1. Bio120Chapter 12Anesthesia & Neuralgia Submitted by: Mahendra Kafle Professor R. Abdullah

2. Anesthesia Definition: General meaning of anesthesia is lack of senses. General anesthesia (or general anesthesia) is a state of unconsciousness and loss of protective reflexes resulting from the administration of one or more general anesthetic agents. A variety of medications may be administered, with the overall aim of ensuring hypnosis, amnesia, analgesia, relaxation of skeletal muscles, and loss of control of reflexes of the autonomic nervous system.

4. Contd. Anesthetic Agents: An anesthetic agent is a drug that brings about a state of anesthesia. A wide variety of drugs are used in modern anesthetic practice. Many are rarely used outside of anesthesia, although others are used commonly by all disciplines. Anesthetics are categorized in to two categories: general anesthetics cause a reversible loss of consciousness (general anesthesia , while local anesthetics cause reversible local anesthesia and a loss of nociception.

5. Contd. Patients under general anesthesia must undergo continuous physiological monitoring to ensure safety. This includes electrocardiography (ECG), heart rate, blood pressure, inspired and expired gases, oxygen saturation of the blood (pulse oximetry), and temperature.

6. Anesthesia Record: The anesthesia record is the medical and legal documentation of events while a patient is under anesthesia.It reflects a detailed and continuous account of drugs, fluids, and blood products administered and procedures undertaken, and also includes the observation of cardiovascular responses, estimated blood loss, urine output and data from physiologic monitors while a patient is under anesthesia.

9. Chronic renal insufficiency & Diabetes

10. Infections, such as shingles, syphilis, and Lyme disease

11. Porphyria

12. Pressure on nerves by nearby structures (for instance, tumors)

13. Swelling and irritation (inflammation)

15. Increased sensitivity of the skin or numbness of the affected skin area (feeling similar to a local anestheticsuch as a Novocaine shot)

16. Pain along the path of a specific nerve

17. Pain located anywhere, usually on or near the surface of the body

18. In the same location for each episode

21. References: http://www.righthealth.com/topic/General_anaesthes http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth Textbook : Medical terminology (Fremgen & Frucht) http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/news/health/diseasesconditionsandhealthtopics/anesthesiaandanesthetics/index.html