1. Presented by :-
Dr .M.G.Nikam (RVD/12-16)
PhD Student
Department of Poultry Science
C.V.Sc R’nagar
Hyderabad

2.  “Minerals comprises of the ash obtain after complete
oxidation of organic substances or biological material”.
 Inorganic components of the diet
 Makes up 3-5% of the body weight of animal
 Macro Minerals:” Minerals normally present at greater levels in
animal body or needed in large amounts in the diet (found in
concentrations > 100 ppm)”
 Micro (Trace) Minerals: “Minerals normally present at low levels
in animal body (found in concentrations < 100 ppm).”

3.  Calcium (Ca)
 Phosphorus (P)
 Sodium (Na)
 Chloride (Cl)
 Magnesium (Mg)
 Potassium (K)
 Sulfur (S)

4.  Cobalt (Co)
 Copper (Cu)
 Fluoride (Fl)
 Iodine (I)
 Iron (Fe)
 Manganese (Mn)
 Molybdenum (Mo)
 Selenium (Se)
 Zinc (Zn)

5. Sr.No Mineral % concentration in
animal body
1. Calcium 1.5
2. Phosphorus 1.0
3. Sodium 0.16
4. Chlorine 0.11

6. Critical Micro minerals
Sr.No Mineral % concentration mg/kg
1. Iron 20-80
2. Zinc 10-50
3. Copper 1.5
4. Selenium 1.7
5. Iodine 0.3-0.6
6. Manganese 0.2-0.5

7. Sr.No Particulars % mineral content
1. Green fodder 1.2-2.5
2. Dry fodder 6-6.5
3. Cereals 1.5-4.5.
4. Cereal by product 4.5-5.5
5.. Meat meal 15

8.  Take part in the formation of bone, teeth and
cartilages
 Increases the activity of Thrombokinase for
blood clotting
 Maintain acid base equilibrium
 Plays active role in enzyme synthesis
 Control cell permeability

9.  Cattle :-
 Maintenance :-14 gms/day
 Milk production :-2.3 gms/kg of milk
production in addition to the maintenance
ration
 Poultry:-
 Chicks:-1.8%/kg feed
 Layer :-3% - 4%/ kg feed

10.  Tetany,rickets,osteomalacia,osteoperosis in
animals
 Lower the egg yield & soft shelled eggs in
Poultry
 Milk fever in milk producing animals
 Poor bone development

11.  Component of bone. Nearly (80%) body P is in
bone
 Used as ATP for activation of many inert
molecules in high energy bond
 Take part in oxidation of carbohydrate
 Structural constituent in cell component of
phosphoprotein, phospholipids & nucleoprotein
 Component of cell buffer system

12.  Cattle :-
 Maintenance :-14 gms/day
 Milk production :-2 gms/kg of milk production
 Poultry:-
 Chicks:-1.5%/kg feed
 Layer :-0.75%/ kg feed

13.  Loss of appetite & weakness
 Rickets in young birds/animals & Osteomalacia /pica
in animals
 Stunted growth in young animal
 Low fertility and low milk yield
 Layers
 Decreased egg production, cage fatigue, reduced
egg size, poor shell quality, blood spot, mottled yolk
 Breeders
 Decreased hatchability, poor performance offspring,

14.  Helps in maintaining in pH and volume in body fluid
 Necessary for transmitting energy impulses in nerves
 Essential for absorption of certain essential nutrients
 Function in the permeability and carrier of cell
 Helps in activation of intestinal amylase and essential
component of gastric juice

15.  Cattle :-
 0.5% or 21.3gms/day

16.  Loss of appetite
 Growth retardation
 Poor feed utilization
 Decrease in plasma fluid volume
 Inactivity of Gonads
 Corneal keritinization
 Reduced egg production and hatchability
 Cannibalism and molting in layer birds

17.  Too much salt lead to toxicity or salt injury
characterized by dehydration of body cell
and death

18.  An essential component of haemoglobin and
myoglobin (90%)
 An integral part of several enzymes (
oxidases, oxygenase, peroxidase, Catalase)
 Essential for pigmentation of feather along
with lysine & folic acid in colored feather
chicken

19. Sources Of Iron
 Green leafy material, legumes,meat,blood and fish meal
 Milk is poor source of iron.
Absorption of iron
 Absorbed through the gastro intestinal tract
 Mainly in the duodenum and jejunum
Iron Toxicity
 Results in alimentary disturbances ,reduced growth and
Phosphorus deficiency

20. Cattle :-
 500 mg/day
Poultry:-
 20mg/kg feed

21.  Macrocytic & Hypochromic anemia
 Low growth rate ,
 Poor feathering ,
 Depigmentation of feathers ,
 Embryonic Mortality in Chicks from 9-15 days

22.  Small quantity present in animal body,
 Highest percentage is found in bones, liver,
kidney, pancreas and pituitary glands.
Sources-
 Forages, Rice bran are richest source, whole
rice

23.  An integral part of many enzymes arginase , pyruvate ,
carboxilase,
 Activate several enzymes hydrolases , kinases, & transferase
 Involve in development of bone organic matrix
 Help in biosynthesis in choline and cholesterol
 Essential for insulin synthesis
 Maintenance of immune system
 Inhibits lipids peroxidation
 Required for oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria

24.  Cattle :-
16-25 mg/kg of ration
 Swine
 10mg/kg ration
 Poultry:-
 55mg/kg feed

25.  Perosis ( chondrodystrophy ),slipped tendon
in chicken.
 Enlarged hock joints
 Reduced growth ,hatchability ,poor shell
quality
 Ataxia and star gazing posture

26. Sources-
 Brans are the richest source, wheat
middlings,zinc salt and zinc
Chloride,molasses
 Also found in yeast and animal protein
sources like meat and fish meal.

27.  Zn is found in every tissue in the animal body
 Accumulates in bones rather than liver.
 High conc. is found in skin, hair and wool.
Functions :-
 Activator of enzymes
 Influences production secretion and storage of
testosterone, insulin and adrenal corticosteroids
 Act as anti-oxidant and protect cell membrane
 Essential for integrity of immunity system

28.  Reduced milk production, poor fertility, loss of
hair in cattle's
 Inflammation of nose and mouth, stiffness of
joint and parakeratosis in calves.
 Subnormal growth ,decreased appetite, poor
FCR in pigs.
 Decrease in weight of lymphoid organ
 Reduced hatchability ,Embryonic abnormality
 Reduced feed intake ,utilization delayed sexual
maturity ,reduced egg production ,Poor
feathering in chickens

29.  Cattle :-9 mg/kg of ration
 Swine:-50mg/kg ration
 Sheep:-18-22 mg/kg ration
Poultry:-35mg/kg feed

30.  Help in red blood cell formation, synthesis of plasma
proteins-celluloplasmin
 An integral part of lysil oxidase and component of
cytochrome oxidase help in synthesis of
phospholipids
 Useful for proper utilization of iron
 Involved in electron transport mechanisms
 Participate in process of osteogenesis and
pigmentation of feathers

31.  Seeds and seed byproducts
 Liver and glandular meal
 Dried whey
 Peanut meal
 Pasture
Copper molybdenum interrelationship-
 Excess Mo leads to poor absorption and
storage of copper salt,
 Deficiency of Mo cause more absorption and
storage of copper in the body.

32.  Cattle :-
5-7mg/kg of ration
 Sheep:-
10-12 mg/kg ration

33.  Excess copper gets accumulated in the liver.
 Cattle and pigs are resistant to copper poisoning
upto some extent.
 Sheep are susceptible for chronic copper poisoning
resulting in chronic necrosis of liver cell

34.  Anemia
 Enlargement ,thickening of aorta due to
defective elastin formation
 Fragile long bone and lameness
 Shelless and Misshapen eggs

35. 50% of Iodine is found in thyroid gland as thyroxin.
It is also component of Di-iodo-tyrosine
Sources:-
 Food of marine origin like fish meal and seaweed

36.  Thermoregulation
 Intermediary metabolism
 Cell oxidation
 Neuromuscular function
 Growth and reproduction

37.  Cattle :- 0.1 mg/kg of ration
 Swine:- 0.2mg/kg ration
 Poultry:- 0.35mg/kg feed

38.  Enlargement of thyroid gland
 Poor growth ,egg production ,egg size
 Abnormally long and lacy feather
 Accumulation of fat, stillbirth
 Decreased hatchability and sperm count

39.  Sources
 Green pastures contains Seleno methionine

40.  A component of Glutathione peroxidase an
enzyme cell membrane which prevents oxidative
cell damage
 Organic form  Seleno methionine rapidly
absorbed compared to inorganic form sodium
selenite
Function
 Protects the cellular and sub cellular membrane
from oxidation
 Important component for value addition of poultry

41.  Exudative diathesis
 Nutritional muscular dystrophy
 Reduction of egg production
 Embryonic mortality in layer breeders
Toxicity-
 Alkali disease and blind staggers in
cattles,buffaloes,sheep
 Dag-Nala disease

42. REFRENCES
 Mineral nutrition of livestock (3rd edition)
E.J.Underwood
 Trace elements in human and animal nutrition
E.J.Underwood
 Animal nutrition 5th edition
Mc donold etal,
 Handbook of poultry nutrition
V.Rama Subba Reddy