and trainee versions,
doubling as training material and as
a guide to help service providers and
managers in the health sector undertake
specific tasks on their own. For example,
the service delivery module for malaria
case management at both the primary
and first referral levels contains exercises
that provide experiential and self-learning
(do-it-yourself) opportunities for
the health care provider. Similarly,
the management module outlines in
significant detail how to set up ISS / 
on-the-job capacity building.

SuNMaP is supporting NMCP and
the SCMPs to strengthen their work,
to take capacity building on board
and institutionalise it. This involves
improving coordination and planning
within federal, state and local levels to
improve or develop operational plans
for effective malaria control.

Six programme management modules
have been developed. They include:
fi
 nancial management
and procurement
supply management
programme planning and budgeting
general management
integrated supportive supervision (ISS)
monitoring and evaluation

SuNMaP does this through technical
assistance, coaching and mentoring.
[ 9 ]

What worked well
T
 he state ministries of health and malaria
programmes have responded very well
to SuNMaP’s support. They develop the
annual operational and capacity building
plans, as well as supplying the drugs and
nets used to treat and prevent malaria.
SuNMaP provides systems to monitor
supplies and their impact on the burden
of disease.
T
 he standard of training across the board
is of very high quality, using group work
and discussion, and “learning by doing”.
Participant feedback is excellent.
T
 he programme management modules
could be used in other sectors.

National Monitoring 
Evaluation Frame
Work and Plan

Advocacy Communication
Social Mobilisation Plan

As a result of capacity building, combined
with provision of LLINs and drugs to
prevent malaria in pregnancy, more
women are being seen in ante-natal clinics.
This is helpful for maternal and child
health in general, as well as malaria
prevention/treatment.

Sectorwide State
Strategic Health Plans

Global Agenda

Procurement  Supply
Management Plan

T
 he capacity building modules are good
value for money, expanding on materials
and resources that are already available.
The training of trainers, whose work then
cascades through clusters of workers or
volunteers, has meant that large numbers
of individuals have been reached. This all
ensures sustainability post SuNMaP.

Sectorwide National
Strategic Health
Development Plan

National Malaria
Strategic Plan

Programme
Operational
Plan reviews
Programme
Managers
meetings

Communication
Action Plan

NMCP Annual
Operational Plans

SMCP Annual
Operational Plans

Branch Activity Plan

LGA Activity Plan

Training Plan

LLIN Campaign Plan
RDT Roll-Out Plan

Service Delivery (Federal, State, LGA, Community)

All the plans to control malaria – global, national, state, local
– and how they interact with SuNMaP and other programmes, training and campaigns

ISS / On-the-Job
Capacity Building Plan
[ 10 ]

case study

Rural health workers:

turning pains
to gains

In the early days, severe
malaria claimed the lives of

one in 15
under-fives
There has been a reported
decline in the number of
cases of anaemia and severe
malaria in the three years
since SuNMaP began

Dorothy Ibrahim is a rural health worker
of many years’ standing. She is a proud
contributor to the fight against malaria
in the rural settlement of Gauraka in Tafa
Local Government Area of Niger State.
I

“ n the early days, severe malaria claimed
the lives of one in 15 under-fives in my area.
The traditional healer would give the baby a
herbal concoction and tell the parents that
the baby would get well before morning.
But the baby would die of worsened fever
that same night. Nowadays, I never see
severe cases of malaria in babies at all.
A

“  fter I qualified, I returned to work at

I

“  support the home management of malaria
by working with community volunteers that
we call community care givers. They work
with local people to identify fevers and give
drug treatment as necessary. I tell them to
refer persistent fever cases to me. I also give
talks about how to hang the LLINs properly
and take care of them, and encourage
environmental sanitation and hygiene.
S

“  ince the LLINs and IPTp support to first
time mothers started, cases of anaemia
and severe malaria have declined. There
have been none at all in the three years
since SuNMaP began.”

the local health care centre. I would do all
that the books demanded but still lose the
baby. Years went by and the local health
centre was upgraded to a model primary
healthcare centre. There was more modern
equipment, and capacity building from
SuNMaP, as well as long-lasting insecticidal
nets (LLINs) and intermittent malaria
preventive therapies for pregnant women
(IPTp). All these have changed the course
of service provision.

A technician at the primary healthcare centre in
Gauraka shows a positive rapid diagnostic test, a
service now available at the centre
Building capacity for universal coverage: malaria control in Nigeria
[ 12 ]

case study

Medicine vendors:

giving the
right treatment

Before the training, I would
prescribe ACTs to many
more people

Aloysius Okafor’s small shop sits on a bustling
side street in Somolu, Lagos. He is a Patent
Medicine Vendor, who sells soap and snacks,
water and insecticide, but most frequently
drugs such as paracetamol. He also sells
ACTs – artemisinin combination therapy
drugs that are used to treat malaria.
P

“  eople with a fever or a headache come
and ask what’s wrong,” Aloysius says
seriously. “Malaria is endemic in this
country, so yesterday I saw four cases.
People tell me their symptoms and I can
give them the ACTs.”

T

“  he two teachers were there to train us
and we had an exchange of ideas. They
were excellent – we learned a great deal.
The training has added a lot. It made me
know much more about how medicine
should be given to clients. It was a big
influence on me.”
He is now much more able to give the right
treatment to people who ask him for help.
S

“  ince the training, I can manage them
better. The uncomplicated cases get ACTs,
the complicated ones I refer to hospital.”

Aloysius has taken part in a SuNMaP
training that has shown him the importance
of basic diagnosis and how to treat malaria.
He took part in a three-day course that
included an overview of malaria, its causes,
how it is transmitted, its presentation,
clinical diagnosis, when to refer, how to
treat malaria and more.

Aloysius Okafor, patent medicine vendor:
the training has improved his abilities to
prescribe anti-malaria drugs appropriately
Photo: Akintunde Akinleye / Malaria Consortium
Building capacity for universal coverage: malaria control in Nigeria
[ 14 ]

case study

Malaria control managers:

managerial tasks
made easy

I now have the confidence to
use my knowledge and skill to
support facility workers

Anthony Joshua, a deputy director in the
primary health department of Tafa local
government area, is the focal person for
malaria control.
Malaria control managers such as Anthony
have the responsibility of supervising facility
workers in the management of malaria and
data generation. They also interact with
other programme managers, carrying out
activities together, particularly on disease
control and sharing of information.
Recently, he participated in a series of trainings
organised by SuNMaP.
I
“  have attended training on programme
management such as planning, supervision,
monitoring, and malaria management,
including for diagnosis and treatment.”
Anthony considers his work has improved
considerably as a result. He described his
ability to carry out his responsibilities in
the past as “not too bad, but I could not
calculate ACT use and my data was not
always correct”.
As
“  a result of the training, there has been
improvement in my knowledge of malaria
control and managing people.”

Besides the training he attended,
Anthony finds the supportive supervision
from the state malaria control programme
and programme implementing partners
very useful. He says:
The
“  officials come to encourage and
correct me. I am always happy to receive
them.”
Anthony is able to provide support to his
subordinates and passes on the skills he
has acquired.
They
“  are always happy to see me because
I don’t harass them.”
He admits that, in the past, his relationship
with facility workers was not always cordial.
They
“  used to find excuses to run away
from the facility when they saw me or any
supervisor around. Now this has changed.”
Anthony has no concerns about his future
now because the training has given him the
necessary knowledge and skill to perform
his job well. He is, however, concerned that
if the current funding support for meetings
and anti-malaria commodities by SuNMaP
is not continued by the government,
malaria control activities may suffer.

Anthony Joshua, deputy director primary
health department, Tafa: passing on his
new skills to his subordinates
Building capacity for universal coverage: malaria control in Nigeria
[ 16 ]

case study

Community health
extension workers:

keeping up to date

One of our clients testified...
with the use of the LLINs,
she and the children rarely
have fever

Victoria Philemon is a Community Health
Extension Worker at the Basic Health Clinic
in New Wuse, in Tafa local government area
in Niger State. She has worked there for the
past eight years.
The
“  training I received has enabled me to
be well informed in treating malaria with
the current medications and also advising
clients on the proper use and care of the
long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs).”
The
“  Local Government Malaria focal person,
Anthony Joshua, attended a training funded
by SuNMaP and on his return he passed on to
us the knowledge he acquired at the training.
He told us about the use of sulfadoxinepyrimethamine (SP) the prevention of malaria
in pregnancy. We were also told how the
LLINs are to be used and cared for.”
The New Wuse Basic Health Clinic is one
of the health facilities being supported
by SuNMaP. SuNMaP provides LLINs and

antimalarial drugs for pregnant women,
and artemisinin combination therapies
for the treatment of malaria.
The
“  provision of antimalarial services has
been beneficial. One of our clients testified
that before she started using the LLINs in
her household, there was hardly a week
that she would not visit the health centre.
However, with the use of LLINs, she and
the children rarely have fever.”
But there is still room for improvement.
I
“  feel quite happy that mothers are availing
themselves of the malaria prevention services
we are offering here in this clinic. However
in the past two weeks we have run out of
LLINs, and this might have a negative impact
on clinic attendance. Our clients are the ones
who tell their neighbours about the free
malaria services being offered at the clinic.”

Victoria Philemon, community health extension worker:
“Our clients tell their neighbours about the free malaria services”
Photo: Daniel Peters – LINIX Digital / Malaria Consortium
[ 17 ]
[ 18 ]

case study

Community care givers:

bringing care
closer to home

I
  see many people who say:
‘when my baby had
a fever, you treated her
and she got better’

Fatimah Ibrahim is a 30-year-old mother of
four who has brought her youngest, sixmonth-old Humaida, with her to a bustling
health centre in Minna, the state capital of
Niger State.
Fatimah is a community care giver – a volunteer
who gives basic malaria treatment to underfives and advises on its prevention. It’s a
very important task in her rural area.

Fatimah became a community care giver
in 2011. The message went out for people
in her area, preferably women, who could
read and write, to come for training. The
local traditional chief knew she had received
some schooling and advised her husband
that she put herself forward. As a result,
Fatimah learned how to spot, and treat,
malaria in under-fives, as well as malaria
prevention information that she could share
with members of her community.

The
“  parents keep bringing their children.
Sometimes I see 10 people a day,” she says.
It
“  is very important that their parents
SuNMaP works to improve the capacity
of local communities to tackle malaria by
supporting and funding the training of
community care givers, such as Fatimah.
The women and babies who live in rural
communities don’t always have access to
malaria prevention or treatment, which is
where Fatimah comes in. She lives in the
rural area of Gada, some half hour’s drive
from Minna. Her catchment area covers a
population several thousand strong.

should bring the children as soon as they
spot signs of fever, and after that make sure
they take the medicine correctly,” she says.
She has many satisfied customers:
Then
“  they recommend me to others. This
saves a lot of money and many hours work
for the health facility.”

Fatimah Ibrahim, community care giver:
the first point of call for many in her community
Photo: Daniel Peters – LINIX Digital / Malaria Consortium
Building capacity for universal coverage: malaria control in Nigeria
Challenges
T
 he limited commitment of funds for
capacity building activities at many
levels. For instance, roll out of training
to all LGAs that want to institutionalise
capacity building is not financially
supported by ministries.
W
 orking with NGO colleagues, or
programme implementation partners,
who have their own capacity building
needs. This requires management
time, oversight, trying to get them to
understand, and to ensure quality.
H
 armonisation – getting people
(stakeholders, participants) to agree on
a common approach to capacity building
requires extensive consultation and several
iterations which are time consuming.
L
 ack of commodities, or delays in
receiving them, can be a problem.
Programmes are reliant on elements of
health services (eg procurement) that are
broken, fragmented, or dysfunctional.
SuNMaP can’t fix the whole system. So
what does that mean in the long term?

It can be hard to ensure commodities are always available
to those who need them
Photo: Akintunde Akinleye / Malaria Consortium

N
 ot all of those who are trained as
trainers turn out to be good at it.
Professors and doctors, while being highly
technically proficient, are not always able
to effectively deliver training content
using the approaches captured in the
capacity building modules. In fact, in some
cases, they have shown specific interest in
the techniques and want to use them in
their lectures at their training institutions,
illustrating the additional benefits of
SuNMaP’s efforts.
T
 here is a wide variation in health
system architecture from state to state
resulting in states having different needs
and priorities.
C
 omparatively shorter attention span of
private sector health providers requires
stronger facilitation skills and innovation.
I
 ntegrating malarial control management
within the broader health system is
essential for sustainability.
Building capacity for universal coverage: malaria control in Nigeria
[ 22 ]

Going forward
While capacity building has been consolidated
in the states where SuNMaP works, there is
plenty that remains to be done.
SuNMaP is currently working with the NMCP
so it can take on the capacity building
process, going forward to lead states,
encouraging them to undertake capacity
building processes for their own staff.
Operational research is being carried out
to assess the effectiveness of SuNMaP
supported capacity building work and
inform further improvements.
Capacity building must necessarily take into
account the fact that SuNMaP will not always
be there – so sustainability of any work must
always be taken into account.
However, SuNMaP hopes to keep going with
this work past the programme’s current end

SuNMaP hopes to keep up its
capacity building programme to
ensure long term sustainability
of service provision for malaria
Photo: Akintunde Akinleye / 
Malaria Consortium

date of 2013, especially as it is just starting
to roll out the work to four other states.
Much of SuNMaP’s capacity building has
been done alongside the provision and
use of malaria prevention or treatment
commodities (such as LLINs or ACTs). This
has been done, for instance, by teaming up
with ante-natal clinics to provide nets to
pregnant women. If malaria commodities
are unavailable, this threatens both the
capacity building work, and the motivation
of the women who attend that facility.
Rapid diagnostic testing for malaria is
starting to reach Nigeria. It has yet to be seen
who will conduct these tests. However, it will
necessarily involve training or other forms of
capacity building when it is rolled out.
[ 23 ]

Sokoto

Katsina

Jigawa

Yobe

Zamfara

Kebbi

Kano

Borno

Bauchi

Kaduna

Gombe

Niger
Adamawa
Plateau
FCT
Kwara

Nasarawa

Oyo
Taraba
Osun

Kogi

Ekiti

Benue
Ogun
Lagos

Ondo
Enugu
Edo

Ebonyi
Anambra

Delta

Bayelsa

Imo

Rivers

Abia

Cross
River

Akwa
Ibom

Location of SuNMaP Programme Office
Initial six states supported by SuNMaP
Additional four States supported by SuNMaP
[ 24 ]

About Malaria Consortium
Malaria Consortium is one of the world’s leading nonprofit organisations specialising in the comprehensive
control of malaria and other communicable diseases
– particularly those affecting children under five.
Malaria Consortium works in Africa and Southeast Asia
with communities, government and non-government
agencies, academic institutions, and local and
international organisations, to ensure good evidence
supports delivery of effective services.
Areas of expertise include disease prevention, diagnosis
and treatment; disease control and elimination; health
systems strengthening, research, monitoring and
evaluation, behaviour change communication, and
national and international advocacy.
An area of particular focus for the organisation is
community level healthcare delivery, particularly through
integrated case management. This is a community based
child survival strategy which aims to deliver life-saving
interventions for common childhood diseases where
access to health facilities and services are limited or
non-existent. It involves building capacity and support
for community level health workers to be able to
recognise, diagnose, treat and refer children under five
suffering from the three most common childhood killers:
pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria. In South Sudan, this
also involves programmes to manage malnutrition.
Malaria Consortium also supports efforts to combat
neglected tropical diseases and is seeking to integrate
NTD management with initiatives for malaria and other
infectious diseases.
With 95 percent of Malaria Consortium staff working in
malaria endemic areas, the organisation’s local insight
and practical tools gives it the agility to respond to
critical challenges quickly and effectively. Supporters
include international donors, national governments and
foundations. In terms of its work, Malaria Consortium
focuses on areas with a high incidence of malaria and
communicable diseases for high impact among those
people most vulnerable to these diseases.
www.malariaconsortium.org

Photo: William Daniels / Malaria Consortium
Building capacity for universal coverage: malaria control in Nigeria
Malaria Consortium
Development House
56-64 Leonard Street
London EC2A 4LT
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0)20 7549 0210
Email: info@malariaconsortium.org
www.malariaconsortium.org

This material has been funded by UK aid from the UK Government,
however the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the UK Government’s official policies

Support to National Malaria
Programme (SuNMaP)
3rd Floor, Abia House
Off Ahmadu Bello Way
Central Business District
Abuja, FCT
Nigeria
www.malariaconsortium.org/sunmap

Designed  produced by
ACW, London, UK
www.acw.uk.com
October, 2012

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Building capacity for universal coverage: malaria control in Nigeria

  • 1. Learning Paper Building National Capacity for Universal Coverage Malaria control in Nigeria
  • 2. [ 2 ] The Learning Papers Series Since starting operations in 2003, Malaria Consortium has gained a great deal of experience and knowledge through technical and operational programmes and activities relating to the control of malaria and other infectious childhood and neglected tropical diseases. Organisationally, we are dedicated to ensuring our work remains grounded in the lessons we learn through implementation. We explore beyond current practice, to try out innovative ways – through research, implementation and policy development – to achieve effective and sustainable disease management and control. Collaboration and cooperation with others through our work has been paramount and much of what we have learned has been achieved through our partnerships. This series of learning papers aims to capture and collate some of the knowledge, learning and, where possible, the evidence around the focus and effectiveness of our work. By sharing this learning, we hope to provide new knowledge on public health development that will help influence and advance both policy and practice. Building National Capacity for Universal Coverage [ Malaria control in Nigeria ] Author: Sue George Additional information and support: Dr Kolawole Maxwell Malaria Consortium Country Director for Nigeria Dr Folake Olayinka SuNMaP Programme Director Stephen Cooper SuNMaP Deputy Programme Director Dr Ebenezer Sheshi Baba SuNMaP Programme Technical Director and other SuNMaP programme staff, especially: Kolo Yakubu, Kabir Lawal, Tunde Adesoro and Phillip Bassey Editor: Diana Thomas Senior Communications Manager, Malaria Consortium Contact: learningpapers@malariaconsortium.org A mother in Kano is registered to receive a free net for herself and her baby through SuNMaP Photo: William Daniels / Malaria Consortium
  • 3. CONTENTS [ 2 ] Introduction [ 3 ] Capacity building through SuNMaP [ 5 ] Planning the roll-out [ 6 ] Catch-up phase [ 8 ] Keep-up phase [ 10 ] CASE STUDY Rural health workers: turning pains to gain [ 12 ] C ASE STUDY Medicine vendors: giving the right treatment [ 14 ] C ASE STUDY Malaria control managers: managerial tasks made easy [ 16 ] ASE STUDY C Community health extension worker: keeping up to date [ 18 ] C ASE STUDY Community care givers: bringing care closer to home [ 20 ] Challenges [ 22 ] Going forward [ 24 ] About Malaria Consortium SuNMaP partners: www.malariaconsortium.org www.healthpartners-int.co.uk www.gridconsulting.net
  • 4. [ 2 ] Introduction SuNMaP Nigeria  Malaria kills around 300,000 250,000  Nigerians a year  of them children 30 % 10 %  of childhood deaths and Support to the Nigeria Malaria Programme – is a £50 million five-year UK aid funded programme that works with the government and people of Nigeria to strengthen the national effort to control malaria. The programme began in April 2008, and runs to March 2013. Funded by UKAid    epartment for /D International Development, SuNMaP works with the Nigeria National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) to harmonise donor efforts around agreed national strategies and plans for malaria control. The role of SuNMaP is to provide the necessary technical expertise and experience for a comprehensive fight against malaria. The programme’s approach is focused on improving the capacity of the Nigerian government to lead the fight against malaria, strengthening public-private partnerships, and reaching the poor and vulnerable with interventions such as long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). SuNMaP is jointly managed by a consortium led by international NGO, Malaria Consortium, UK-based Health Partners International, and national company, GRID Consulting. Other members of the consortium are programme implementing partners drawn from the commercial sector, civil society, non governmental and faith based organisations. The project is currently being implemented in 10 states: Anambra, Kano, Niger, Katsina, Ogun, Lagos, Jigawa, Enugu, Kaduna and Yobe (see map page 21). Operations in Yobe are yet to commence due to the security situation in that state.  all maternal deaths are  associated with the disease Malaria in Nigeria Malaria kills around 300,000 Nigerians a year, 250,000 of them children. Nearly 30 percent of childhood deaths and 10 percent of all maternal deaths are caused by the disease. While children under five and pregnant women are particularly vulnerable, almost the entire population of Nigeria is at risk. According to the Nigerian government, the nation also loses around $1 billion a year from the cost of treatment and absenteeism. Source: National Malaria Indicator Survey Report 2010
  • 5. [ 3 ] Capacity building through SuNMaP Capacity building A people-centred, pragmatic and focused approach that goes beyond training to improve the knowledge, skills and practices of programme managers and health care providers. It strengthens organisational capacity to implement effective and sustained malaria control within the health system. Capacity building is considered crucial to all six of the core elements, or outputs, that make up the SuNMaP programme: capacity building; harmonisation; prevention of malaria; treatment of malaria; awareness and demand creation; operations research. The “cross-cutting” nature of SuNMaP’s work means each of the outputs is inter-related to the others in a complementary way. For instance, hospital staff require capacity building in order to treat malaria more effectively; harmonisation is required to ensure that research efforts are not duplicated, and so on. At the onset of the SuNMaP programme, capacity building was considered to be Hospital staff are trained under SuNMaP’s capacity building work to help them treat malaria more effectively confined to the first output – national, state and local government area (LGA) capacity for planning, management and coordination are improved. However, it became apparent that it was an essential part of SuNMaP’s entire programme, and the strategy was adjusted to take this into consideration. SuNMaP decided to adopt a people-centred, pragmatic and focused approach that goes beyond training to improve the knowledge, skills and practices of programme managers and health care providers. It strengthens organisational capacity to implement effective and sustained malaria control within the health system. Further information on how this works in practice appears throughout this learning paper.
  • 6. [ 4 ] SuNMaP’s capacity building work has five key objectives Improved capacity for planning, management and coordination, and the embedding of malaria control programme activities in the health planning, budgeting and implementing processes at national, state and LGA levels. Capacity building technical support customised to respond to the context, divergences, peculiarities and priorities of the intended beneficiaries. Effective, efficient NMCP teams providing leadership for all key players and working together in a synergistic manner at national, state and LGA levels. Well established systems for mobilising, harmonising, distributing, utilising and sustaining resources for malaria control. H ealth managers and providers in the public and private sector who know their roles in the prevention, delivery of services and management of malaria control are based on three principles for implementation (consistency with national policies, stakeholder engagement and harmonisation). The components of SuNMaP’s capacity building are: participatory appraisal / assessments; building individual and team capabilities; strengthening of line systems; institutional strengthening; exit and sustainability.
  • 7. [ 5 ] Planning the roll-out At the start of the programme in 2008, SuNMaP conducted a baseline assessment on the ability of existing field staff, and NMCP and State Malaria Control Programme (SMCP) staff, to deliver malaria control. The assessment helped to inform the design of the capacity development programme. One of the outcomes of the assessment was the realisation that, while there was a wide range of training materials on malaria control in Nigeria, these were not standardised, and at service delivery points there appeared to be poor perception of and adherence to policy recommendations on malaria control. These findings revealed the urgent need for capacity development at all levels if the strategic plan goals were to be reached. As a result, SuNMaP supported stakeholders and Roll Back Malaria partners in each of the programme states to develop a broad and ambitious capacity building plan for the roll-out of service delivery and programme management training. This encompassed policy makers, managers and health workers, as well as people who worked in the community such as patent medicine vendors and community caregivers. Agreements were reached with a range of stakeholders on the minimum skill set required at various levels to deliver quality malaria control services. Existing materials were reviewed, synthesised and used as much as possible in the development of the capacity building modules. Programme management training materials were developed from scratch as none had previously existed, and eight service delivery modules were developed. All materials and the training curriculum were developed in partnership with relevant stakeholders and recognised the resource-scarce operating environment. The Roll Back Malaria partnership participated in the process, with leadership provided by NMCP. Where external technical support to this planning process was provided, this was also seen as an opportunity to build the capacity of NMCP, SMCP and field staff. The capacity building plan took into account SuNMaP’s support and that from other partners. This enabled the state to prepare a harmonised micro-plan for the capacity building roll-out. Roll-out planning C apacity building roll-out was based on the ‘catch-up, keep-up’ stipulations within the national malaria control strategy. T he capacity building plan developed covered both service delivery and programme management. At the start of the SuNMaP programme it was found that, despite training provision at different health sector levels, this had not included training for service delivery Photo: Akintunde Akinleye / Malaria Consortium
  • 8. [ 6 ] Catch-up phase The catch-up phase is the implementation of activities designed to rapidly increase the very low coverage for malaria control in an area  More than 8,000  health workers were  trained in the initial phase The initial wave of service delivery training targeted health workers in selected healthcare facilities, as laid down in SuNMaP’s programme targets. More than 8,000 people were trained. In many instances, this was done alongside the provision of commodities – LLINs or arteminisin combination therapy (ACT) anti-malaria drugs. The service delivery training was rolled-out out in clusters to maximise the resources (trainers, funds and time) and encourage “working together” between health workers at various levels. The programme approach to training focuses on the use of participatory adult learning techniques using simple and adaptable learning aids. During training events, three main objectives are achieved: Identification of misconceptions and barriers to best practice Group exercises aimed at improving the understanding of the link between the malaria transmission cycle and key malaria control interventions Facilitation and consensus building around key messages and best practice SuNMaP carried out training of trainers initially so that this would then cascade elsewhere. See the diagram below for further explanation. Trainers / Facilitators Trainers / Facilitators Community Health Officer M edical Doctor Nurse /Midwife N urse /Midwife Pharmacist P harmacist t ransiting Lab Scientist Hospital level cluster: PHC level cluster: D octors C ommunity Health Officers Extension Workers Nurses Midwives Nurses Midwives P harmacists P harmacy Technicians L ab Scientists transiting Lab Scientist L ab Assistants Patent Medicine Vendors Cluster Community care givers cluster: C ommunity Directed Distributors Trainers /  Facilitators C ommunity Health Officer Nurse /Midwife t ransiting Lab Scientist t ransiting Pharmacist for Quality Assurance Role Model Care Givers T raditional Birth Attendants Trainers /  Facilitators Health Officer Community Nurse /Midwife transiting Lab Scientist transiting Pharmacist for Quality Assurance Local government area training clusters The burden of malaria remains extremely high in Nigeria. Capacity to identify, treat and manage the disease is critical at all levels Photo: William Daniels / Malaria Consortium
  • 10. [ 8 ] Keep-up phase Keep-up phase The keep-up phase comprises activities aimed at maintaining and possibly increasing the level of coverage of interventions for malaria control in an area. This includes interventions aimed at: r e-enforcing knowledge and skills on malaria case management i mproving the management and supervisory skills of malaria control teams at the national, supported states and LGA levels s trengthening key health systems supporting malaria control interventions to maintain quality of care, availability of supplies and funding s trengthening the institutions responsible for malaria control to ensure sustainability of the programme support. Programme management On-the-job capacity building Institutional strengthening The development of programme management modules took place a year later than those for service delivery. While developed specifically for malaria programmes, they could also be used for the management of other health services. The programme management training covers state level and LGA management staff, including health workers, in 25 percent of LGAs in each of the programme states. Much of the programme management capacity building is carried out through hands-on support and on-the-job capacity building, which has been incorporated into ISS. All the capacity building modules are designed to maximise adult learning through participation and experiential learning and sharing; didactic techniques are kept to a barest minimum. Each of the modules are designed to include both the trainer and trainee versions, doubling as training material and as a guide to help service providers and managers in the health sector undertake specific tasks on their own. For example, the service delivery module for malaria case management at both the primary and first referral levels contains exercises that provide experiential and self-learning (do-it-yourself) opportunities for the health care provider. Similarly, the management module outlines in significant detail how to set up ISS /  on-the-job capacity building. SuNMaP is supporting NMCP and the SCMPs to strengthen their work, to take capacity building on board and institutionalise it. This involves improving coordination and planning within federal, state and local levels to improve or develop operational plans for effective malaria control. Six programme management modules have been developed. They include: fi nancial management and procurement supply management programme planning and budgeting general management integrated supportive supervision (ISS) monitoring and evaluation SuNMaP does this through technical assistance, coaching and mentoring.
  • 11. [ 9 ] What worked well T he state ministries of health and malaria programmes have responded very well to SuNMaP’s support. They develop the annual operational and capacity building plans, as well as supplying the drugs and nets used to treat and prevent malaria. SuNMaP provides systems to monitor supplies and their impact on the burden of disease. T he standard of training across the board is of very high quality, using group work and discussion, and “learning by doing”. Participant feedback is excellent. T he programme management modules could be used in other sectors. National Monitoring Evaluation Frame Work and Plan Advocacy Communication Social Mobilisation Plan As a result of capacity building, combined with provision of LLINs and drugs to prevent malaria in pregnancy, more women are being seen in ante-natal clinics. This is helpful for maternal and child health in general, as well as malaria prevention/treatment. Sectorwide State Strategic Health Plans Global Agenda Procurement Supply Management Plan T he capacity building modules are good value for money, expanding on materials and resources that are already available. The training of trainers, whose work then cascades through clusters of workers or volunteers, has meant that large numbers of individuals have been reached. This all ensures sustainability post SuNMaP. Sectorwide National Strategic Health Development Plan National Malaria Strategic Plan Programme Operational Plan reviews Programme Managers meetings Communication Action Plan NMCP Annual Operational Plans SMCP Annual Operational Plans Branch Activity Plan LGA Activity Plan Training Plan LLIN Campaign Plan RDT Roll-Out Plan Service Delivery (Federal, State, LGA, Community) All the plans to control malaria – global, national, state, local – and how they interact with SuNMaP and other programmes, training and campaigns ISS / On-the-Job Capacity Building Plan
  • 12. [ 10 ] case study Rural health workers: turning pains to gains In the early days, severe malaria claimed the lives of one in 15 under-fives There has been a reported decline in the number of cases of anaemia and severe malaria in the three years since SuNMaP began Dorothy Ibrahim is a rural health worker of many years’ standing. She is a proud contributor to the fight against malaria in the rural settlement of Gauraka in Tafa Local Government Area of Niger State. I “ n the early days, severe malaria claimed the lives of one in 15 under-fives in my area. The traditional healer would give the baby a herbal concoction and tell the parents that the baby would get well before morning. But the baby would die of worsened fever that same night. Nowadays, I never see severe cases of malaria in babies at all. A “  fter I qualified, I returned to work at I “  support the home management of malaria by working with community volunteers that we call community care givers. They work with local people to identify fevers and give drug treatment as necessary. I tell them to refer persistent fever cases to me. I also give talks about how to hang the LLINs properly and take care of them, and encourage environmental sanitation and hygiene. S “  ince the LLINs and IPTp support to first time mothers started, cases of anaemia and severe malaria have declined. There have been none at all in the three years since SuNMaP began.” the local health care centre. I would do all that the books demanded but still lose the baby. Years went by and the local health centre was upgraded to a model primary healthcare centre. There was more modern equipment, and capacity building from SuNMaP, as well as long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and intermittent malaria preventive therapies for pregnant women (IPTp). All these have changed the course of service provision. A technician at the primary healthcare centre in Gauraka shows a positive rapid diagnostic test, a service now available at the centre
  • 14. [ 12 ] case study Medicine vendors: giving the right treatment Before the training, I would prescribe ACTs to many more people Aloysius Okafor’s small shop sits on a bustling side street in Somolu, Lagos. He is a Patent Medicine Vendor, who sells soap and snacks, water and insecticide, but most frequently drugs such as paracetamol. He also sells ACTs – artemisinin combination therapy drugs that are used to treat malaria. P “  eople with a fever or a headache come and ask what’s wrong,” Aloysius says seriously. “Malaria is endemic in this country, so yesterday I saw four cases. People tell me their symptoms and I can give them the ACTs.” T “  he two teachers were there to train us and we had an exchange of ideas. They were excellent – we learned a great deal. The training has added a lot. It made me know much more about how medicine should be given to clients. It was a big influence on me.” He is now much more able to give the right treatment to people who ask him for help. S “  ince the training, I can manage them better. The uncomplicated cases get ACTs, the complicated ones I refer to hospital.” Aloysius has taken part in a SuNMaP training that has shown him the importance of basic diagnosis and how to treat malaria. He took part in a three-day course that included an overview of malaria, its causes, how it is transmitted, its presentation, clinical diagnosis, when to refer, how to treat malaria and more. Aloysius Okafor, patent medicine vendor: the training has improved his abilities to prescribe anti-malaria drugs appropriately Photo: Akintunde Akinleye / Malaria Consortium
  • 16. [ 14 ] case study Malaria control managers: managerial tasks made easy I now have the confidence to use my knowledge and skill to support facility workers Anthony Joshua, a deputy director in the primary health department of Tafa local government area, is the focal person for malaria control. Malaria control managers such as Anthony have the responsibility of supervising facility workers in the management of malaria and data generation. They also interact with other programme managers, carrying out activities together, particularly on disease control and sharing of information. Recently, he participated in a series of trainings organised by SuNMaP. I “  have attended training on programme management such as planning, supervision, monitoring, and malaria management, including for diagnosis and treatment.” Anthony considers his work has improved considerably as a result. He described his ability to carry out his responsibilities in the past as “not too bad, but I could not calculate ACT use and my data was not always correct”. As “  a result of the training, there has been improvement in my knowledge of malaria control and managing people.” Besides the training he attended, Anthony finds the supportive supervision from the state malaria control programme and programme implementing partners very useful. He says: The “  officials come to encourage and correct me. I am always happy to receive them.” Anthony is able to provide support to his subordinates and passes on the skills he has acquired. They “  are always happy to see me because I don’t harass them.” He admits that, in the past, his relationship with facility workers was not always cordial. They “  used to find excuses to run away from the facility when they saw me or any supervisor around. Now this has changed.” Anthony has no concerns about his future now because the training has given him the necessary knowledge and skill to perform his job well. He is, however, concerned that if the current funding support for meetings and anti-malaria commodities by SuNMaP is not continued by the government, malaria control activities may suffer. Anthony Joshua, deputy director primary health department, Tafa: passing on his new skills to his subordinates
  • 18. [ 16 ] case study Community health extension workers: keeping up to date One of our clients testified... with the use of the LLINs, she and the children rarely have fever Victoria Philemon is a Community Health Extension Worker at the Basic Health Clinic in New Wuse, in Tafa local government area in Niger State. She has worked there for the past eight years. The “  training I received has enabled me to be well informed in treating malaria with the current medications and also advising clients on the proper use and care of the long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs).” The “  Local Government Malaria focal person, Anthony Joshua, attended a training funded by SuNMaP and on his return he passed on to us the knowledge he acquired at the training. He told us about the use of sulfadoxinepyrimethamine (SP) the prevention of malaria in pregnancy. We were also told how the LLINs are to be used and cared for.” The New Wuse Basic Health Clinic is one of the health facilities being supported by SuNMaP. SuNMaP provides LLINs and antimalarial drugs for pregnant women, and artemisinin combination therapies for the treatment of malaria. The “  provision of antimalarial services has been beneficial. One of our clients testified that before she started using the LLINs in her household, there was hardly a week that she would not visit the health centre. However, with the use of LLINs, she and the children rarely have fever.” But there is still room for improvement. I “  feel quite happy that mothers are availing themselves of the malaria prevention services we are offering here in this clinic. However in the past two weeks we have run out of LLINs, and this might have a negative impact on clinic attendance. Our clients are the ones who tell their neighbours about the free malaria services being offered at the clinic.” Victoria Philemon, community health extension worker: “Our clients tell their neighbours about the free malaria services” Photo: Daniel Peters – LINIX Digital / Malaria Consortium
  • 20. [ 18 ] case study Community care givers: bringing care closer to home I   see many people who say: ‘when my baby had a fever, you treated her and she got better’ Fatimah Ibrahim is a 30-year-old mother of four who has brought her youngest, sixmonth-old Humaida, with her to a bustling health centre in Minna, the state capital of Niger State. Fatimah is a community care giver – a volunteer who gives basic malaria treatment to underfives and advises on its prevention. It’s a very important task in her rural area. Fatimah became a community care giver in 2011. The message went out for people in her area, preferably women, who could read and write, to come for training. The local traditional chief knew she had received some schooling and advised her husband that she put herself forward. As a result, Fatimah learned how to spot, and treat, malaria in under-fives, as well as malaria prevention information that she could share with members of her community. The “  parents keep bringing their children. Sometimes I see 10 people a day,” she says. It “  is very important that their parents SuNMaP works to improve the capacity of local communities to tackle malaria by supporting and funding the training of community care givers, such as Fatimah. The women and babies who live in rural communities don’t always have access to malaria prevention or treatment, which is where Fatimah comes in. She lives in the rural area of Gada, some half hour’s drive from Minna. Her catchment area covers a population several thousand strong. should bring the children as soon as they spot signs of fever, and after that make sure they take the medicine correctly,” she says. She has many satisfied customers: Then “  they recommend me to others. This saves a lot of money and many hours work for the health facility.” Fatimah Ibrahim, community care giver: the first point of call for many in her community Photo: Daniel Peters – LINIX Digital / Malaria Consortium
  • 22. Challenges T he limited commitment of funds for capacity building activities at many levels. For instance, roll out of training to all LGAs that want to institutionalise capacity building is not financially supported by ministries. W orking with NGO colleagues, or programme implementation partners, who have their own capacity building needs. This requires management time, oversight, trying to get them to understand, and to ensure quality. H armonisation – getting people (stakeholders, participants) to agree on a common approach to capacity building requires extensive consultation and several iterations which are time consuming. L ack of commodities, or delays in receiving them, can be a problem. Programmes are reliant on elements of health services (eg procurement) that are broken, fragmented, or dysfunctional. SuNMaP can’t fix the whole system. So what does that mean in the long term? It can be hard to ensure commodities are always available to those who need them Photo: Akintunde Akinleye / Malaria Consortium N ot all of those who are trained as trainers turn out to be good at it. Professors and doctors, while being highly technically proficient, are not always able to effectively deliver training content using the approaches captured in the capacity building modules. In fact, in some cases, they have shown specific interest in the techniques and want to use them in their lectures at their training institutions, illustrating the additional benefits of SuNMaP’s efforts. T here is a wide variation in health system architecture from state to state resulting in states having different needs and priorities. C omparatively shorter attention span of private sector health providers requires stronger facilitation skills and innovation. I ntegrating malarial control management within the broader health system is essential for sustainability.
  • 24. [ 22 ] Going forward While capacity building has been consolidated in the states where SuNMaP works, there is plenty that remains to be done. SuNMaP is currently working with the NMCP so it can take on the capacity building process, going forward to lead states, encouraging them to undertake capacity building processes for their own staff. Operational research is being carried out to assess the effectiveness of SuNMaP supported capacity building work and inform further improvements. Capacity building must necessarily take into account the fact that SuNMaP will not always be there – so sustainability of any work must always be taken into account. However, SuNMaP hopes to keep going with this work past the programme’s current end SuNMaP hopes to keep up its capacity building programme to ensure long term sustainability of service provision for malaria Photo: Akintunde Akinleye /  Malaria Consortium date of 2013, especially as it is just starting to roll out the work to four other states. Much of SuNMaP’s capacity building has been done alongside the provision and use of malaria prevention or treatment commodities (such as LLINs or ACTs). This has been done, for instance, by teaming up with ante-natal clinics to provide nets to pregnant women. If malaria commodities are unavailable, this threatens both the capacity building work, and the motivation of the women who attend that facility. Rapid diagnostic testing for malaria is starting to reach Nigeria. It has yet to be seen who will conduct these tests. However, it will necessarily involve training or other forms of capacity building when it is rolled out.
  • 26. [ 24 ] About Malaria Consortium Malaria Consortium is one of the world’s leading nonprofit organisations specialising in the comprehensive control of malaria and other communicable diseases – particularly those affecting children under five. Malaria Consortium works in Africa and Southeast Asia with communities, government and non-government agencies, academic institutions, and local and international organisations, to ensure good evidence supports delivery of effective services. Areas of expertise include disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment; disease control and elimination; health systems strengthening, research, monitoring and evaluation, behaviour change communication, and national and international advocacy. An area of particular focus for the organisation is community level healthcare delivery, particularly through integrated case management. This is a community based child survival strategy which aims to deliver life-saving interventions for common childhood diseases where access to health facilities and services are limited or non-existent. It involves building capacity and support for community level health workers to be able to recognise, diagnose, treat and refer children under five suffering from the three most common childhood killers: pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria. In South Sudan, this also involves programmes to manage malnutrition. Malaria Consortium also supports efforts to combat neglected tropical diseases and is seeking to integrate NTD management with initiatives for malaria and other infectious diseases. With 95 percent of Malaria Consortium staff working in malaria endemic areas, the organisation’s local insight and practical tools gives it the agility to respond to critical challenges quickly and effectively. Supporters include international donors, national governments and foundations. In terms of its work, Malaria Consortium focuses on areas with a high incidence of malaria and communicable diseases for high impact among those people most vulnerable to these diseases. www.malariaconsortium.org Photo: William Daniels / Malaria Consortium
  • 28. Malaria Consortium Development House 56-64 Leonard Street London EC2A 4LT United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)20 7549 0210 Email: info@malariaconsortium.org www.malariaconsortium.org This material has been funded by UK aid from the UK Government, however the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the UK Government’s official policies Support to National Malaria Programme (SuNMaP) 3rd Floor, Abia House Off Ahmadu Bello Way Central Business District Abuja, FCT Nigeria www.malariaconsortium.org/sunmap Designed produced by ACW, London, UK www.acw.uk.com October, 2012