6. Historical Typology – Types of Society
GEMEINSCHAFT Ferdinand Tonnies GESELLSCHAFT
Theological
Metaphysical
August Comte
Positivist -
Scientific
Militaristic Herbert Spencer Industrial
Feudalism Karl Marx Capitalism
Mechanical
Solidarity
Emile Durkheim
Organic
Solidarity
Traditional Max Weber Rational-Legal
Subjective Culture
(more life)
Georg Simmel
Objective Culture
(more-than life)
Primary Group Chicago School Secondary Group
R E C A P I T U L A T I O N
S W E E P O F H I S T O R Y
7. Talcott Parsons:
The Social System
GEMEINSCHAFT (Ferdinand Tonnies) GESELLSCHAFT
Feudalism (Karl Marx) Capitalism
Mechanical (Emile Durkheim) Organic
Traditional (Max Weber) Bureaucratic
Subjective Culture (Georg Simmel) Objective Culture
Primary Group (Chicago School) Secondary Group
PARSONS’ PATTERN VARIABLES
Affectivity Affective Neutrality
Diffuseness Specificity
Particularism Universalism
Ascription Achievement
Collective Orientation Self Orientation
8. Parsons’ Department of Social Relations 1945-1972
interdisciplinarity:
for UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOR
PHYSIOLOGY
PSYCHOLOGY
SOCIAL
STRUCTURE
CULTURE
DURKHEIM: Social System Integration
WEBER: Culture & Social Systems
Borderline
FREUD: Social Systems & Personality Integration
17. PARSONS’ VOLUNTARISTIC UNIT ACT:
“ENVIRONMENTAL”
CONDITIONS
“AVAILABLE”
MEANS
SELF
EGO
THE
ACTOR
GOALS
ENDS
THE NORMATIVE ORDER
NEED
DISPOSITIONS
MOTIVATIONS
(psychodynamic)
-----------------
•Cognitive
•Appreciative
•Evaluative
VALUE
ORIENTATIONS
(cultural frameworks)
--------------------------
•Cognitive Significance
•Expressive Symbolism
•Moral Standards
18.
19. Talcott Parsons:
The Social System
The Four Functional Imperatives
Adaptation
Securing sufficient resources from the
physical and social environment and then
distributing these throughout the system.
Goal Attainment
Establishing priorities among system goals
and mobilizing system resources for their
attainment.
21. Latency (Two related problems):
Pattern Maintenance
Ensuring that actors in the social system display
the appropriate characteristics
Motives
Needs
Roles
Tension Management
dealing with the internal tensions and strains of
actors as
they meet the demands of the social system.
22. External Environment
(Natural & Social)
ACTION SYSTEMS
within
PARSONS’ AGIL
MODEL
ADAPTATION
Economic:
Energy for Environmental
Interactions
GOAL ATTAINMENT
Political:
Selective
Group-Determination
INTEGRATION
Cultural-Legal System:
Institutions of
socialization and social
control
LATENT PATTERN
MAINTENANCE &
TENSION
MANAGEMENT
Kinship (family) System:
Values and Norms,
Beliefs and Ideologies
Bare Materials (Human Nature)
23. Here are several illustrations of how the
Four Functional Imperatives
can illustrate the
workings of social systems:
24. A U.S NAVAL DESTROYER AS
A SOCIAL
SYSTEM:
GOAL ATTAINMENT comprises the activities related to
sinking enemy ships as when all hands are at battle stations.
ADAPTATION involves keeping the ship afloat and operating –
repairs, drills, recruitment and training of personnel.
INTEGRATION is the maintenance of smooth relations between
the various departments – gunnery, supply, engineering, and so
on, in order to reduce jealousy and enhance cooperation.
LATENT PATTERN MAINTENANCE & TENSION
MANAGEMENT involves the efforts of each crew member
to reconcile the goals and standards of the ship with those of
his/her other roles (husband, wife, son, daughter, father,
mother, ethnic group, etc.) and providing allowing ways of
relieving tension and strain.
26. How to Integrate the WNBA into the
United States’ Sports Consciousness
Adaptation
Resources are allocated to the WNBA
The United States is evaluated as ready for a
women’s league similar to the NBA.
Resources are deliberately allocated to help give
the WNBA a structure similar to the NBA.
Return on those allocated resources will not be
immediate.
27. Goal Attainment
Priorities are developed to insure goals are
attained
Media space (television) is given to the WNBA even
though the audience is not yet fully developed.
Integration
Coordinating various relationships within the
sports world.
28. Latency (after the WNBA is integrated
into the nation’s sports consciousness)
Pattern Maintenance
Establishing proper roles and motives
Tension Management
Dealing with internal tensions and strains of
actors in the social system
29. If any of the four components “fails,”
then the WNBA will not be “integrated”
into the social system of organized professional
athletics in the United States….
….and so will any Social System fail.