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1. Assisting Blind person using DIjkstra’s shortest
path algorithm
This Project comprises of a Hardware mechanical model which is
controlled by the electronic circuits to assist a blind person. I.e., This mechanical
model is attached with the walking stick of the blind person. The model will move
automatically. This model helps the blind person to reach the destination quickly.
The model has a wireless link to a nearby computer system through which it can
identify the shortest path. When the source and destination is selected the unit will
send the data to the computer. The computer will calculate the shortest path using
Dijkstra’s shortest path algorithm and transfers the route to the unit. The unit will
then tell the user to move in which direction. The movement of the user in ensured
using a RFID proximity cards and a reader. The reader will be placed on the unit
and on encountering of cards (Cards placed at each point) will tell the user has to
take right or left or straight through voice output. An APR 9600 voice storage and
retrival IC is used for this purpose. The unit will give alarm signal when it finds a
Obstacle. This project is divided into modules for better understanding of the
circuit.
The modules included in this project are
Pic Embedded Microcontroller PIC 16F877
Battery for Power Supply
RFID Card Reader with cards
APR 9600 Voice Recording and Playback IC
Wireless RF Receiver unit
Wireless RF Transmitter unit
Software Driver in Hitech ‘C’ Language.
Pic Embedded Microcontroller (PIC 16F877):

2. This is the heart of the device which is responsible for sensing the obstacles
and producing voice Output.
RFID Card Reader with Cards
A RFID Card reader is fixed on the unit. Cards will be placed on the path
at regular intervals. When the unit encounters a card, it can sense the point at
which the unit is present through the unique code present in the card.
APR 9600 Voice Recording and Play Back IC
This IC is a Single Chip Voice Recording and Playback IC. A Prerecorded
Voice is Stored into the IC. It can be played again by the controller by sending a
control signal to the IC.
RF Wireless Transmitter and Receiver:
A Wireless RF module is used to establish a wireless link between the unit
the PC. The frequency range is 433.92 and 315 MHZ.
Dijkstra's algorithm
Conceived by Dutch computer scientist Edsger Dijkstra in 1959, is a graph
search algorithm that solves the single-source shortest path problem for a graph
with nonnegative edge path costs, producing a shortest path tree. This algorithm is

3. often used in routing. An equivalent algorithm was developed by Edward F.
Moore in 1957
For a given source vertex (node) in the graph, the algorithm finds the path with
lowest cost (i.e. the shortest path) between that vertex and every other vertex. It
can also be used for finding costs of shortest paths from a single vertex to a single
destination vertex by stopping the algorithm once the shortest path to the
destination vertex has been determined. For example, if the vertices of the graph
represent cities and edge path costs represent driving distances between pairs of
cities connected by a direct road, Dijkstra's algorithm can be used to find the
shortest route between one city and all other cities. As a result, the shortest path
first is widely used in network routing protocols, most notably IS-IS and OSPF
(Open Shortest Path First).
Algorithm
Let the node we are starting be called an initial node. Let a distance of a node Y
be the distance from the initial node to it. Dijkstra's algorithm will assign some
initial distance values and will try to improve them step-by-step.
1. Assign to every node a distance value. Set it to zero for our initial node and
to infinity for all other nodes.
2. Mark all nodes as unvisited. Set initial node as current.
3. For current node, consider all its unvisited neighbours and calculate their
distance (from the initial node). For example, if current node (A) has
distance of 6, and an edge connecting it with another node (B) is 2, the
distance to B through A will be 6+2=8. If this distance is less than the
previously recorded distance (infinity in the beginning, zero for the initial
node), overwrite the distance.

4. 4. When we are done considering all neighbours of the current node, mark it
as visited. A visited node will not be checked ever again; its distance
recorded now is final and minimal.
5. Set the unvisited node with the smallest distance (from the initial node) as
the next "current node" and continue from step 3.
Block Diagram
Power ON RF Receiver RF Transmitter
LED Switches for
Alarm Output selecting
Destination
APR 9600 Voice IC
On OFF Switch Microcontroller PIC16F877
Potential
divider
Speaker
RFID Card
Power supply Reader Cards
unit Intruder
RF Receiver
RF Transmitter