SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 56
By: Prof .Dr  Mohamed Khaled
Quantum Chemistry
Quantum Chemistry is the application of quantum mechanics to solve problems in
chemistry. It has been applied in different branches of chemistry
Physical Chemistry: To calculate thermodynamic properties, interpretation of molecular
spectra and molecular properties (e.g. Bond length, bond angles, …..etc.).
Organic Chemistry: To estimate the relative stabilities of molecules, and reaction
mechanism.
Analytical Chemistry: To Interpret of the frequency and intensity of line spectra.
Inorganic Chemistry: To predict and explain of the properties of transition metal
complexes.
Physical Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Photochemistry
Polymer
Surface and Catalysis
Drug Design
Toxicity
Historical background of quantum mechanics :
Nature of light:
Hertz, 1888, has showed that light is electromagnetic waves.
λ=c/ν
where, λ is the wavelength, c is the speed of light =2.998 x 1010 cm/sec, ν is the
frequency cm/sec.
Max Plank has assumed only certain quantities of light energy (E) could be emitted.
E = hν
Where, h is Plank’s constant = 6.6 x 10-27 erg.sec. The energy is quantized.

Photoelectric effect : Light comes out by shining surface in vacuum.
In 1905, Einstein, light can exhibit particle like behavior, called photons.
Ephoton = hν
hν = W + ½ mv2
where, W is the work function (minimum energy required to take electron out). ½
mv2 is the kinetic energy of emitted electron. From above, it is assumed that the

{Light looks like a particle and a wave}
Nature of Matter:
Rutherford and Geiger have found that some α-particles bounced right back
from golden foil, have small positive nucleus in atom.
In 1913, Bohr has studied the H-atom and assumed that the energy of electron
is quantized,
ν = ∆E / h
where, ν is the frequency of absorbed or emitted light, ∆E is the energy
difference between two states.
In 1923, DeBroglie has suggested that the motion of electrons might have a
wave aspect.
λ = h / mv = h / p
where, m is mass of electron. p is a particle momentum.
Accordingly, it has been suggested that electrons behave in some respect like
particles and in some others like waves. This is what is called a

Particle –Wave Duality.
The question arises, how can an electron be a particle, which is a localized
entity, and a wave, which is nonlocalized?
The answer is No, neither a wave nor a particle but it is something else.
The Classical physics has failed to describe the microscopic particles.
The question arises, how can an electron be a particle,
which is a localized entity and a wave which is a non-localized?

The answer is

No, neither a wave nor a particle but it is something else.
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle:
"It is impossible to determine precisely and simultaneously the
momentum and the position of an electron
The statistical definition for the uncertainties is:

∆x . ∆px ≥ ħ / 2
where, = ħ / 2π

∆x . ∆px ≥ h / 4π

Werner Heisenberg
Nobel prize 1932
Wave Function:
To describe the state in quantum mechanics, we postulate the existence of a function of the
coordinates called the wave function (State function),

ψ.

ψ = ψ (x, t)
It contains all information about a system. The probability of finding a particle in a given place
can be given by ψ (Probability description).
What ψ (x) means?
-

ψ is an amplitude, sometimes complex function, not measurable, imaginary value.

-

ψψ* is a complex function, which may be real, and positive.

-

ψ has no physical meaning but ψψ* is the probability of locating the electron at a
given position.

If the probability of a certainty is defined as unity, this means:

If we have two different wave functions, ψ1 and ψ2 will be Normalized function when:
and

But if

or

The function is called orthogonal function.
But if
Where,

(called Kronecker Delta) is equal zero when i ≠ j and equal one when i = j, the

function is called orthonormalized function.
Time-dependent Schrödinger equation:
we postulate the existence of a function of the coordinates called the wave function
(State function), ψ. For one particle, one-dimensional system:
ψ= ψ (x, t)
It contains all information about a system. The probability of finding a particle in a
given place can be given by ψ (Probability

description).

Born postulates | ψ (x,t) |2 dx is the probability of finding a particle at position x and
at time t ( Probability density ).
ψ must satisfy Schrödinger equation. As t passes, ψ changes to differential
equation:

−  ∂Ψ ( x, t ) −  2 ∂ 2 Ψ ( x, t )
=
+ V ( x , t ) Ψ ( x, t )
2
i
∂t
2m
∂x
where, i=
, m = particle mass, V(x,t) = potential energy.
This is called Time-dependent Schrödinger equation.

Erwin Schrödinger
Nobel prize 1933
Schrödinger equation can be solved by the technique called separation
of variables:
the partial derivatives of this equation:

Making the substitution in equation 2:

Dividing by
Taking the left side of equation (3):
On integration:

ln

C is a constant of integration
One of the properties of the wave function, it is a complex, i.e.
where,

is a complex conjugate of

The complex conjugate of a function is the same function with a different sign of
imaginary value.

for stationary state

is called the Probability Density ( Time-independent wave function).
By equating the right side of equation (3) to a constant E, we have:

Time-independent Schrödinger
equation for a single particle of mass m moving in one

dimension. The constant E has the dimension of energy. In fact, it is
postulated that E is the energy of the system.
Operators:
Basis of quantum mechanics set up around two things:
1- Wave function, which contains all information about the system.
2- Operators which are rules whereby given some function, we can find another.

This operator is called the Hamiltonian operator for the system.
Kinetic energy =
Ĥ = Kinetic energy + Potential energy
=

So, the Eigen value equation:

Ĥ ψ(x) = E ψ(x)
-A particle in one-dimensional box:

I

V=0

III

II
X =0

Ψ=0
X =1

X

−  2 ∂ 2ψ ( x)
+ ∞ψ ( x) = Eψ ( x)
2
2m ∂x
∂ 2ψ ( x) 2m
+ 2 ( E − ∞)ψ ( x) = 0
∂x 2


We conclude that ψ(x) is zero outside the box:
ψ I(x) = zero

ψ III(x) = zero
For region II (inside the box), x between zero and l, the potential energy V(x) is zero,
and the Schrödinger equation becomes

n= 1,2,3,………
Fig. 3.1. The wave functions for
the 0ne-dimensional particle-ina-box

Fig. 3.2. The probability densities in 0nedimensional particle-in-a-box
II- The Harmonic Oscillator:
1- Try to understanding of molecular vibrations, their spectra and their
influence on thermodynamic properties.
2- Providing a good demonstration of mathematical techniques that are
important in quantum chemistry.
V

E

Velocity=0

-a

0

a

x

Fig. 4 The Parabolic Potential Energy of the Harmonic Oscillator. The classically
allowed (|x| ≤ a) and forbidden (|x| > a) regions for the Harmonic Oscillator
The classical force F is:
F= -kx
Where, F is a restoring force, k is a force constant, and x is a displacement on
x-axis.
F=

By integration:

Where,

= - kx

V(x) = ½ kx2
The Schrödinger equation

ψ(x) = E ψ(x), after multiplication on by

1

 α  4 −αx 2 2
ψ0 =   ∈
π 

The energy of a harmonic oscillator is quantized.

En = (n + ½ ) h ν

where n= 0,1,2…
III- The Hydrogen atom:
Ignoring interatomic or intermolecular interactions,
The isolated hydrogen atom is a two-particle system.
Instead of treating just the hydrogen atom,
we consider a slight more general problem,
the hydrogen-like atom. An exact solution of the Schrödinger equation
for atoms with more than one electron cannot be obtained because of
the interelectronic repulsions.

V = -Z é 2 / r

Where, V is the potential energy, Zé is the charge of nucleus,
(For Z=1, we have the hydrogen atom, for Z=2 the He + ion, for Z=3, the Li+ ion, etc…).
é is the proton charge in statocoulombs or as:
é≡
where, e is the proton charge in coulomb. To deal with the internal motion of the system,
we introduce µ as the mass of the particle.
µ = m e mn / m e + m n
where, me and mn are the electronic and nuclear masses.
where,

is Laplacian operator:

So, the time-independent Schrödinger equation is:

z

me

z = r cos θ
x = r sin θ . cos φ
y = r sin θ . sin φ

mn

x

θ r
φ

y
To solve this equation, we have to know that this wave is a spherical one, so, we should
convert the Cartesian coordinates to spherical polar coordinates.

There are two different variables in Schrödinger equation, one is the radial variable
(r) and the other is the angular variable
.

This is called Bohr radius. According to the Bohr theory, it is the radius of the circle in
which the electron moved in the ground state of the hydrogen atom.
The wave function for the ground state of the H-atom, where n=1, l=0, and m=0

The bound-state energy levels of the hydrogen-like atom are given by

Substituting the values of the physical constants into the energy equation of H-atom,
we find for (Z=1) ground state energy: E = -13.598 eV
(eV= electron volt)
Shapes of electron cloud:

Probability densities for some hydrogen-atom states
The overlap integral between two wave functions can be represented as S ij

Sij = ∫ψi ψj dτ Three different kinds of overlap are shown in Fig. ( 9).
Positive (Bonding)

Fig. 9 Three different kinds of overlap between two wave functions, ψ i and ψ j
σ and π bonds
Molecular Orbital Theory

:

The MO Theory has five basic rules:
1-The number of molecular orbitals = the number of atomic orbitals combined
of the two MO's, one is a bonding orbital (lower energy) and one is an anti-bonding orbital
(higher energy)
2-Electrons enter the lowest orbital available
3-The maximum # of electrons in an orbital is 2 (Pauli Exclusion Principle)
4- Electrons spread out before pairing up (Hund's Rule)
Heteronuclear molecules:
Hydrogen Fluoride:

Z

F
Y

Table 5

1σ

2σ

3π

4π

5σ

2s

-0.93

0.47

0

0

0.55

2px

-0.009

-0.68

0

0

0.80

2py

0

0

1.0

0

0

2pz

0

0

0

1.0

0

1sH

-0.16

-0.57

0

0

-1.05

E(eV)

-40.17

-15.39

-12.64

-12.64

3.20

H

X
2 0 0 0
NN
0.000000
.000000
.000000
2 1.9237-20.330
2 1.9170-14.540
0 0.0000 00.000
.0000 .00000.0000
7 30 2 0 3
1.020000
0.000000
0.000000
2 1.9237-20.330
2 1.9170-14.540
0 0.0000 00.000
.0000 .00000.0000
7 30 2 0 3
0 2 1
.010000
3.000000
Quantum chemical studies of the correlation diagram of N2 molecule with standard parameters:
__________________________________________________________________________________
ATOM

X

Y

Z

S
P
D
CONTRACTED D
N EXP COUL
N EXP COUL
N EXPD1 COUL C1
C2 EXPD2 AT EN S P D
N 1 .00000 .00000 .00000 2 1.9237 -20.3300 2 1.9170 -14.5400 0 .0000 .0000 .00000 .00000 .0000 7 30 2 0 3
N 2 1.20000 .00000 .00000 2 1.9237 -20.3300 2 1.9170 -14.5400 0 .0000 .0000 .00000 .00000 .0000 7 30 2 0 3
0CHARGE= 0 IEXIT= 0 ITYPE= 0 IPUNCH= 0 CON= 2.250 AU= .52920 SENSE= 2.000 MAXCYC= 25 DELTAC=.00000
0DISTANCE MATRIX
1
2
1 .0000 1.200
2 1.200 .0000
0TWO BODY REPULSION ENERGY MATRIX
1
2
1 .0000 4.4351
2 4.4351 .0000
4.43514361
0SPIN= 0
ENERGY LEVELS (EV)
E( 1) = 15.24199 0
E( 2) = -7.40075 0
E( 3) = -7.40075 0
E( 4) = -14.54000 2
E( 5) = -14.54000 2
E( 6) = -16.54000 2
E( 7) = -18.54000 2
E( 8) = -27.51826 2
0
ENERGY= -187.27312236 EV.
5 ORBITALS FILLED
0 HALF FILLED
0WAVE FUNCTIONS
0MO'S IN COLUMNS, AO'S IN ROWS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1
2
3
.0000 .0000 .0000
-1.2989 .0000 .0000
.0000 -.7443 .0000
.0000 .0000 .7443
.0000 .0000 .0000
-1.2989 .0000 .0000
.0000 .7443 .0000
.0000 .0000 -.7443

4
.0000
.0000
.0000
.5234
.0000
.0000
.0000
.5234

5
.0000
.0000
.5234
.0000
.0000
.0000
.5234
.0000

6
7
8
.0000 .5068 .5223
.5144 .0000 .0000
.0000 .0000 .0000
.0000 .0000 .0000
.0000 -.5068 .5223
-.5144 .0000 .0000
.0000 .0000 .0000
.0000 .0000 .0000
0REDUCED OVERLAP POPULATION MATRIX, ATOM BY ATOM
1
2
1 4.0437 2.7000
2 2.7000 4.0437
0REDUCED CHARGE MATRIX, MO'S IN COLUMNS, ATOMS IN

ROWS

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
2 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0ATOM
N 1
N 2

NET CHG.
.00000
.00000

S

ATOMIC ORBITAL OCCUPATION FOR GIVEN MO OCCUPATION
X
Y
Z
X2-Y2 Z2
XY
XZ
YZ

1.40947 1.59053 1.00000 1.00000
1.40947 1.59053 1.00000 1.00000
Quantum chemical studies of the correlation diagram of N2 molecule with the hybridized parameters:
__________________________________________________________________________________
ATOM

X

Y

Z

S
N EXP COUL
N 1 .00000 .00000 .00000 2 1.9237 -20.3300
N 2 1.02000 .00000 .00000 2 1.9237 -20.3300
0CHARGE= 0 IEXIT= 0 ITYPE= 0 IPUNCH= 0 CON=
0DISTANCE MATRIX
1
2
1 .0000 1.0200
2 1.0200 .0000
0TWO BODY REPULSION ENERGY MATRIX
1
2
1 .0000 4.4351
2 4.4351 .0000
4.43514361
0SPIN=

0

P
D
CONTRACTED D
N EXP COUL N EXPD1 COUL C1 C2 EXPD2 AT EN S P D
2 1.9170 -14.5400 0 .0000 .0000 .00000 .00000 .0000 7 30 2 0 3
2 1.9170 -14.5400 0 .0000 .0000 .00000 .00000 .0000 7 30 2 0 3
2.250 AU= .52920 SENSE= 2.000 MAXCYC= 25 DELTAC=.00000
ENERGY LEVELS (EV)

E( 1) = 115.24199 0
E( 2) = -7.40075 0
E( 3) = -7.40075 0
E( 4) = -14.07184 2
E( 5) = -18.08657 2
E( 6) = -18.08873 2
E( 7) = -18.08873 2

E( 8) = -27.51826 2
0
ENERGY= -187.27312236 EV.
5 ORBITALS FILLED
0 HALF FILLED
0WAVE FUNCTIONS
0MO'S IN COLUMNS, AO'S IN ROWS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1
2
3
-1.6157 .0000 .0000
-1.2989 .0000 .0000
.0000 -.7443 -.4460
.0000 -.4460 .7443
1.6157 .0000 .0000
-1.2989 .0000 .0000
.0000 .7443 -.4460
.0000 .4460 -.7443

4
5
.3190 -.4437
-.6477 .5144
.0000 .0000
.0000 .0000
.3190 .4437
.6477 -.5144
.0000 .0000
.0000 .0000

6
.0000
.0000
.3426
.5068
.0000
.0000
.3426
.5068

7
8
.0000 .5223
.0000 .1333
.5068 .0000
-.3426 .0000
.0000 .5223
.0000 -.1333
.5068 .0000
-.3426 .0000
REDUCED OVERLAP POPULATION MATRIX, ATOM BY ATOM
1
2
1 4.0437 1.9126
2 1.9126 4.0437
0REDUCED CHARGE MATRIX, MO'S IN COLUMNS, ATOMS IN

ROWS

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
2 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0ATOM
N 1
N 2

NET CHG.
.00000
.00000

S

ATOMIC ORBITAL OCCUPATION FOR GIVEN MO OCCUPATION
X
Y
Z
X2-Y2 Z2
XY
XZ
YZ

1.40947 1.59053 1.00000 1.00000
1.40947 1.59053 1.00000 1.00000
3 0 0 0
OHH
2 2.2459-28.480
2 2.2266-13.620
0 0.0000 0.000
0.00000.00000.0000
8 35 2 4 0
1 1.2000-13.600
0 0.0000 0.000
0 0.0000 0.000
0.00000.00000.0000
1 10 1 0 0
1 1.2000-13.600
0 0.0000 0.000
0 0.0000 0.000
0.00000.00000.0000
1 10 1 0 0
0.00000000 0.00000000
1 2 0.99000
52.25000
1 3 0.99000
52.25000
0 1 2 2 1.000 132.0000

0.00000000
0.00000
180.00000
Quantum chemical studies of the electronic structure of H2O molecule:
__________________________________________________________________________________
IEXIT = 0
ETA .00000
ETA 180.00000
ATOM
X
Y
Z
S
P
D
CONTRACTED D
N EXP COUL N EXP COUL N EXPD1 COUL C1 C2 EXPD2 AT EN S P D
O 1 .00000 .00000 .00000 2 2.2459 -28.4800 2 2.2266 -13.6200 0 .0000 .0000 .00000 .00000 .0000 8 35 2 4 0
H 2 .78278 .00000 -.60610 1 1.2000 -13.6000 0 .0000 .0000 0 .0000 .0000 .00000 .00000 .0000 1 10 1 0 0
H 3 -.78278 .00000 -.60610 1 1.2000 -13.6000 0 .0000 .0000 0 .0000 .0000 .00000 .00000 .0000 1 10 1 0 0
0CHARGE= 0 IEXIT= 0 ITYPE= 0 IPUNCH= 0 CON= 2.250 AU= .52920 SENSE= 2.000 MAXCYC= 25 DELTAC=.0000
0DISTANCE MATRIX
1
2
3

1
2
3
.0000 .9900 .9900
.9900 .0000 1.5656
.9900 1.5656 .0000

0TWO BODY REPULSION ENERGY MATRIX
1
2
3
1 .0000 1.0063 1.0063
2 1.0063 .0000 .0345
3 1.0063 .0345 .0000
2.04704595
0SPIN= 0
ENERGY LEVELS (EV)
E( 1) = 14.73419 0
E( 2) =

3.38040 0

E( 3) = -13.62000 2
E( 4) = -14.43845 2
E( 5) = -16.97488 2
E( 6) = -31.03678 2
ENERGY= -150.09316161 EV.

0

4 ORBITALS FILLED
0 HALF FILLED
0WAVE FUNCTIONS
0MO'S IN COLUMNS, AO'S IN ROWS
1
2
3
4
5
6

1
-.9712
.0000
.0000
.5517
.8029
.8029

2
.0000
.9247
.0000
.0000
-.8588
.8588

3
4
5
.0000 .2319 .0000
.0000 .0000 -.6834
1.0000 .0000 .0000
.0000 .9213 .0000
.0000 -.1291 -.3815
.0000 -.1291 .3815

6
.7793
.0000
.0000
.0224
.2029
.2029
REDUCED OVERLAP POPULATION MATRIX, ATOM BY ATOM
1
2
3
1 5.9549 .6598 .6598
2 .6598 .4068 -.0882
3 .6598 -.0882 .4068
0REDUCED CHARGE MATRIX, MO'S IN COLUMNS, ATOMS IN
1
2
3

1
2
3
4
5
6
.6344 .7508 2.0000 1.8608 1.2492 1.5048
.6828 .6246 .0000 .0696 .3754 .2476
.6828 .6246 .0000 .0696 .3754 .2476

0ATOM
O 1
H 2
H 3

ROWS

NET CHG.
-.61478
.30739
.30739

ATOMIC ORBITAL OCCUPATION FOR GIVEN MO OCCUPATION
S
X
Y
Z
X2-Y2 Z2
XY
XZ
YZ
1.56003 1.24916 2.00000 1.80558
.69261
.69261
4 0 0 0
NHHH
2 1.6237-17.830
2 1.6170-12.040
0 0.0000 0.000
0.00000.00000.0000
7 30 2 3 0
1 1.2000-13.600
0 0.0000 0.000
0 0.0000 0.000
0.00000.00000.0000
1 10 1 0 0
1 1.2000-13.600
0 0.0000 0.000
0 0.0000 0.000
0.00000.00000.0000
1 10 1 0 0
1 1.2000-13.600
0 0.0000 0.000
0 0.0000 0.000
0.00000.00000.0000
1 10 1 0 0
0.00000000 0.00000000
1 2 1.22000
60.00000
1 3 1.22000
180.00000
1 4 1.22000
60.00000
0 1 2 1 0.010 1.5000

0.00000000
0.00000
90.00000
180.00000
ATOM
D
N
H
H
H

1
2
3
4

X

.00000
1.10000
.00000
-1.10000

Y
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000

Z
.00000
-.60000
1.20000
-.60000

N EXP

S

COUL

N EXP

P

COUL

D
CONTRACTED D
N EXPD1 COUL C1 C2 EXPD2 AT EN S P

2 1.6237 -17.8300 2 1.6170 -12.0000 0
1 1.2000 -13.6000 0 .0000 .0000 0
1 1.2000 -13.6000 0 .0000 .0000 0
1 1.2000 -13.6000 0 .0000 .0000 0

0DISTANCE MATRIX
1
2
3
4
1 .0000 1.2200 1.2200 1.2200
2 1.2200 .0000 2.1131 2.1131
3 1.2200 2.1131 .0000 2.1131
4 1.2200 2.1131 2.1131 .0000

.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000

.0000 .00000 .00000 .00007 30 2 3 0
.0000 .00000 .00000 .0000 1 10 1 0 0
.0000 .00000 .00000 .0000 1 10 1 0 0
.0000 .00000 .00000 .0000 1 10 1 0 0
ENERGY LEVELS (EV)

E( 1) = 16.00000 0
E( 2) = 5.00000 0
E( 3) = 5.00000 0
E( 4) = -12.00000 2
E( 5) = -17.00000 2
E( 6) = -17.00000 2
E( 7) = -23.00000 2
ENERGY= -131.90074095 EV.
0WAVE FUNCTIONS
0MO'S IN COLUMNS, AO'S IN ROWS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1 -1.2702 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .6009
2 .0000 .0000 1.0340 .0000 -.5499 .0000 .0000
3 .0000 .0000 .0000 -1.0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
4 .0000 1.0340 .0000 .0000 .0000 .5499 .0000
5 .6891 .1677 -.9271 .0000 -.4096 -.2804 .2515
6 .6891 -.8867 .0000 .0000 .0000 .4949 .2515
7 .6891 .7190 .6088 .0000 .4476 -.2145 .2515
0REDUCED OVERLAP POPULATION MATRIX, ATOM BY ATOM
1
2
3
4
1 3.9387 .7613 .7613 .7612
2 .7613 .6193 -.0267 -.0267
3 .7613 -.0267 .6192 -.0267
4 .7612 -.0267 -.0267 .6192
0ATOM NET CHG.
ATOMIC ORBITAL OCCUPATION FOR GIVEN MO OCCUPATION
S
X
Y
Z
X2-Y2 Z2
XY
XZ
YZ
N 1 -.08064
1.12890 .97589 2.00000 .97586
H 2
.02683
.97317
H 3
.02689
.97311
H 4
.02693
.97307
ATOM

X

Y

Z

S

D
CONTRACTED D
N EXP COUL
N EXP COUL
N EXPD1 COUL C1 C2 EXPD2 AT EN S P D
F 1 .00000 .00000 .00000 2 2.5630 -37.5800 2 2.5500 -17.4200 0 .0000 .0000 .00000 .00000 .0000 9 40 2 5 0
H 2 .00000 .00000 -1.20000 1 1.2000 -13.6000 0 .0000 .0000
0 .0000 .0000 .00000 .00000 .0000 1 10 1 0 0
0CHARGE= 0 IEXIT= 0 ITYPE= 0 IPUNCH= 0 CON= 2.250 AU= .52920 SENSE= 2.000 MAXCYC= 25 DELTAC= .00000100
0DISTANCE MATRIX
1
2
1 .0000 1.2000
2 1.2000 .0000
0TWO BODY REPULSION ENERGY MATRIX
1
2
1 .0000 .0846
2 .0846 .0000
.08463978
0SPIN= 0
0
ENERGY LEVELS (EV)
E( 1) = -5.49648 0
E( 2) = -17.42000 2
E( 3) = -17.42000 2
E( 4) = -18.31403 2
E( 5) = -38.02579 2
ENERGY= -182.27500191 EV.
4 ORBITALS FILLED
0 HALF FILLED
0WAVE FUNCTIONS
0MO'S IN COLUMNS, AO'S IN ROWS
0

1
2
3
4
5
1 -.4135 .0000 .0000 -.1327 .9547
2 .0000 .0000 -.7071 .0000 .0000
3 .0000 -.7071 .0000 .0000 .0000
4 .5194 .0000 .0000 -.8947 .0126
5 1.0364 .0000 .0000 .2825 .1295

P
0REDUCED OVERLAP POPULATION MATRIX, ATOM BY ATOM
1
2
1 7.4596 .3472
2 .3472 .1931
0REDUCED CHARGE MATRIX, MO'S IN COLUMNS, ATOMS IN
1
2
3
4
5
1 .3667 2.0000 2.0000 1.7383 1.8949
2 1.6333 .0000 .0000 .2617 .1051
0ATOM NET CHG.
OCCUPATION
F 1
H 2

-.63325
.63325

ATOMIC ORBITAL OCCUPATION

ROWS

FOR GIVEN MO

S
X
Y
Z
X2-Y2
1.90871 2.00000 2.00000 1.72454
.36675

Z2

XY

XZ

YZ

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Brief introduction to perturbation theory
Brief introduction to perturbation theoryBrief introduction to perturbation theory
Brief introduction to perturbation theory
Anamika Banerjee
 
Quantum mechanics a brief
Quantum mechanics a briefQuantum mechanics a brief
Quantum mechanics a brief
Chaitanya Areti
 
Density Functional Theory
Density Functional TheoryDensity Functional Theory
Density Functional Theory
Wesley Chen
 
(10) electron spin & angular momentum coupling
(10) electron spin & angular momentum coupling(10) electron spin & angular momentum coupling
(10) electron spin & angular momentum coupling
Ibenk Hallen
 

Mais procurados (20)

Intro. to quantum chemistry
Intro. to quantum chemistryIntro. to quantum chemistry
Intro. to quantum chemistry
 
Frank condon principle
Frank condon principleFrank condon principle
Frank condon principle
 
Quantum mechanics I
Quantum mechanics IQuantum mechanics I
Quantum mechanics I
 
Lecture7
Lecture7Lecture7
Lecture7
 
Introduction to density functional theory
Introduction to density functional theory Introduction to density functional theory
Introduction to density functional theory
 
Dft presentation
Dft presentationDft presentation
Dft presentation
 
History of Quantum Mechanics
History of Quantum MechanicsHistory of Quantum Mechanics
History of Quantum Mechanics
 
Brief introduction to perturbation theory
Brief introduction to perturbation theoryBrief introduction to perturbation theory
Brief introduction to perturbation theory
 
Quantum mechanics a brief
Quantum mechanics a briefQuantum mechanics a brief
Quantum mechanics a brief
 
Schrodinger Equation of Hydrogen Atom
Schrodinger Equation of Hydrogen AtomSchrodinger Equation of Hydrogen Atom
Schrodinger Equation of Hydrogen Atom
 
Density Functional Theory
Density Functional TheoryDensity Functional Theory
Density Functional Theory
 
(10) electron spin & angular momentum coupling
(10) electron spin & angular momentum coupling(10) electron spin & angular momentum coupling
(10) electron spin & angular momentum coupling
 
Electronic spectra of metal complexes-1
Electronic spectra of metal complexes-1Electronic spectra of metal complexes-1
Electronic spectra of metal complexes-1
 
Photochemistry
PhotochemistryPhotochemistry
Photochemistry
 
Applications of Computational Quantum Chemistry
Applications of Computational Quantum ChemistryApplications of Computational Quantum Chemistry
Applications of Computational Quantum Chemistry
 
Marcus theory
Marcus theoryMarcus theory
Marcus theory
 
Density functional theory
Density functional theoryDensity functional theory
Density functional theory
 
Harmonic Oscillator
Harmonic OscillatorHarmonic Oscillator
Harmonic Oscillator
 
Postulates of quantum mechanics
Postulates of quantum mechanicsPostulates of quantum mechanics
Postulates of quantum mechanics
 
Chapter2 introduction to quantum mechanics
Chapter2 introduction to quantum mechanicsChapter2 introduction to quantum mechanics
Chapter2 introduction to quantum mechanics
 

Destaque

Particle in a box- Application of Schrodinger wave equation
Particle in a box- Application of Schrodinger wave equationParticle in a box- Application of Schrodinger wave equation
Particle in a box- Application of Schrodinger wave equation
Rawat DA Greatt
 
Nuevas tecnologías de la informacion, montse
Nuevas tecnologías de la informacion, montseNuevas tecnologías de la informacion, montse
Nuevas tecnologías de la informacion, montse
Monica Castillo
 
Adição de ácido clorídrico no meio reacional
Adição de ácido clorídrico no meio reacionalAdição de ácido clorídrico no meio reacional
Adição de ácido clorídrico no meio reacional
Anderson Lima
 
Introducción a la Computación MAE 29
Introducción a la Computación  MAE 29Introducción a la Computación  MAE 29
Introducción a la Computación MAE 29
lagreda76
 
交點高雄vol.7 - 安蓉 - 傳說中的文化差異
交點高雄vol.7 - 安蓉 - 傳說中的文化差異交點高雄vol.7 - 安蓉 - 傳說中的文化差異
交點高雄vol.7 - 安蓉 - 傳說中的文化差異
交點
 

Destaque (20)

Quantum Chemistry III
Quantum Chemistry IIIQuantum Chemistry III
Quantum Chemistry III
 
Quantum Mechanics
Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
Quantum Mechanics
 
Particle in a Box problem Quantum Chemistry
Particle in a Box problem Quantum ChemistryParticle in a Box problem Quantum Chemistry
Particle in a Box problem Quantum Chemistry
 
CBSE Class XI Chemistry Quantum mechanical model of atom
CBSE Class XI Chemistry Quantum mechanical model of atomCBSE Class XI Chemistry Quantum mechanical model of atom
CBSE Class XI Chemistry Quantum mechanical model of atom
 
Molekel - August 2009 ACS meeting
Molekel - August 2009 ACS meetingMolekel - August 2009 ACS meeting
Molekel - August 2009 ACS meeting
 
Particle in a box- Application of Schrodinger wave equation
Particle in a box- Application of Schrodinger wave equationParticle in a box- Application of Schrodinger wave equation
Particle in a box- Application of Schrodinger wave equation
 
Nuevas tecnologías de la informacion, montse
Nuevas tecnologías de la informacion, montseNuevas tecnologías de la informacion, montse
Nuevas tecnologías de la informacion, montse
 
Adição de ácido clorídrico no meio reacional
Adição de ácido clorídrico no meio reacionalAdição de ácido clorídrico no meio reacional
Adição de ácido clorídrico no meio reacional
 
Most Hilarious Moments of FIFA 2014
Most Hilarious Moments of FIFA 2014Most Hilarious Moments of FIFA 2014
Most Hilarious Moments of FIFA 2014
 
Outubro jardim
Outubro jardimOutubro jardim
Outubro jardim
 
SAFER AND MORE NATURAL WAY TO PREVENT COLD AND FLU
SAFER AND MORE NATURAL WAY TO PREVENT COLD AND FLUSAFER AND MORE NATURAL WAY TO PREVENT COLD AND FLU
SAFER AND MORE NATURAL WAY TO PREVENT COLD AND FLU
 
Laughter is the best medicine
Laughter is the best medicineLaughter is the best medicine
Laughter is the best medicine
 
Final pr uppehallstillstand
Final pr uppehallstillstand Final pr uppehallstillstand
Final pr uppehallstillstand
 
Participant-Centered Consent Toolkit Overview
Participant-Centered Consent Toolkit OverviewParticipant-Centered Consent Toolkit Overview
Participant-Centered Consent Toolkit Overview
 
Introducción a la Computación MAE 29
Introducción a la Computación  MAE 29Introducción a la Computación  MAE 29
Introducción a la Computación MAE 29
 
1st_HIGH-SCHOOL_KALAMPAKA_E.Q.
1st_HIGH-SCHOOL_KALAMPAKA_E.Q.1st_HIGH-SCHOOL_KALAMPAKA_E.Q.
1st_HIGH-SCHOOL_KALAMPAKA_E.Q.
 
交點高雄vol.7 - 安蓉 - 傳說中的文化差異
交點高雄vol.7 - 安蓉 - 傳說中的文化差異交點高雄vol.7 - 安蓉 - 傳說中的文化差異
交點高雄vol.7 - 安蓉 - 傳說中的文化差異
 
Dh presentation helig 2014
Dh presentation helig 2014Dh presentation helig 2014
Dh presentation helig 2014
 
Path visio3
Path visio3Path visio3
Path visio3
 
Gamification at SharePoint Saturday Belgium
Gamification at SharePoint Saturday BelgiumGamification at SharePoint Saturday Belgium
Gamification at SharePoint Saturday Belgium
 

Semelhante a Quantum course

Orbi theoryeng
Orbi theoryengOrbi theoryeng
Orbi theoryeng
dgbjdjg
 
Born oppenheimer p1 7
Born oppenheimer p1 7Born oppenheimer p1 7
Born oppenheimer p1 7
Lim Wei
 

Semelhante a Quantum course (20)

Atomic structure
Atomic structureAtomic structure
Atomic structure
 
Electronics devices unit 1.pptx
Electronics devices unit 1.pptxElectronics devices unit 1.pptx
Electronics devices unit 1.pptx
 
Introduction to quantum mechanics and schrodinger equation
Introduction to quantum mechanics and schrodinger equationIntroduction to quantum mechanics and schrodinger equation
Introduction to quantum mechanics and schrodinger equation
 
Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanicsQuantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics
 
7,atomic structure and preriodicity
7,atomic structure and preriodicity7,atomic structure and preriodicity
7,atomic structure and preriodicity
 
Unit 1 Quantum Mechanics_230924_162445.pdf
Unit 1 Quantum Mechanics_230924_162445.pdfUnit 1 Quantum Mechanics_230924_162445.pdf
Unit 1 Quantum Mechanics_230924_162445.pdf
 
Unit-IV_22UCH101_Theory-1.pptx
Unit-IV_22UCH101_Theory-1.pptxUnit-IV_22UCH101_Theory-1.pptx
Unit-IV_22UCH101_Theory-1.pptx
 
Schrodinger equation and its applications: Chapter 2
Schrodinger equation and its applications: Chapter 2Schrodinger equation and its applications: Chapter 2
Schrodinger equation and its applications: Chapter 2
 
Ap chem unit 7
Ap chem unit 7Ap chem unit 7
Ap chem unit 7
 
Stephy index page no 1 to 25 2
Stephy  index page no 1 to 25 2Stephy  index page no 1 to 25 2
Stephy index page no 1 to 25 2
 
Quantum mechanical model of atom
Quantum mechanical model of atomQuantum mechanical model of atom
Quantum mechanical model of atom
 
Hartree fock theory
Hartree fock theoryHartree fock theory
Hartree fock theory
 
Schrödinger wave equation
Schrödinger wave equationSchrödinger wave equation
Schrödinger wave equation
 
Orbi theoryeng
Orbi theoryengOrbi theoryeng
Orbi theoryeng
 
C H6
C H6C H6
C H6
 
CHAPTER 6 Quantum Mechanics II
CHAPTER 6 Quantum Mechanics IICHAPTER 6 Quantum Mechanics II
CHAPTER 6 Quantum Mechanics II
 
Born oppenheimer p1 7
Born oppenheimer p1 7Born oppenheimer p1 7
Born oppenheimer p1 7
 
Chemistry 11
Chemistry 11Chemistry 11
Chemistry 11
 
Atomic structure part 2/3
Atomic structure part 2/3Atomic structure part 2/3
Atomic structure part 2/3
 
Advchemchapt7 101015115641-phpapp02
Advchemchapt7 101015115641-phpapp02Advchemchapt7 101015115641-phpapp02
Advchemchapt7 101015115641-phpapp02
 

Mais de FLI

Principles In Stereochemistry
Principles  In StereochemistryPrinciples  In Stereochemistry
Principles In Stereochemistry
FLI
 
Atomic theory
Atomic theoryAtomic theory
Atomic theory
FLI
 

Mais de FLI (20)

Carbon Steel from 0 to Z ( Industrial Chemistry ) Part 1
Carbon Steel  from 0 to Z ( Industrial Chemistry ) Part 1 Carbon Steel  from 0 to Z ( Industrial Chemistry ) Part 1
Carbon Steel from 0 to Z ( Industrial Chemistry ) Part 1
 
Introduction of Diseases and Virology
Introduction of Diseases and VirologyIntroduction of Diseases and Virology
Introduction of Diseases and Virology
 
Sonography
SonographySonography
Sonography
 
Mripresenation
MripresenationMripresenation
Mripresenation
 
Basis of Biophysics1
Basis of Biophysics1Basis of Biophysics1
Basis of Biophysics1
 
Basics of Infrared
Basics of Infrared Basics of Infrared
Basics of Infrared
 
P-NMR
P-NMRP-NMR
P-NMR
 
Chemistry of herbicides
Chemistry of  herbicidesChemistry of  herbicides
Chemistry of herbicides
 
Chromatographic Methods of Analysis ( Gel Chromatography Method )
Chromatographic Methods of Analysis ( Gel Chromatography Method )Chromatographic Methods of Analysis ( Gel Chromatography Method )
Chromatographic Methods of Analysis ( Gel Chromatography Method )
 
Chromatography lect 2
Chromatography lect 2Chromatography lect 2
Chromatography lect 2
 
Chromatography Lec 1
Chromatography Lec 1 Chromatography Lec 1
Chromatography Lec 1
 
Natural Types of Fabric
Natural Types of Fabric Natural Types of Fabric
Natural Types of Fabric
 
Scandium group
Scandium group Scandium group
Scandium group
 
Dye classification and dying process
Dye classification and dying process Dye classification and dying process
Dye classification and dying process
 
General Types of fabric
General Types of fabricGeneral Types of fabric
General Types of fabric
 
Principles In Stereochemistry
Principles  In StereochemistryPrinciples  In Stereochemistry
Principles In Stereochemistry
 
Descriptive Statistic
Descriptive StatisticDescriptive Statistic
Descriptive Statistic
 
Principles in chromatography
Principles in chromatographyPrinciples in chromatography
Principles in chromatography
 
Gas chromatography
Gas chromatographyGas chromatography
Gas chromatography
 
Atomic theory
Atomic theoryAtomic theory
Atomic theory
 

Último

Ecosystem Interactions Class Discussion Presentation in Blue Green Lined Styl...
Ecosystem Interactions Class Discussion Presentation in Blue Green Lined Styl...Ecosystem Interactions Class Discussion Presentation in Blue Green Lined Styl...
Ecosystem Interactions Class Discussion Presentation in Blue Green Lined Styl...
fonyou31
 
1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
1029 -  Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf1029 -  Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
QucHHunhnh
 
Russian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in Delhi
Russian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in DelhiRussian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in Delhi
Russian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in Delhi
kauryashika82
 
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptx
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptxThe basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptx
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptx
heathfieldcps1
 
Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global ImpactBeyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
PECB
 

Último (20)

Web & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdf
Web & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdfWeb & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdf
Web & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdf
 
Ecosystem Interactions Class Discussion Presentation in Blue Green Lined Styl...
Ecosystem Interactions Class Discussion Presentation in Blue Green Lined Styl...Ecosystem Interactions Class Discussion Presentation in Blue Green Lined Styl...
Ecosystem Interactions Class Discussion Presentation in Blue Green Lined Styl...
 
A Critique of the Proposed National Education Policy Reform
A Critique of the Proposed National Education Policy ReformA Critique of the Proposed National Education Policy Reform
A Critique of the Proposed National Education Policy Reform
 
1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
1029 -  Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf1029 -  Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
 
Russian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in Delhi
Russian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in DelhiRussian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in Delhi
Russian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in Delhi
 
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdf
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdfKey note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdf
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdf
 
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptx
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptxThe basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptx
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptx
 
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The BasicsIntroduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
 
Paris 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activity
Paris 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activityParis 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activity
Paris 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activity
 
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: Structured Data, Assistants, & RAG"
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: Structured Data, Assistants, & RAG"Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: Structured Data, Assistants, & RAG"
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: Structured Data, Assistants, & RAG"
 
General AI for Medical Educators April 2024
General AI for Medical Educators April 2024General AI for Medical Educators April 2024
General AI for Medical Educators April 2024
 
Unit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptx
Unit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptxUnit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptx
Unit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptx
 
Advance Mobile Application Development class 07
Advance Mobile Application Development class 07Advance Mobile Application Development class 07
Advance Mobile Application Development class 07
 
Q4-W6-Restating Informational Text Grade 3
Q4-W6-Restating Informational Text Grade 3Q4-W6-Restating Informational Text Grade 3
Q4-W6-Restating Informational Text Grade 3
 
9548086042 for call girls in Indira Nagar with room service
9548086042  for call girls in Indira Nagar  with room service9548086042  for call girls in Indira Nagar  with room service
9548086042 for call girls in Indira Nagar with room service
 
Disha NEET Physics Guide for classes 11 and 12.pdf
Disha NEET Physics Guide for classes 11 and 12.pdfDisha NEET Physics Guide for classes 11 and 12.pdf
Disha NEET Physics Guide for classes 11 and 12.pdf
 
Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global ImpactBeyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
 
Explore beautiful and ugly buildings. Mathematics helps us create beautiful d...
Explore beautiful and ugly buildings. Mathematics helps us create beautiful d...Explore beautiful and ugly buildings. Mathematics helps us create beautiful d...
Explore beautiful and ugly buildings. Mathematics helps us create beautiful d...
 
Student login on Anyboli platform.helpin
Student login on Anyboli platform.helpinStudent login on Anyboli platform.helpin
Student login on Anyboli platform.helpin
 
Sanyam Choudhary Chemistry practical.pdf
Sanyam Choudhary Chemistry practical.pdfSanyam Choudhary Chemistry practical.pdf
Sanyam Choudhary Chemistry practical.pdf
 

Quantum course

  • 1. By: Prof .Dr Mohamed Khaled
  • 2. Quantum Chemistry Quantum Chemistry is the application of quantum mechanics to solve problems in chemistry. It has been applied in different branches of chemistry Physical Chemistry: To calculate thermodynamic properties, interpretation of molecular spectra and molecular properties (e.g. Bond length, bond angles, …..etc.). Organic Chemistry: To estimate the relative stabilities of molecules, and reaction mechanism. Analytical Chemistry: To Interpret of the frequency and intensity of line spectra. Inorganic Chemistry: To predict and explain of the properties of transition metal complexes.
  • 3. Physical Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Photochemistry Polymer Surface and Catalysis Drug Design Toxicity
  • 4. Historical background of quantum mechanics : Nature of light: Hertz, 1888, has showed that light is electromagnetic waves. λ=c/ν where, λ is the wavelength, c is the speed of light =2.998 x 1010 cm/sec, ν is the frequency cm/sec. Max Plank has assumed only certain quantities of light energy (E) could be emitted. E = hν Where, h is Plank’s constant = 6.6 x 10-27 erg.sec. The energy is quantized. Photoelectric effect : Light comes out by shining surface in vacuum. In 1905, Einstein, light can exhibit particle like behavior, called photons. Ephoton = hν hν = W + ½ mv2 where, W is the work function (minimum energy required to take electron out). ½ mv2 is the kinetic energy of emitted electron. From above, it is assumed that the {Light looks like a particle and a wave}
  • 5. Nature of Matter: Rutherford and Geiger have found that some α-particles bounced right back from golden foil, have small positive nucleus in atom. In 1913, Bohr has studied the H-atom and assumed that the energy of electron is quantized, ν = ∆E / h where, ν is the frequency of absorbed or emitted light, ∆E is the energy difference between two states. In 1923, DeBroglie has suggested that the motion of electrons might have a wave aspect. λ = h / mv = h / p where, m is mass of electron. p is a particle momentum. Accordingly, it has been suggested that electrons behave in some respect like particles and in some others like waves. This is what is called a Particle –Wave Duality. The question arises, how can an electron be a particle, which is a localized entity, and a wave, which is nonlocalized? The answer is No, neither a wave nor a particle but it is something else. The Classical physics has failed to describe the microscopic particles.
  • 6. The question arises, how can an electron be a particle, which is a localized entity and a wave which is a non-localized? The answer is No, neither a wave nor a particle but it is something else.
  • 7. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: "It is impossible to determine precisely and simultaneously the momentum and the position of an electron The statistical definition for the uncertainties is: ∆x . ∆px ≥ ħ / 2 where, = ħ / 2π ∆x . ∆px ≥ h / 4π Werner Heisenberg Nobel prize 1932
  • 8. Wave Function: To describe the state in quantum mechanics, we postulate the existence of a function of the coordinates called the wave function (State function), ψ. ψ = ψ (x, t) It contains all information about a system. The probability of finding a particle in a given place can be given by ψ (Probability description).
  • 9. What ψ (x) means? - ψ is an amplitude, sometimes complex function, not measurable, imaginary value. - ψψ* is a complex function, which may be real, and positive. - ψ has no physical meaning but ψψ* is the probability of locating the electron at a given position. If the probability of a certainty is defined as unity, this means: If we have two different wave functions, ψ1 and ψ2 will be Normalized function when: and But if or The function is called orthogonal function. But if Where, (called Kronecker Delta) is equal zero when i ≠ j and equal one when i = j, the function is called orthonormalized function.
  • 10. Time-dependent Schrödinger equation: we postulate the existence of a function of the coordinates called the wave function (State function), ψ. For one particle, one-dimensional system: ψ= ψ (x, t) It contains all information about a system. The probability of finding a particle in a given place can be given by ψ (Probability description). Born postulates | ψ (x,t) |2 dx is the probability of finding a particle at position x and at time t ( Probability density ). ψ must satisfy Schrödinger equation. As t passes, ψ changes to differential equation: −  ∂Ψ ( x, t ) −  2 ∂ 2 Ψ ( x, t ) = + V ( x , t ) Ψ ( x, t ) 2 i ∂t 2m ∂x where, i= , m = particle mass, V(x,t) = potential energy. This is called Time-dependent Schrödinger equation. Erwin Schrödinger Nobel prize 1933
  • 11. Schrödinger equation can be solved by the technique called separation of variables: the partial derivatives of this equation: Making the substitution in equation 2: Dividing by
  • 12. Taking the left side of equation (3): On integration: ln C is a constant of integration
  • 13. One of the properties of the wave function, it is a complex, i.e. where, is a complex conjugate of The complex conjugate of a function is the same function with a different sign of imaginary value. for stationary state is called the Probability Density ( Time-independent wave function).
  • 14. By equating the right side of equation (3) to a constant E, we have: Time-independent Schrödinger equation for a single particle of mass m moving in one dimension. The constant E has the dimension of energy. In fact, it is postulated that E is the energy of the system.
  • 15. Operators: Basis of quantum mechanics set up around two things: 1- Wave function, which contains all information about the system. 2- Operators which are rules whereby given some function, we can find another. This operator is called the Hamiltonian operator for the system. Kinetic energy = Ĥ = Kinetic energy + Potential energy = So, the Eigen value equation: Ĥ ψ(x) = E ψ(x)
  • 16. -A particle in one-dimensional box: I V=0 III II X =0 Ψ=0 X =1 X −  2 ∂ 2ψ ( x) + ∞ψ ( x) = Eψ ( x) 2 2m ∂x ∂ 2ψ ( x) 2m + 2 ( E − ∞)ψ ( x) = 0 ∂x 2  We conclude that ψ(x) is zero outside the box: ψ I(x) = zero ψ III(x) = zero
  • 17. For region II (inside the box), x between zero and l, the potential energy V(x) is zero, and the Schrödinger equation becomes n= 1,2,3,………
  • 18. Fig. 3.1. The wave functions for the 0ne-dimensional particle-ina-box Fig. 3.2. The probability densities in 0nedimensional particle-in-a-box
  • 19. II- The Harmonic Oscillator: 1- Try to understanding of molecular vibrations, their spectra and their influence on thermodynamic properties. 2- Providing a good demonstration of mathematical techniques that are important in quantum chemistry. V E Velocity=0 -a 0 a x Fig. 4 The Parabolic Potential Energy of the Harmonic Oscillator. The classically allowed (|x| ≤ a) and forbidden (|x| > a) regions for the Harmonic Oscillator
  • 20. The classical force F is: F= -kx Where, F is a restoring force, k is a force constant, and x is a displacement on x-axis. F= By integration: Where, = - kx V(x) = ½ kx2
  • 21. The Schrödinger equation ψ(x) = E ψ(x), after multiplication on by 1  α  4 −αx 2 2 ψ0 =   ∈ π  The energy of a harmonic oscillator is quantized. En = (n + ½ ) h ν where n= 0,1,2…
  • 22.
  • 23. III- The Hydrogen atom: Ignoring interatomic or intermolecular interactions, The isolated hydrogen atom is a two-particle system. Instead of treating just the hydrogen atom, we consider a slight more general problem, the hydrogen-like atom. An exact solution of the Schrödinger equation for atoms with more than one electron cannot be obtained because of the interelectronic repulsions. V = -Z é 2 / r Where, V is the potential energy, Zé is the charge of nucleus, (For Z=1, we have the hydrogen atom, for Z=2 the He + ion, for Z=3, the Li+ ion, etc…). é is the proton charge in statocoulombs or as: é≡ where, e is the proton charge in coulomb. To deal with the internal motion of the system, we introduce µ as the mass of the particle. µ = m e mn / m e + m n where, me and mn are the electronic and nuclear masses.
  • 24. where, is Laplacian operator: So, the time-independent Schrödinger equation is: z me z = r cos θ x = r sin θ . cos φ y = r sin θ . sin φ mn x θ r φ y
  • 25. To solve this equation, we have to know that this wave is a spherical one, so, we should convert the Cartesian coordinates to spherical polar coordinates. There are two different variables in Schrödinger equation, one is the radial variable (r) and the other is the angular variable . This is called Bohr radius. According to the Bohr theory, it is the radius of the circle in which the electron moved in the ground state of the hydrogen atom.
  • 26. The wave function for the ground state of the H-atom, where n=1, l=0, and m=0 The bound-state energy levels of the hydrogen-like atom are given by Substituting the values of the physical constants into the energy equation of H-atom, we find for (Z=1) ground state energy: E = -13.598 eV (eV= electron volt)
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30. Shapes of electron cloud: Probability densities for some hydrogen-atom states
  • 31.
  • 32. The overlap integral between two wave functions can be represented as S ij Sij = ∫ψi ψj dτ Three different kinds of overlap are shown in Fig. ( 9). Positive (Bonding) Fig. 9 Three different kinds of overlap between two wave functions, ψ i and ψ j
  • 33. σ and π bonds
  • 34. Molecular Orbital Theory : The MO Theory has five basic rules: 1-The number of molecular orbitals = the number of atomic orbitals combined of the two MO's, one is a bonding orbital (lower energy) and one is an anti-bonding orbital (higher energy) 2-Electrons enter the lowest orbital available 3-The maximum # of electrons in an orbital is 2 (Pauli Exclusion Principle) 4- Electrons spread out before pairing up (Hund's Rule)
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38. Heteronuclear molecules: Hydrogen Fluoride: Z F Y Table 5 1σ 2σ 3π 4π 5σ 2s -0.93 0.47 0 0 0.55 2px -0.009 -0.68 0 0 0.80 2py 0 0 1.0 0 0 2pz 0 0 0 1.0 0 1sH -0.16 -0.57 0 0 -1.05 E(eV) -40.17 -15.39 -12.64 -12.64 3.20 H X
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41. 2 0 0 0 NN 0.000000 .000000 .000000 2 1.9237-20.330 2 1.9170-14.540 0 0.0000 00.000 .0000 .00000.0000 7 30 2 0 3 1.020000 0.000000 0.000000 2 1.9237-20.330 2 1.9170-14.540 0 0.0000 00.000 .0000 .00000.0000 7 30 2 0 3 0 2 1 .010000 3.000000
  • 42. Quantum chemical studies of the correlation diagram of N2 molecule with standard parameters: __________________________________________________________________________________ ATOM X Y Z S P D CONTRACTED D N EXP COUL N EXP COUL N EXPD1 COUL C1 C2 EXPD2 AT EN S P D N 1 .00000 .00000 .00000 2 1.9237 -20.3300 2 1.9170 -14.5400 0 .0000 .0000 .00000 .00000 .0000 7 30 2 0 3 N 2 1.20000 .00000 .00000 2 1.9237 -20.3300 2 1.9170 -14.5400 0 .0000 .0000 .00000 .00000 .0000 7 30 2 0 3 0CHARGE= 0 IEXIT= 0 ITYPE= 0 IPUNCH= 0 CON= 2.250 AU= .52920 SENSE= 2.000 MAXCYC= 25 DELTAC=.00000 0DISTANCE MATRIX 1 2 1 .0000 1.200 2 1.200 .0000 0TWO BODY REPULSION ENERGY MATRIX 1 2 1 .0000 4.4351 2 4.4351 .0000 4.43514361 0SPIN= 0
  • 43. ENERGY LEVELS (EV) E( 1) = 15.24199 0 E( 2) = -7.40075 0 E( 3) = -7.40075 0 E( 4) = -14.54000 2 E( 5) = -14.54000 2 E( 6) = -16.54000 2 E( 7) = -18.54000 2 E( 8) = -27.51826 2 0 ENERGY= -187.27312236 EV. 5 ORBITALS FILLED 0 HALF FILLED 0WAVE FUNCTIONS 0MO'S IN COLUMNS, AO'S IN ROWS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 .0000 .0000 .0000 -1.2989 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.7443 .0000 .0000 .0000 .7443 .0000 .0000 .0000 -1.2989 .0000 .0000 .0000 .7443 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.7443 4 .0000 .0000 .0000 .5234 .0000 .0000 .0000 .5234 5 .0000 .0000 .5234 .0000 .0000 .0000 .5234 .0000 6 7 8 .0000 .5068 .5223 .5144 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.5068 .5223 -.5144 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
  • 44. 0REDUCED OVERLAP POPULATION MATRIX, ATOM BY ATOM 1 2 1 4.0437 2.7000 2 2.7000 4.0437 0REDUCED CHARGE MATRIX, MO'S IN COLUMNS, ATOMS IN ROWS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 2 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0ATOM N 1 N 2 NET CHG. .00000 .00000 S ATOMIC ORBITAL OCCUPATION FOR GIVEN MO OCCUPATION X Y Z X2-Y2 Z2 XY XZ YZ 1.40947 1.59053 1.00000 1.00000 1.40947 1.59053 1.00000 1.00000
  • 45. Quantum chemical studies of the correlation diagram of N2 molecule with the hybridized parameters: __________________________________________________________________________________ ATOM X Y Z S N EXP COUL N 1 .00000 .00000 .00000 2 1.9237 -20.3300 N 2 1.02000 .00000 .00000 2 1.9237 -20.3300 0CHARGE= 0 IEXIT= 0 ITYPE= 0 IPUNCH= 0 CON= 0DISTANCE MATRIX 1 2 1 .0000 1.0200 2 1.0200 .0000 0TWO BODY REPULSION ENERGY MATRIX 1 2 1 .0000 4.4351 2 4.4351 .0000 4.43514361 0SPIN= 0 P D CONTRACTED D N EXP COUL N EXPD1 COUL C1 C2 EXPD2 AT EN S P D 2 1.9170 -14.5400 0 .0000 .0000 .00000 .00000 .0000 7 30 2 0 3 2 1.9170 -14.5400 0 .0000 .0000 .00000 .00000 .0000 7 30 2 0 3 2.250 AU= .52920 SENSE= 2.000 MAXCYC= 25 DELTAC=.00000
  • 46. ENERGY LEVELS (EV) E( 1) = 115.24199 0 E( 2) = -7.40075 0 E( 3) = -7.40075 0 E( 4) = -14.07184 2 E( 5) = -18.08657 2 E( 6) = -18.08873 2 E( 7) = -18.08873 2 E( 8) = -27.51826 2 0 ENERGY= -187.27312236 EV. 5 ORBITALS FILLED 0 HALF FILLED 0WAVE FUNCTIONS 0MO'S IN COLUMNS, AO'S IN ROWS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 -1.6157 .0000 .0000 -1.2989 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.7443 -.4460 .0000 -.4460 .7443 1.6157 .0000 .0000 -1.2989 .0000 .0000 .0000 .7443 -.4460 .0000 .4460 -.7443 4 5 .3190 -.4437 -.6477 .5144 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .3190 .4437 .6477 -.5144 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 6 .0000 .0000 .3426 .5068 .0000 .0000 .3426 .5068 7 8 .0000 .5223 .0000 .1333 .5068 .0000 -.3426 .0000 .0000 .5223 .0000 -.1333 .5068 .0000 -.3426 .0000
  • 47. REDUCED OVERLAP POPULATION MATRIX, ATOM BY ATOM 1 2 1 4.0437 1.9126 2 1.9126 4.0437 0REDUCED CHARGE MATRIX, MO'S IN COLUMNS, ATOMS IN ROWS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 2 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0ATOM N 1 N 2 NET CHG. .00000 .00000 S ATOMIC ORBITAL OCCUPATION FOR GIVEN MO OCCUPATION X Y Z X2-Y2 Z2 XY XZ YZ 1.40947 1.59053 1.00000 1.00000 1.40947 1.59053 1.00000 1.00000
  • 48. 3 0 0 0 OHH 2 2.2459-28.480 2 2.2266-13.620 0 0.0000 0.000 0.00000.00000.0000 8 35 2 4 0 1 1.2000-13.600 0 0.0000 0.000 0 0.0000 0.000 0.00000.00000.0000 1 10 1 0 0 1 1.2000-13.600 0 0.0000 0.000 0 0.0000 0.000 0.00000.00000.0000 1 10 1 0 0 0.00000000 0.00000000 1 2 0.99000 52.25000 1 3 0.99000 52.25000 0 1 2 2 1.000 132.0000 0.00000000 0.00000 180.00000
  • 49. Quantum chemical studies of the electronic structure of H2O molecule: __________________________________________________________________________________ IEXIT = 0 ETA .00000 ETA 180.00000 ATOM X Y Z S P D CONTRACTED D N EXP COUL N EXP COUL N EXPD1 COUL C1 C2 EXPD2 AT EN S P D O 1 .00000 .00000 .00000 2 2.2459 -28.4800 2 2.2266 -13.6200 0 .0000 .0000 .00000 .00000 .0000 8 35 2 4 0 H 2 .78278 .00000 -.60610 1 1.2000 -13.6000 0 .0000 .0000 0 .0000 .0000 .00000 .00000 .0000 1 10 1 0 0 H 3 -.78278 .00000 -.60610 1 1.2000 -13.6000 0 .0000 .0000 0 .0000 .0000 .00000 .00000 .0000 1 10 1 0 0 0CHARGE= 0 IEXIT= 0 ITYPE= 0 IPUNCH= 0 CON= 2.250 AU= .52920 SENSE= 2.000 MAXCYC= 25 DELTAC=.0000 0DISTANCE MATRIX 1 2 3 1 2 3 .0000 .9900 .9900 .9900 .0000 1.5656 .9900 1.5656 .0000 0TWO BODY REPULSION ENERGY MATRIX 1 2 3 1 .0000 1.0063 1.0063 2 1.0063 .0000 .0345 3 1.0063 .0345 .0000 2.04704595 0SPIN= 0
  • 50. ENERGY LEVELS (EV) E( 1) = 14.73419 0 E( 2) = 3.38040 0 E( 3) = -13.62000 2 E( 4) = -14.43845 2 E( 5) = -16.97488 2 E( 6) = -31.03678 2 ENERGY= -150.09316161 EV. 0 4 ORBITALS FILLED 0 HALF FILLED 0WAVE FUNCTIONS 0MO'S IN COLUMNS, AO'S IN ROWS 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 -.9712 .0000 .0000 .5517 .8029 .8029 2 .0000 .9247 .0000 .0000 -.8588 .8588 3 4 5 .0000 .2319 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.6834 1.0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .9213 .0000 .0000 -.1291 -.3815 .0000 -.1291 .3815 6 .7793 .0000 .0000 .0224 .2029 .2029
  • 51. REDUCED OVERLAP POPULATION MATRIX, ATOM BY ATOM 1 2 3 1 5.9549 .6598 .6598 2 .6598 .4068 -.0882 3 .6598 -.0882 .4068 0REDUCED CHARGE MATRIX, MO'S IN COLUMNS, ATOMS IN 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 .6344 .7508 2.0000 1.8608 1.2492 1.5048 .6828 .6246 .0000 .0696 .3754 .2476 .6828 .6246 .0000 .0696 .3754 .2476 0ATOM O 1 H 2 H 3 ROWS NET CHG. -.61478 .30739 .30739 ATOMIC ORBITAL OCCUPATION FOR GIVEN MO OCCUPATION S X Y Z X2-Y2 Z2 XY XZ YZ 1.56003 1.24916 2.00000 1.80558 .69261 .69261
  • 52. 4 0 0 0 NHHH 2 1.6237-17.830 2 1.6170-12.040 0 0.0000 0.000 0.00000.00000.0000 7 30 2 3 0 1 1.2000-13.600 0 0.0000 0.000 0 0.0000 0.000 0.00000.00000.0000 1 10 1 0 0 1 1.2000-13.600 0 0.0000 0.000 0 0.0000 0.000 0.00000.00000.0000 1 10 1 0 0 1 1.2000-13.600 0 0.0000 0.000 0 0.0000 0.000 0.00000.00000.0000 1 10 1 0 0 0.00000000 0.00000000 1 2 1.22000 60.00000 1 3 1.22000 180.00000 1 4 1.22000 60.00000 0 1 2 1 0.010 1.5000 0.00000000 0.00000 90.00000 180.00000
  • 53. ATOM D N H H H 1 2 3 4 X .00000 1.10000 .00000 -1.10000 Y .00000 .00000 .00000 .00000 Z .00000 -.60000 1.20000 -.60000 N EXP S COUL N EXP P COUL D CONTRACTED D N EXPD1 COUL C1 C2 EXPD2 AT EN S P 2 1.6237 -17.8300 2 1.6170 -12.0000 0 1 1.2000 -13.6000 0 .0000 .0000 0 1 1.2000 -13.6000 0 .0000 .0000 0 1 1.2000 -13.6000 0 .0000 .0000 0 0DISTANCE MATRIX 1 2 3 4 1 .0000 1.2200 1.2200 1.2200 2 1.2200 .0000 2.1131 2.1131 3 1.2200 2.1131 .0000 2.1131 4 1.2200 2.1131 2.1131 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .00000 .00000 .00007 30 2 3 0 .0000 .00000 .00000 .0000 1 10 1 0 0 .0000 .00000 .00000 .0000 1 10 1 0 0 .0000 .00000 .00000 .0000 1 10 1 0 0
  • 54. ENERGY LEVELS (EV) E( 1) = 16.00000 0 E( 2) = 5.00000 0 E( 3) = 5.00000 0 E( 4) = -12.00000 2 E( 5) = -17.00000 2 E( 6) = -17.00000 2 E( 7) = -23.00000 2 ENERGY= -131.90074095 EV. 0WAVE FUNCTIONS 0MO'S IN COLUMNS, AO'S IN ROWS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 -1.2702 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .6009 2 .0000 .0000 1.0340 .0000 -.5499 .0000 .0000 3 .0000 .0000 .0000 -1.0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 4 .0000 1.0340 .0000 .0000 .0000 .5499 .0000 5 .6891 .1677 -.9271 .0000 -.4096 -.2804 .2515 6 .6891 -.8867 .0000 .0000 .0000 .4949 .2515 7 .6891 .7190 .6088 .0000 .4476 -.2145 .2515 0REDUCED OVERLAP POPULATION MATRIX, ATOM BY ATOM 1 2 3 4 1 3.9387 .7613 .7613 .7612 2 .7613 .6193 -.0267 -.0267 3 .7613 -.0267 .6192 -.0267 4 .7612 -.0267 -.0267 .6192 0ATOM NET CHG. ATOMIC ORBITAL OCCUPATION FOR GIVEN MO OCCUPATION S X Y Z X2-Y2 Z2 XY XZ YZ N 1 -.08064 1.12890 .97589 2.00000 .97586 H 2 .02683 .97317 H 3 .02689 .97311 H 4 .02693 .97307
  • 55. ATOM X Y Z S D CONTRACTED D N EXP COUL N EXP COUL N EXPD1 COUL C1 C2 EXPD2 AT EN S P D F 1 .00000 .00000 .00000 2 2.5630 -37.5800 2 2.5500 -17.4200 0 .0000 .0000 .00000 .00000 .0000 9 40 2 5 0 H 2 .00000 .00000 -1.20000 1 1.2000 -13.6000 0 .0000 .0000 0 .0000 .0000 .00000 .00000 .0000 1 10 1 0 0 0CHARGE= 0 IEXIT= 0 ITYPE= 0 IPUNCH= 0 CON= 2.250 AU= .52920 SENSE= 2.000 MAXCYC= 25 DELTAC= .00000100 0DISTANCE MATRIX 1 2 1 .0000 1.2000 2 1.2000 .0000 0TWO BODY REPULSION ENERGY MATRIX 1 2 1 .0000 .0846 2 .0846 .0000 .08463978 0SPIN= 0 0 ENERGY LEVELS (EV) E( 1) = -5.49648 0 E( 2) = -17.42000 2 E( 3) = -17.42000 2 E( 4) = -18.31403 2 E( 5) = -38.02579 2 ENERGY= -182.27500191 EV. 4 ORBITALS FILLED 0 HALF FILLED 0WAVE FUNCTIONS 0MO'S IN COLUMNS, AO'S IN ROWS 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 -.4135 .0000 .0000 -.1327 .9547 2 .0000 .0000 -.7071 .0000 .0000 3 .0000 -.7071 .0000 .0000 .0000 4 .5194 .0000 .0000 -.8947 .0126 5 1.0364 .0000 .0000 .2825 .1295 P
  • 56. 0REDUCED OVERLAP POPULATION MATRIX, ATOM BY ATOM 1 2 1 7.4596 .3472 2 .3472 .1931 0REDUCED CHARGE MATRIX, MO'S IN COLUMNS, ATOMS IN 1 2 3 4 5 1 .3667 2.0000 2.0000 1.7383 1.8949 2 1.6333 .0000 .0000 .2617 .1051 0ATOM NET CHG. OCCUPATION F 1 H 2 -.63325 .63325 ATOMIC ORBITAL OCCUPATION ROWS FOR GIVEN MO S X Y Z X2-Y2 1.90871 2.00000 2.00000 1.72454 .36675 Z2 XY XZ YZ