powerpoint on applied genetics

1. Chapter 13 Applied Genetics
Advances in technology

2. What is Applied Genetics?
s Applying theoretical concepts of
genetics to practical areas.
s For example plants, animals, and
medicine.

3. Selective Breeding
s Produces organisms with desired traits.
s For example large heads of grain, juicy
berries, disease resistant plants, calves
that produce the most milk.

4. Inbreeding
s Mating between closely related
individuals--develops pure blood lines.
Insures offspring are homozygous for
traits.
s Disadvantage: also brings out harmful
recessive traits. Ex. Boxers tend to get
cancer. The Pharaohs disfiguration.

5. What is a Breed?
s A selected group of organisms within a
species that have been bred for
particular characteristics.
s German shepherds
s Boxers
s Klydesdale Horses
s Himalayan Cats

6. What is a Hybrid?
s Offspring of parents with different forms
of a trait.
s Ex. Crossing a disease resistant plant
with one that produces a lot of yield = a
plant that is disease resistant and
productive.
s Examples wheat, corn, rice, garden
vegetables

7. How do we determine
Genotypes?
s Perform test crosses: cross an
individual of known genotype with one
of unknown genotype and observe
offspring.
s Known genotype is always the
recessive.

8. Example of a Test cross
D D D d
Dd Dd Dd dd
d d
d Dd Dd Dd
d dd
All offspring are 1/2 offspring are
Dominant dominant
1/2 offspring are
recessive

9. Genetic Engineering
s A faster and more reliable method for
increasing the frequency of a specific
allele in a population.
s Involves cutting (or cleaving) DNA from
1 organism into fragments and inserting
the fragments into a host organism.

10. Recombinant DNA
s Is made by connecting or recombining
fragments of DNA from different
organisms.
s Transgenic Organisms: contain foreign
DNA ( or recombinant DNA)

11. How to Produce a Transgenic
Organism
s First: isolate the foreign DNA fragment
and cleave the DNA with restriction
enzymes.
s Second:Attach the fragment to a vehicle
called a vector so it can be transported
into the host cell.
s Third:Transfer the vector to the host
and reconnect the vector with the host
DNA by gene splicing (rejoining DNA)

12. How to Produce Transgenic
Organisms.
s Fourth: After the DNA is transferred
now it can replicate every time the host
DNA replicates making clones (identical
copies) of the recombinant DNA.

13. Restriction Enzymes
s Used to cleave DNA at certain sites.
s ECORI cleaves at 5’GAATTC3’
s BAMHI cleaves at 5’GGATCC3’
s HINDIII cleaves at 5’AAGCTT3’
s Palendrome: words or sentences that
read the same forwards and backwards
s Ex. Mom, DAD

14. Restriction Enzymes
s If DNA is cut straight through both
strands you have blunt ends Ex.
5’TTAT3’
5’AATA3’
s If DNA is cut stagerdly the ends are
said to be “sticky”
5’GATCCGAGGA3’
5’TCCTAGGC3’

15. Types of Vectors
s Vectors transport foreign DNA to a host
s Biological vectors are viruses, and
plasmids (small rings of DNA found in
bacteria cells)
s Mechanical Vectors: micropipette or
small metal bullets

16. Why is cloning possible?
s Because foreign pieces of DNA
introduced into the host cell has been
so completely, the foreign DNA is
replicated as if it were the host’s DNA.
s Advantage to using bacteria in cloning
is it replicates quickly.
s Cloning Animals: to produce healthy,
productive animals that increase yield.

17. Sequencing DNA
s Once pure DNA has been cloned then
the sequence of DNA can be
determined by:
s separating the strands
s the single strands are mixed with
enzymes, radioactive nucleotides and
dyes.

18. Sequencing DNA
s The mixture produces complementary
strands of varying lengths.
s They are separated according to size
by gel electrophoresis, producing a
pattern of dyed bans which can be read
with a X-ray

19. The process of Gel
Electrophoresis
s Restriction enzymes either one or
several restriction enzymes is added to
a DNA sample. The enzymes cut the
DNA into fragments.
s The gel: a gel similar to gelatin, is
formed so that small wells are left at
one end. Into the wells, small amounts
of the DNA sample are placed.

20. The Process of Gel
Electrophoresis
s The electrical Field : the gel is placed in
a solution, and an electrical field is set
up so that one end of the gel is positive
and the other is negative.
s The fragments Move: the negatively
charged DNA fragments travel toward
the positive end. The smaller fragments,
the faster it moves through the gel.

21. The Process of Gel
Electrophoresis
s Fragments that are the farthest from the
well are the smallest.

22. Gel Electrophoresis Equipment

23. Loading of Gels

24. Xray of a Gel cut with
Restriction Enzymes

25. Recombinant Bacteria in Industry
s Bacteria that are able to breakdown
pollutants into harmless substances.
s Ex. Oil degrading bacteria.

26. Recombinant Bacteria in
Medicine
s Produce insulin
s produce human growth hormone

27. Transgenic Animals
s Mouse, worm, Drosphilia
s Create animals with human disease to
help search for cures.

28. Recombinant Bacteria in
Agriculture
s Bacteria that helps prevent frost
damage
s bacteria in soil that converts
atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates faster
so the plants can receive it faster.

29. Transgenic Plants
s Herbicide resistant
s produce internal pesticides
s increase protein production

30. The Human Genome

31. The Human Genome
s It is approximately 80,000 genes on 46
chromosomes.
s There are 3 billion base pairs of DNA

32. Linkage Maps
s The genetic map that shows the
location of genes on chromosomes
s Genes that cross over frequently must
be farther apart than genes that rarely
cross over.

33. Uses of the Human Genome
s Diagnosis of genetic disorders
s Gene therapy: the insertion of normal
genes into human cells to correct
genetic disorders. (Used with CF
patients)
s DNA fingerprinting

34. DNA Fingerprinting
s Small DNA samples can be obtained
from blood, hair, skin, or semen and
copied millions of times using a
technique called PCR (polymerase
chain reaction)
s The individuals DNA is cleaved with
restriction enzymes and run through gel
electrophoresis.

35. DNA Fingerprinting
s The DNA fragments that separate in the
gel can be compared with another
sample to see if there is a match.
s DNA is very distinct like a fingerprint.
s No two individuals have the same DNA
except Identical twins.
s In looking a child’s DNA half of the
bands will match the mother and the
other half will match the father.

36. Uses of DNA Fingerprinting

37. Paternity Testing

38. Twin’s DNA