Natural Types of Fabric

NATURAL
TYPES OF
FIBERS
By : Mahmoud Galal Zidan
Copyright 2014 © All right
reversed to Mahmoud
Zidan & Quatro
Photography Science Team

Types Of Natural Fibers
 There’re for three types of natural fibers which
comes from :
1. Animals
2. Plants & Vegetables
3. Inorganic
Copyright 2014 © All right reversed to Mahmoud Zidan & Quatro Photography Science Team

Animal Fibers
 The fibers comes from animals called Protein's Fiber
and sources are :
1. Camels  Mohair
2. Goats  cashmere and Catgut
3. Angora  mohair
4. Silkworm  Silk
5. Sheep  Wool and Catgut
6. Ram  Royal-Wool ( catgut )
7. Animal Muscles  tendon (or sinew)
8. alpaca (Vicugna pacos (  alpaca

Chemicals of Animal Fibers
 Animal fibers generally comprise proteins such
as collagen, keratin and fibroin .

Collagen
 Collagen : Collagen is composed of a triple helix, which
generally consists of two identical chains (α1) and an
additional chain that differs slightly in its chemical
composition (α2). The amino acid composition of
collagen is atypical for proteins, particularly with
respect to its high hydroxyproline content. The most
common motifs in the amino acid sequence of collagen
are glycine-proline-X and glycine-X-hydroxyproline,
where X is any amino acid other than glycine, proline or
hydroxyproline. The average amino acid composition
for fish and mammal skin is given.

α-Chain Collagen structure

Keratin
 Keratin
The first sequences of keratins were determined by Hanukoglu and Fuchs. These sequences revealed that there are two
distinct but homologous keratin families which were named as Type I keratin and Type II keratins. By analysis of the
primary structures of these keratins and other intermediate filament proteins, Hanukoglu and Fuchs suggested a model
that keratins and intermediate filaments proteins contain a central ~310 residue domain with four segments in α-helical
conformation that are separated by three short linker segments predicted to be in beta-turn conformation. This model
has been confirmed by the determination of the crystal structure of a helical domain of keratins.
Fibrous keratin molecules supercoil to form a very stable, left-handed superhelical motif to multimerise, forming filaments
consisting of multiple copies of the keratin monomer .
The major force that keeps the coiled-coil structure is hydrophobic interactions between a polar residues along the
keratins helical segments.
Limited interior space is the reason why the triple helix of the (unrelated) structural protein collagen, found in
skin, cartilage and bone, likewise has a high percentage of glycine. The connective tissue protein elastin also has a high
percentage of both glycine and alanine. Silk fibroin, considered a β-keratin, can have these two as 75–80% of the
total, with 10–15% serine, with the rest having bulky side groups. The chains are antiparallel, with an alternating C →
N orientation. A preponderance of amino acids with small, nonreactive side groups is characteristic for structural
proteins, for which H-bonded close packing is more important than chemical specificity .

Keratin structure

Fibroin
 Fibroin is an insoluble protein created by spiders, the larvae
of Bombyx mori, other moth genera such
as Antheraea, Cricula, Samia and Gonometa, and numerous
other insects. Silk in its raw state consists of two
main proteins, sericin and fibroin, fibroin being the structural
center of the silk, and sericin being the sticky material
surrounding it.

Some important applications and
identifications ( Wool )
 Wool : it contains of Keratin contains poly peptide Chain of eighteen
different amino acids has general Formula
It’s cross linkage poly peptide
poly Peptide and the bridges
divided from the amino acid
cysteine by percentage 5-6% of the wool st.
 The wool dyed in acidic
medium
 Has a commercial Formula

identifications ( Silk )
 Silk contains of fibroin surrounded by sericin and
fibroin contains about 400 amino acids has structure
 Fibroin is different than keratin that contains no
sulpher

Plant Fibers
 Wood
1. Soft Wood
2. Hard Wood
 Non Wood
1. Corn ,wheat and rice  Straw fibers
2. Flax , jute and hemp  Bast and skin
3. Sisal and pineapple leaf  Leaf
4. Seed fruit  Cotton and Coir
5. Elephant grass , switch grass , bamboo fiber  Grass

Short notes of Plant Fibers
Fiber crops ( Cellulosic Fibers ) are field crops grown for their fibers, which are
traditionally used to make paper, cloth, or rope. The fibers may be chemically
modified, like in viscose (used to make rayon and cellophane). In recent years materials
scientists have begun exploring further use of these fibers in composite materials.
Fiber crops are generally harvestable after a single growing season, as distinct
from trees, which are typically grown for many years before being harvested for wood
pulp fiber. In specific circumstances, fiber crops can be superior to wood pulp fiber in
terms of technical performance, environmental impact or cost.
There are a number of issues regarding the use of fiber crops to make pulp. One of
these is seasonal availability. While trees can be harvested continuously, many field
crops are harvested once during the year and must be stored such that the crop doesn't
rot over a period of many months. Considering that many pulp mills require several
thousand tones of fiber source per day, storage of the fiber source can be a major
issue.
Botanically, the fibers harvested from many of these plants are bast fibers; the fibers
come from the phloem tissue of the plant. The other fiber crop fibers
are seed padding, leaf fiber, or other parts of the plant.

Chemicals of Plant Fibers
 Cellulose is a polymer of high molecular weight contains
long chains of D-Glucose unit by 1,4 glucosidic bonds
and the structure repeated about 100 to 3500 times
 Each glucose unit contains three alcoholic hydroxyl
groups one is secondary and the others is primary
 The function group is OH and has appreciation [-Cell-
OH]
 Cellulose has residence the effect of alkaline medium
but very effective by acid medium
 The physical range process by making a mixture before
dying the fiber in ( NH4OH + NaOH ) .

Some important applications and identifications (
Cotton)
Cotton is used to make a number of textile products. These include terrycloth for highly
absorbent bath towels and robes; denim for blue jeans; cambric, popularly used in the
manufacture of blue work shirts (from which we get the term "blue-collar");
and corduroy, seersucker, and cotton twill. Socks, underwear, and most T-shirts are
made from cotton. Bed sheets often are made from cotton. Cotton also is used to make
yarn used in crochet and knitting. Fabric also can be made from recycled or recovered
cotton that otherwise would be thrown away during the spinning, weaving, or cutting
process. While many fabrics are made completely of cotton, some materials blend
cotton with other fibers, including rayon and synthetic fibers such as polyester . It can
either be used in knitted or woven fabrics, as it can be blended with elastine to make a
stretchier thread for knitted fabrics, and apparel such as stretch jeans.
In addition to the textile industry, cotton is used in fishing nets, coffee filters, tents,
explosives manufacture (see nitrocellulose), cotton paper, and in bookbinding. The first
Chinese paper was made of cotton fiber. Fire hoses were once made of cotton.

identifications ( Cotton)
The cottonseed which remains after the cotton is ginned is used to produce cottonseed oil, which, after refining, can be
consumed by humans like any other vegetable oil. The cottonseed meal that is left generally is fed
to ruminant livestock; the gossypol remaining in the meal is toxic to monogastric animals. Cottonseed hulls can be
added to dairy cattle rations for roughage. During the American slavery period, cotton root bark was used in folk
remedies as an abortifacient, that is, to induce a miscarriage. Gossypol was one of the many substances found in all
parts of the cotton plant and it was described by the scientists as ‘poisonous pigment’. It also appears to inhibit the
development of sperm or even restrict the mobility of the sperm. Also, it is thought to interfere with the menstrual cycle
by restricting the release of certain hormones.
Cotton linters are fine, silky fibers which adhere to the seeds of the cotton plant after ginning. These curly fibers
typically are less than 1⁄8inch (3.2 mm) long. The term also may apply to the longer textile fiber staple lint as well as
the shorter fuzzy fibers from some upland species. Linters are traditionally used in the manufacture of paper and as a
raw material in the manufacture of cellulose. In the UK, linters are referred to as "cotton wool". This can also be a
refined product (absorbent cotton in U.S. usage) which has medical, cosmetic and many other practical uses. Shiny
cotton is a processed version of the fiber that can be made into cloth resembling satin for shirts and suits. However, it
is hydrophobic (does not absorb water easily), which makes it unfit for use in bath and dish towels (although examples
of these made from shiny cotton are seen).
The name Egyptian cotton is broadly associated with quality products, however only a small percentage of Egyptian
cotton production is actually of superior quality. Most products bearing the name are not made with the finest cottons
from Egypt.
Pima cotton is often compared to Egyptian cotton, as both are used in high quality bed sheets and other cotton
products. It is even considered superior by some authorities . Pima cotton is grown in the American southwest.

Cellulosic Structure

Inorganic Fibers
Mineral fibers can be particularly strong because they are formed with a low number
of surface defects, asbestos is a common one
They are essentially composed by inorganic chemical compounds, based on natural
elements like carbon and other minerals such as silicon and boron, which, in general,
after receiving treatment at high temperatures, are turned into fibers.
The outstanding features of these fibers are their resistance to high temperatures and
high mechanical strength. Because of these important properties they are also featured
in the so-called “high-performance fibers”.
This group includes carbon, glass, boron, metal, aluminum silicate, silicon carbide and
rock wool fibers. Carbon and glass fibers outweigh steel (considered to be the most
resistant material) to some extent, on their mechanical properties, and with the
advantage of not presenting steel’s corrosion problems.
Among the most common applications of inorganic fibers are those that require high-
performance materials, such as parts of airplanes and spaceships, race cars, equipment
and clothing for extreme sports, building materials, concrete reinforcement, equipment
and clothing for extreme conditions (fire, corrosive environments, bacterial attacks, rain,
and extreme cold), protective clothing (bullet proof vests, cut-resistant gloves, etc).
(( In General Nowadays it’s considered as a synthetic fibers )

identifications ( Carbon Fibers )
Carbon fiber, alternatively graphite fiber, carbon graphite or CF, is a material
consisting of fibers about 5–10 μm in diameter and composed mostly of carbon atoms.
To produce carbon fiber, the carbon atoms are bonded together in crystals that are
more or less aligned parallel to the long axis of the fiber as the crystal alignment gives
the fiber high strength-to-volume ratio (making it strong for its size). Several thousand
carbon fibers are bundled together to form a tow, which may be used by itself
or woven into a fabric.
The properties of carbon fibers, such as high stiffness, high tensile strength, low weight,
high chemical resistance, high temperature tolerance and low thermal expansion, make
them very popular in aerospace, civil engineering, military, and motorsports, along with
other competition sports. However, they are relatively expensive when compared to
similar fibers, such as glass fibers or plastic fibers.
Carbon fibers are usually combined with other materials to form a composite. When
combined with a plastic resin and wound or molded it forms carbon fiber reinforced
polymer (often referred to as carbon fiber) which has a very high strength-to-weight
ratio, and is extremely rigid although somewhat brittle. However, carbon fibers are also
composed with other materials, such as with graphite to form carbon-carbon
composites, which have a very high heat tolerance.

Structure and properties of ( Carbon
fibers )
 Each carbon filament thread is a bundle of many thousand carbon filaments. A single such
filament is a thin tube with a diameter of 5–8micrometers and consists almost exclusively
of carbon. The earliest generation had diameters of 16–22micrometers. Later fibers (e.g. IM6
or IM600) have diameters that are approximately 5 micrometers.
 The atomic structure of carbon fiber is similar to that of graphite, consisting of sheets of
carbon atoms (graphene sheets) arranged in a regular hexagonal pattern, the difference
being in the way these sheets interlock. Graphite is a crystalline material in which the sheets
are stacked parallel to one another in regular fashion. The intermolecular forces between the
sheets are relatively weak Van der Waals forces, giving graphite its soft and brittle
characteristics.
 Depending upon the precursor to make the fiber, carbon fiber may be turbostratic or
graphitic, or have a hybrid structure with both graphitic and turbostratic parts present. In
turbostratic carbon fiber the sheets of carbon atoms are haphazardly folded, or crumpled,
together. Carbon fibers derived from Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) are turbostratic, whereas carbon
fibers derived from mesophase pitch are graphitic after heat treatment at temperatures
exceeding 2200 °C. Turbostratic carbon fibers tend to have high tensile strength, whereas
heat-treated mesophase-pitch-derived carbon fibers have high Young's modulus (i.e., high
stiffness or resistance to extension under load) and high thermal conductivity.

Structure of C-Fibers

References
 Prof.DrHala Fawzy^ chem.dep, Tanta U “ The Chemistry of dyestuffs “
 Balter M. (2009). Clothes Make the (Hu) Man.
Science,325(5946):1329.doi:10.1126/science.325_1329a PMID 19745126
 Jump up^ Kvavadze E, Bar-Yosef O, Belfer-Cohen A, Boaretto E,Jakeli N, Matskevich Z,
Meshveliani T. (2009).30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers. Science, 325(5946):1359.
 Jump up^ Kauffman, George B. (1993). "fiber product". Journal of
Chemical Education 70 (11):
887. Bibcode:1993JChEd..70..887K. doi:10.1021/ed070p887.
 Jump up^ “natural fibre". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc. 2013.
 Jump up^ Serope Kalpakjian, Steven R Schmid. "Manufacturing
Engineering and Technology". International edition. 4th Ed. Prentice Hall,
Inc. 2001. ISBN 0-13-017440-8.
 Jump up^ James Edward Gordon; Philip Ball (2006). The new science of
strong materials, or, Why you don't fall through the floor. Princeton University
Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12548-0. Retrieved 28 October 2011.

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Natural Types of Fabric

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