1. Part 1 Computer Systems Hardware (Book No. 1 Chapter 2)

3. Introduction Functions of hardware in a computer can be divided into five main units

5. 5 main units of computers Input Unit Main Storage Unit Output Unit Arithmetic Unit Control Unit Processor (CPU) Data Flow Control Flow

9. IC Classification > 10 5 VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) 10 3 – 10 4 LSI (Large Scale Integration) 10 2 – 10 3 MSI (Medium Scale Integration) 10 1 – 10 2 SSI (Small Scale Integration) Integration Level IC

10. Transistors Per IC

11. Fujitsu Integrated Circuits 86903-33 Full die shot of the Fujitsu 86903-33 showing the complete pad ring using oblique illumination with blue, red, and yellow gels.

34. Clock Speed

37. Sequential control system

39. ALU

41. Processor Insight Instruction 1 Instruction 2 Read/write controller Address decoder Main Storage Unit ALU GR 0 GR 1 GR 2 GR n Instruction decoder Operation Address +1 Control unit Arithmetic unit PC IR Control bus Address bus Data bus Processor Base Address Flag PSW Index Complement

45. Silicon Structure Fetch Logic Decode/dispatch L2 cache L1 cache Vector Processing Unit Floating Point Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit Load / Store Unit Retire and write-back logic Memory Management Unit Branch Processing Unit FETCH DECODE EXECUTE RETIRE

50. Processor operation principles Instruction Readout

52. Processor operation principles Instruction Decoding

53. Processor operation principles Instruction Decoding

79. I-Cycle and E-Cycle

81. Sequential processing Pipeline processing

84. Parallel method

90. Digital IC NOT gate AND gate OR gate XOR gate NAND gate NOR gate Half-adder Full-adder Flip-flop Digital IC Logic Gates Transistors Capacitors Diodes

91. ' NOT ' Gate 0 1 1 0 NOT A A A

92. ' AND ' Gate 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 A AND B B A A B

93. ' OR ' Gate 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 A OR B B A A B

94. 'X OR ' Gate 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 A XOR B B A A B

95. 'N AND ' Gate 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 A NAND B B A A B

96. 'N OR ' Gate 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 A NOR B B A A B

100. Hardware Storage

103. Memory Hierarchy Structure

104. Memory Hierarchy Structure

105. Memory Capacity

108. Cycle Time