Week 3 fakes and frauds

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maajek

Today’s topic--a “controversy”:

Archaeological Fakes

Science Pseudo-science

--is a method --is a set of beliefs disguised as science
--is self correcting --no self-correction, just repetition of beliefs
--uses full context of evidence --ignores context of evidence
--tests hypotheses with new data --no testing, no data gathering
--tests are repeatable, verifiable --ignores most evidence
--is objective: uses information from the world --uses out of date information
--critical about the source of information --relies on mistaken ideas
--scientists are flexible, they change ideas --pseudo scientists are inflexible
when wrong

Feder says that science is about creating laws that will explain past action and predict
future action, regardless of when and where it takes place.
This may be the case for physical sciences, but is usually not the case for social sciences because
humans are complex beings…explaining and predicting human behavior can be impossible.

A fake is an object claimed to be much older than it actually is.

? ? ? ? ? ? ?

? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

“The truth is that when forgeries go unnoticed we are all victims. When a modern object is
taken to be a historical artifact, the past is misrepresented, and hence it is likely to be
misunderstood.” --Kenneth Lapatin

“And because successful forgeries are successful to the degree
that they appeal to our modern ideas and ideals about the past,
forgeries can contribute significantly to our tendency to
re-create the past in the manner most attractive to our modern
needs and desires.” --Kenneth Lapatin

Fake snake goddess
claimed to be from Crete,
1500 BC

? ? ? ? ? ? ?

? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Brian Reinhardt:
known to have made
and sold thousands
of stone artifacts to
collectors who
assumed the artifacts
were ancient.

Ancient Chinese Bronzes,
Zhou dynasty, 1000-250 BC

Fake snake goddess
claimed to be from Crete,
1500 BC

Smithsonian Museum
of Natural History,
Washington D.C.

Musée de l’Homme, Paris

British Museum,
London

What clues suggest that an artifact is a fake?
1) Provenience

What clues suggest that an artifact is a fake?
1) Provenience
2) Provenance
-History of ownership of an artifact

What clues suggest that an artifact is a fake?
The Michigan relic
1) Provenience
2) Provenance
-History of ownership of an artifact
3) Style

What clues suggest that an artifact is a fake?
1) Provenience
2) Provenance
-History of ownership of an artifact
3) Style
4) Materials analysis

Crystal Skull, the Inscriptions,
Temple of
on display at The British Museum, London
Palenque, Mexico

Mitchell Hedges Crystal Skull National Museum of the American Indian
New York City

New Smithsonian National Museum of the
American Indian, Washington DC

--Provenience
--Provenance
--Style
--Manufacturing Technology

Frederick Mitchell Hedges Anna Mitchell Hedges
(Left: at ruin of Lubaantun, Belize) (daughter of Frederick Mitchell Hedges)

Mitchell Hedges:
Thomas Gann: taken to Lubaantun
discovered in 1924 by Gann,
Lubaantun then claims HE
in 1903 discovered it!!

Frederick Mitchell Hedges
(Left: at ruin of Lubaantun, Belize)

Anna Mitchell Hedges
(daughter of Frederick Mitchell Hedges)

Jane Walsh: debunker of
Mitchell Hedges Skull

Ruins of Lubaantun, Belize, Central America
Anna Mitchell Hedges
(daughter of Frederick Mitchell Hedges)

--Provenience
--Provenance
--Style
--Manufacturing Technology Sotheby’s auction catalogue

--Provenience
--Provenance
--Style
--Manufacturing Technology

Mitchell Hedges Skull, superimposed on the
British Museum Skull yellow outline of the British Museum skull

--Provenience Jane Walsh: debunker of
Mitchell Hedges Skull
--Provenance
--Style
--Manufacturing Technology

Cut mark made
by a stone tool

Cut mark made by
a diamond drill

Electron microscope
image of a cut mark
from the Mitchell
Hedges skull

Cut mark made
by a stone tool

Cut mark made by
a diamond drill

Hairstyle:
Getty Kouros Corinthian,
600 BC
display
tag says:
“Greek, about
530 BC, or
modern
forgery”

Feet:
Attic,
525 BC

Jane Walsh: debunker of
Mitchell Hedges Skull
Getty Kouros as it is displayed in the Getty Museum

Slides beyond here not presented in class

The text is a “name tag”, identifying function and owner of the pot

Drinking
Initial vessel
glyph
Name (not
deciphered)
God N

title (not
Atole deciphered)
(maize gruel)

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Week 3 fakes and frauds

1. Today’s topic--a “controversy”: Archaeological Fakes

2. Science Pseudo-science --is a method --is a set of beliefs disguised as science --is self correcting --no self-correction, just repetition of beliefs --uses full context of evidence --ignores context of evidence --tests hypotheses with new data --no testing, no data gathering --tests are repeatable, verifiable --ignores most evidence --is objective: uses information from the world --uses out of date information --critical about the source of information --relies on mistaken ideas --scientists are flexible, they change ideas --pseudo scientists are inflexible when wrong Feder says that science is about creating laws that will explain past action and predict future action, regardless of when and where it takes place. This may be the case for physical sciences, but is usually not the case for social sciences because humans are complex beings…explaining and predicting human behavior can be impossible.

3. A fake is an object claimed to be much older than it actually is.

5. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

6. “The truth is that when forgeries go unnoticed we are all victims. When a modern object is taken to be a historical artifact, the past is misrepresented, and hence it is likely to be misunderstood.” --Kenneth Lapatin “And because successful forgeries are successful to the degree that they appeal to our modern ideas and ideals about the past, forgeries can contribute significantly to our tendency to re-create the past in the manner most attractive to our modern needs and desires.” --Kenneth Lapatin Fake snake goddess claimed to be from Crete, 1500 BC

8. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

9. Brian Reinhardt: known to have made and sold thousands of stone artifacts to collectors who assumed the artifacts were ancient.

10. X X X X X X X X X XX

11. Ancient Chinese Bronzes, Zhou dynasty, 1000-250 BC Fake snake goddess claimed to be from Crete, 1500 BC

12. Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C. Musée de l’Homme, Paris British Museum, London

13. What clues suggest that an artifact is a fake? 1) Provenience

14. What clues suggest that an artifact is a fake? 1) Provenience 2) Provenance -History of ownership of an artifact

15. What clues suggest that an artifact is a fake? The Michigan relic 1) Provenience 2) Provenance -History of ownership of an artifact 3) Style

16. What clues suggest that an artifact is a fake? 1) Provenience 2) Provenance -History of ownership of an artifact 3) Style 4) Materials analysis

17. Crystal Skull, the Inscriptions, Temple of on display at The British Museum, London Palenque, Mexico

18. Mitchell Hedges Crystal Skull National Museum of the American Indian New York City New Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian, Washington DC

19. --Provenience --Provenance --Style --Manufacturing Technology Frederick Mitchell Hedges Anna Mitchell Hedges (Left: at ruin of Lubaantun, Belize) (daughter of Frederick Mitchell Hedges)

20. Mitchell Hedges: Thomas Gann: taken to Lubaantun discovered in 1924 by Gann, Lubaantun then claims HE in 1903 discovered it!! Frederick Mitchell Hedges (Left: at ruin of Lubaantun, Belize)

21. Anna Mitchell Hedges (daughter of Frederick Mitchell Hedges)

22. Jane Walsh: debunker of Mitchell Hedges Skull Ruins of Lubaantun, Belize, Central America Anna Mitchell Hedges (daughter of Frederick Mitchell Hedges)

23. --Provenience --Provenance --Style --Manufacturing Technology Sotheby’s auction catalogue

24. --Provenience --Provenance --Style --Manufacturing Technology Mitchell Hedges Skull, superimposed on the British Museum Skull yellow outline of the British Museum skull

25. --Provenience Jane Walsh: debunker of Mitchell Hedges Skull --Provenance --Style --Manufacturing Technology Cut mark made by a stone tool Cut mark made by a diamond drill

26.

27. Electron microscope image of a cut mark from the Mitchell Hedges skull Cut mark made by a stone tool Cut mark made by a diamond drill

28. Getty Kouros

29.

30. Hairstyle: Getty Kouros Corinthian, 600 BC display tag says: “Greek, about 530 BC, or modern forgery” Feet: Attic, 525 BC

31. Jane Walsh: debunker of Mitchell Hedges Skull Getty Kouros as it is displayed in the Getty Museum

32. Slides beyond here not presented in class

33. The text is a “name tag”, identifying function and owner of the pot Drinking Initial vessel glyph Name (not deciphered) God N title (not Atole deciphered) (maize gruel)

Week 3 fakes and frauds

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