SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 43
Baixar para ler offline
Mass of the Moon is about  1/80 that of the Earth, and its diameter is about 1/4 that of the Earth. The orbit is very nearly circular (eccentricity ~ 0.05) with a mean separation from the Earth of about 384,000 km, which is about 60 Earth radii. The plane of the orbit is tilted about 5 degrees with respect to the ecliptic plane.  The Moon
Moon is the primary cause of tides Tides due to the Sun are two times weaker The interior of the Moon and Earth is heated by tides. (Compare to Io!)
As the Earth rotates beneath the tidal bulges, it attempts to drag the bulges along with it. A large amount of friction is produced which slows down the Earth's spin. The day has been getting longer and longer by about 0.0016 seconds each century.   The Earth’s day was 18 hours long 900 million yr ago Eventually the Earth will keep one face towards Moon. Moon already keeps one face towards Earth – rotational period equals orbital period of 29.5 days.
Fig. 17-4b, p.353 Since the synodic rotational period of the Moon is 29.5 days, Lunar day and Lunar night are each about 15 Earth days long. During the Lunar night the temperature drops to around -113 degrees Celsius, while during the Lunar day the temperature reaches 100 degrees Celsius. The temperature changes are very rapid since there is no atmosphere or surface water to store heat.
Moon has too weak gravity to keep the atmosphere. That is why it also does not have liquid water. It may have ice though (important for future stations!)
Fig. 17-15, p.370
Impact Cratering Impact craters on the moon can be seen easily even with small telescopes.  Ejecta from the impact can be seen as bright rays originating from young craters
4.6 billion years ago: Heavy Bombardment
History of Impact Cratering Most craters seen on the moon’s (and Mercury’s) surface were formed within the first ~  1/2  billion years. Rate of impacts due to interplanetary bombardment decreased rapidly after the formation of the solar system.
Moon Rocks All moon rocks brought back to Earth are  igneous  (= solidified lava) No sedimentary rocks => No sign of water ever present on the moon. Different types of moon rocks: Vesicular   (= containing holes from gas bubbles in the lava) basalts, typical of dark rocks found in maria Breccias  (= fragments of different types of rock cemented together), also containing  anorthosites  (= bright, low-density rocks typical of highlands) Older rocks become pitted with small micrometeorite craters
Lunar maria (“seas”) – huge flows of dark basalt lava
Formation of Maria Impacts of heavy meteorites broke the crust and produced large basins that were flooded with lava
The Moon's density (3.3 g/cm 3 ) is fairly uniform throughout and is only about 3.3 times the density of water. If it has an iron core, it is less than 800 kilometers in diameter. This is a  sharp contrast from planets like Mercury and the Earth  that have large iron-nickel cores and overall densities more than 5 times the density of water. The Moon's mantle is made of silicate materials, like the Earth's mantle, and makes up about 90% of the Moon's volume. The temperatures do increase closer to the center and  may  be high enough to partially liquify the material close to the center. Its lack of a liquid iron-nickel core and slow rotation is why the Moon has no magnetic field.  Lunar samples brought back by the Apollo astronauts show that compared to the Earth, the Moon is  deficient in iron and nickel and volatiles  (elements and compounds that turn into gas at relatively low temperatures) such as water and lead. The Moon is richer in elements and compounds that vaporize at very high temperatures. The Moon's material is like the Earth's mantle material but was heated to very high temperatures so that the volatiles escaped to space.   Strange peculiarities in the Moon’s composition
Our Moon could have been formed in a giant collision 4.5 billion years ago
proposes that a large Mars-sized object hit the Earth and blew mantle material outward which later recoalesced to form the Moon. The Earth had already differentiated by the time of the giant impact so its mantle was already iron-poor. The impact and exposure to space got rid of the volatiles in the ejecta mantle material. Such an impact was rare so is was not likely to have also occurred on the other terrestrial planets.   Giant impact theory:
Modern Theory of Formation of the Moon The Large-Impact Hypothesis ,[object Object],   consistent with “sea of magma” ,[object Object],   Large angular momentum of Earth-moon system ,[object Object],   Different chemical compositions of Earth and moon
Mercury Very similar to Earth’s moon in several ways: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Most of our knowledge based on measurements by Mariner 10 spacecraft (1974 - 1975) View from Earth
Mariner 10: images of Mercury
The surface conditions are among the harshest in the Solar System. During the long Mercurian day the temperature rises to about 425 degrees Celsius, hot enough to melt lead and hotter than any planet except Venus. Because there is no substantial atmosphere to retain heat, during the equally long nights, the temperature drops quickly to around -180 degrees Celsius, which is among the coldest found in the Solar System. This range of -180 Celsius at night to 425 Celsius in the day is the largest surface temperature variation in the Solar System.
Mercury
Venus - Earth - Mars visible UV
Venus - the brightest "star" The goddess of beauty
The Rotation of Venus ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Possible reasons: ,[object Object],[object Object]
Venus is the second planet from the Sun, with a nearly circular orbit having an average radius of 0.7 A.U. This gives it an orbital period of 225 days. Venus is peculiar in that its rotation is retrograde (in the opposite sense of the Earth and all other planets except Uranus) and because it is very slow: a day on Venus corresponds to 243 Earth days. At present, we have no solid explanation for why this is so. The most plausible theories invoke the collision of two large masses to form Venus in just such a way to cancel most of the rotation for the two masses. Like Mercury, but unlike the other planets, Venus has no moons.   UV Radio image
 
Flight over Venus
Venus is about 95% the size of the Earth and has 82% of the Earth's mass. Like the Earth, Venus has a rocky crust and iron-nickel core. But the similarities stop there. Venus has a thick atmosphere made of 96% carbon dioxide ( CO2 ), 3.5% nitrogen ( N2 ), and 0.5% other gases. At Venus' surface, the air pressure is 91 times the Earth's surface atmospheric pressure. Venus' surface atmospheric pressure is the same as what you would feel if you were 1  kilometer  below the ocean surface on the Earth. A human cannot survive at depths greater than just 70 meters below the ocean surface without special diving suits or a submarine. If you want to send someone to Venus, that person would need to be in something like a diving bell.  The Venus explorer would also need a very powerful cooling system: the surface temperature is 737 K (= 477° C)! This is hot enough to melt lead and is over twice as hot as it would be if Venus did not have an atmosphere. Why does Venus have such a thick atmosphere and why is it so hot on its surface?
The Atmosphere of Venus UV image Extremely inhospitable: 96 % carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 3.5 % nitrogen (N 2 ) Rest: water (H 2 O), hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrofluoric acid (HF) 4 thick cloud layers  (    surface invisible to us from Earth). Very stable circulation patterns with high-speed winds (up to 240 km/h) Extremely high surface temperature up to 745 K (= 880  o F) Very efficient “greenhouse”! UV image
 
Fig. 17-3a, p.349 Greenhouse for trapping heat Runaway greenhouse effect
The Surface of Venus Early radar images already revealed mountains, plains, craters. Venera 13 photograph of surface of Venus: Colors modified by clouds in Venus’s atmosphere More details from orbiting and landing spacecraft: After correction for atmospheric color effect:
Mars ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
"It will be possible to see cities on Mars, to detect navies in [its] harbors, and the smoke of great manufacturing cities and towns... Is Mars inhabited? There can be little doubt of it ... conditions are all favorable for life, and life, too, of a high order. Is it possible to know this of a certainty? Certainly."   Samuel Leland 1895
Tales of Canals and Life on Mars Early observers (Schiaparelli, Lowell) believed to see canals on Mars This, together with growth/shrinking of polar cap, sparked imagination and sci-fi tales of life on Mars. We know today: “canals” were optical illusion; do not exist! No evidence of life on Mars.
Mars is about half the diameter of the Earth and has 1/10th the Earth's mass. Mars' thin atmosphere (just 1/100th the Earth's) does not trap much heat at all even though it is 95% carbon dioxide ( CO2 ). The other 3% is nitrogen ( N2 ). Because the atmosphere is so thin, the greenhouse effect is insignificant and Mars has rapid cooling between night and day. When night comes the temperature can drop by over 100 K (180° F)! The large temperature differences create strong winds. The strong winds whip up dust and within a few weeks time, they can make dust storms that cover the entire planet for a few months.
 
The Geology of Mars Giant volcanoes Valleys Impact craters Vallis Marineris Reddish deserts of broken rock, probably smashed by meteorite impacts.
Volcanism on Mars Volcanoes on Mars are shield volcanoes.  Olympus Mons: Highest and largest volcano in the solar system.
The Geology of Mars (2) Northern Lowlands: Free of craters; probably re-surfaced a few billion years ago. Southern Highlands: Heavily cratered; probably 2 – 3 billion years old. Possibly once filled with water.
Hidden Water on Mars No liquid water on the surface: Would evaporate due to low pressure. But evidence for liquid water in the past: Outflow channels from sudden, massive floods Collapsed structures after withdrawal of sub-surface water Splash craters and valleys resembling meandering river beds Gullies, possibly from debris flows Central channel in a valley suggests long-term flowing water
Hidden Water on Mars (2) Gusev Crater and Ma’adim Vallis:  Giant lakes might have drained repeatedly through the Ma’adim Vallis into the crater.
Mars Rovers: discovery of water on Mars!
Salty rocks on Mars: former sea bottom

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Mais procurados (20)

Mars
MarsMars
Mars
 
Astronomy
AstronomyAstronomy
Astronomy
 
Astronomy presentation
Astronomy presentation Astronomy presentation
Astronomy presentation
 
Planets and Moon
Planets and MoonPlanets and Moon
Planets and Moon
 
Spectral classification of stars
Spectral classification of starsSpectral classification of stars
Spectral classification of stars
 
Origin of universe
Origin of universe Origin of universe
Origin of universe
 
Saturn report
Saturn reportSaturn report
Saturn report
 
Constellations
ConstellationsConstellations
Constellations
 
ASTRONOMY
ASTRONOMYASTRONOMY
ASTRONOMY
 
Venus
VenusVenus
Venus
 
Introduction to the moon
Introduction to the moonIntroduction to the moon
Introduction to the moon
 
Ppt on atmospheric refraction
Ppt on atmospheric refractionPpt on atmospheric refraction
Ppt on atmospheric refraction
 
YEAR 9 GEOGRAPHY - ASTRONOMY: SUN, PLANETS AND GALAXY
YEAR 9 GEOGRAPHY - ASTRONOMY: SUN, PLANETS AND GALAXYYEAR 9 GEOGRAPHY - ASTRONOMY: SUN, PLANETS AND GALAXY
YEAR 9 GEOGRAPHY - ASTRONOMY: SUN, PLANETS AND GALAXY
 
HPU NCS2200 Earth moon-sun relationships Lecture
HPU NCS2200 Earth moon-sun relationships LectureHPU NCS2200 Earth moon-sun relationships Lecture
HPU NCS2200 Earth moon-sun relationships Lecture
 
Complete Astronomy Unit PPT
Complete Astronomy Unit PPTComplete Astronomy Unit PPT
Complete Astronomy Unit PPT
 
Earths shape
Earths shapeEarths shape
Earths shape
 
Hubble space telescope
Hubble space telescopeHubble space telescope
Hubble space telescope
 
Earth Science Astronomy - The big bang theory
Earth Science Astronomy - The big bang theoryEarth Science Astronomy - The big bang theory
Earth Science Astronomy - The big bang theory
 
Galaxies
GalaxiesGalaxies
Galaxies
 
Solar System Formation/Sun/Comets/Meteors
Solar System Formation/Sun/Comets/MeteorsSolar System Formation/Sun/Comets/Meteors
Solar System Formation/Sun/Comets/Meteors
 

Destaque

EXPLORING ON MARS - THE RED PLANET
EXPLORING ON MARS - THE RED PLANETEXPLORING ON MARS - THE RED PLANET
EXPLORING ON MARS - THE RED PLANETARUNSENAPATHY R
 
Planetary Atmospheres & Life
Planetary Atmospheres & LifePlanetary Atmospheres & Life
Planetary Atmospheres & LifePaul H. Carr
 
The sun,mercury, venus and mars
The sun,mercury, venus and marsThe sun,mercury, venus and mars
The sun,mercury, venus and marsfarigola2004
 
Evaluating the impact of Mars and Venus Effect on the use of an Adaptive Lear...
Evaluating the impact of Mars and Venus Effect on the use of an Adaptive Lear...Evaluating the impact of Mars and Venus Effect on the use of an Adaptive Lear...
Evaluating the impact of Mars and Venus Effect on the use of an Adaptive Lear...Ig Bittencourt
 
Mercury Venus Mars
Mercury Venus MarsMercury Venus Mars
Mercury Venus Marskampkorten
 
Solar system 05 terrestrial planets
Solar system 05 terrestrial planetsSolar system 05 terrestrial planets
Solar system 05 terrestrial planetsBHSEarthScience
 
Venus presentation
Venus presentationVenus presentation
Venus presentationktuttle34
 
The Moon... physical characteristics (teach)
 The Moon... physical characteristics  (teach) The Moon... physical characteristics  (teach)
The Moon... physical characteristics (teach)Moira Whitehouse
 
Living on mars.ppt
Living on mars.pptLiving on mars.ppt
Living on mars.pptDoug Vass
 

Destaque (11)

EXPLORING ON MARS - THE RED PLANET
EXPLORING ON MARS - THE RED PLANETEXPLORING ON MARS - THE RED PLANET
EXPLORING ON MARS - THE RED PLANET
 
Planetary Atmospheres & Life
Planetary Atmospheres & LifePlanetary Atmospheres & Life
Planetary Atmospheres & Life
 
The sun,mercury, venus and mars
The sun,mercury, venus and marsThe sun,mercury, venus and mars
The sun,mercury, venus and mars
 
Evaluating the impact of Mars and Venus Effect on the use of an Adaptive Lear...
Evaluating the impact of Mars and Venus Effect on the use of an Adaptive Lear...Evaluating the impact of Mars and Venus Effect on the use of an Adaptive Lear...
Evaluating the impact of Mars and Venus Effect on the use of an Adaptive Lear...
 
Mercury Venus Mars
Mercury Venus MarsMercury Venus Mars
Mercury Venus Mars
 
Solar system 05 terrestrial planets
Solar system 05 terrestrial planetsSolar system 05 terrestrial planets
Solar system 05 terrestrial planets
 
Venus presentation
Venus presentationVenus presentation
Venus presentation
 
The Moon... physical characteristics (teach)
 The Moon... physical characteristics  (teach) The Moon... physical characteristics  (teach)
The Moon... physical characteristics (teach)
 
Mars facts ppt
Mars facts ppt Mars facts ppt
Mars facts ppt
 
Living on mars.ppt
Living on mars.pptLiving on mars.ppt
Living on mars.ppt
 
Planet Mars
Planet MarsPlanet Mars
Planet Mars
 

Semelhante a moon, mars, venus

Ch09 inner planets
Ch09 inner planetsCh09 inner planets
Ch09 inner planetswphaneuf
 
moon and mercury
moon and mercurymoon and mercury
moon and mercuryBob Smullen
 
Our Solar System
Our Solar SystemOur Solar System
Our Solar Systemrbarneveld
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 9, 10 and 11
Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 9, 10 and 11Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 9, 10 and 11
Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 9, 10 and 11Don R. Mueller, Ph.D.
 
Dtu10e lecture ppt_ch07
Dtu10e lecture ppt_ch07Dtu10e lecture ppt_ch07
Dtu10e lecture ppt_ch07Asma Said,PhD
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 6
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 6Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 6
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 6Don R. Mueller, Ph.D.
 
Solar system
Solar systemSolar system
Solar systemelisav2
 
Inside the planets of the solar system
Inside the planets of the solar systemInside the planets of the solar system
Inside the planets of the solar systemvegayjorge
 
Inside the planets of the solar system
Inside the planets of the solar systemInside the planets of the solar system
Inside the planets of the solar systemvegayjorge
 
Inside the planets of the solar system
Inside the planets of the solar systemInside the planets of the solar system
Inside the planets of the solar systemvegayjorge
 
Inside the planets of the solar system
Inside the planets of the solar systemInside the planets of the solar system
Inside the planets of the solar systemvegayjorge
 
Inside the planets of the solar system
Inside the planets of the solar systemInside the planets of the solar system
Inside the planets of the solar systemvegayjorge
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 8
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 8Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 8
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 8Don R. Mueller, Ph.D.
 
Our Solar System
Our Solar SystemOur Solar System
Our Solar Systemmlong24
 
Semester II Final Review
Semester II Final ReviewSemester II Final Review
Semester II Final Reviewrantaj000
 

Semelhante a moon, mars, venus (20)

Ch09 inner planets
Ch09 inner planetsCh09 inner planets
Ch09 inner planets
 
moon and mercury
moon and mercurymoon and mercury
moon and mercury
 
Touring our solar system (astronomy)
Touring  our solar system (astronomy)Touring  our solar system (astronomy)
Touring our solar system (astronomy)
 
SOLAR SYSTEM
SOLAR SYSTEMSOLAR SYSTEM
SOLAR SYSTEM
 
Our Solar System
Our Solar SystemOur Solar System
Our Solar System
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 9, 10 and 11
Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 9, 10 and 11Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 9, 10 and 11
Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 9, 10 and 11
 
THE PLANET MERCURY
THE PLANET MERCURYTHE PLANET MERCURY
THE PLANET MERCURY
 
Solar system
Solar systemSolar system
Solar system
 
Dtu10e lecture ppt_ch07
Dtu10e lecture ppt_ch07Dtu10e lecture ppt_ch07
Dtu10e lecture ppt_ch07
 
Ppt for ma'am belmi
Ppt for ma'am belmiPpt for ma'am belmi
Ppt for ma'am belmi
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 6
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 6Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 6
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 6
 
Solar system
Solar systemSolar system
Solar system
 
Inside the planets of the solar system
Inside the planets of the solar systemInside the planets of the solar system
Inside the planets of the solar system
 
Inside the planets of the solar system
Inside the planets of the solar systemInside the planets of the solar system
Inside the planets of the solar system
 
Inside the planets of the solar system
Inside the planets of the solar systemInside the planets of the solar system
Inside the planets of the solar system
 
Inside the planets of the solar system
Inside the planets of the solar systemInside the planets of the solar system
Inside the planets of the solar system
 
Inside the planets of the solar system
Inside the planets of the solar systemInside the planets of the solar system
Inside the planets of the solar system
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 8
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 8Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 8
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 8
 
Our Solar System
Our Solar SystemOur Solar System
Our Solar System
 
Semester II Final Review
Semester II Final ReviewSemester II Final Review
Semester II Final Review
 

Mais de Lionel Wolberger

Fueling-the-AI-revolution.pdf
Fueling-the-AI-revolution.pdfFueling-the-AI-revolution.pdf
Fueling-the-AI-revolution.pdfLionel Wolberger
 
World Trade Center Collapse
World Trade Center CollapseWorld Trade Center Collapse
World Trade Center CollapseLionel Wolberger
 
Unique Properties At The Nanoscale
Unique Properties At The NanoscaleUnique Properties At The Nanoscale
Unique Properties At The NanoscaleLionel Wolberger
 
You See It – But Do You Believe It
You See It – But Do You Believe ItYou See It – But Do You Believe It
You See It – But Do You Believe ItLionel Wolberger
 
Clay Minerals And Soil Structure
Clay Minerals And Soil StructureClay Minerals And Soil Structure
Clay Minerals And Soil StructureLionel Wolberger
 
Fundamental Elements Of Music
Fundamental Elements Of MusicFundamental Elements Of Music
Fundamental Elements Of MusicLionel Wolberger
 
Proteins – Basics you need to know for Proteomics
Proteins – Basics you need to know for ProteomicsProteins – Basics you need to know for Proteomics
Proteins – Basics you need to know for ProteomicsLionel Wolberger
 
The synaptic order a key concept to understand multicenter bonding synaptic
The synaptic order a key concept  to understand multicenter bonding synapticThe synaptic order a key concept  to understand multicenter bonding synaptic
The synaptic order a key concept to understand multicenter bonding synapticLionel Wolberger
 
Introduction to Immunity Antibody Function & Diversity 2006 L1&2-overview & Ab
Introduction to Immunity Antibody Function & Diversity 2006 L1&2-overview & AbIntroduction to Immunity Antibody Function & Diversity 2006 L1&2-overview & Ab
Introduction to Immunity Antibody Function & Diversity 2006 L1&2-overview & AbLionel Wolberger
 
Living Systems. eukaryotes. best pix. figures1.ppt
Living Systems. eukaryotes. best pix. figures1.pptLiving Systems. eukaryotes. best pix. figures1.ppt
Living Systems. eukaryotes. best pix. figures1.pptLionel Wolberger
 

Mais de Lionel Wolberger (20)

Fueling-the-AI-revolution.pdf
Fueling-the-AI-revolution.pdfFueling-the-AI-revolution.pdf
Fueling-the-AI-revolution.pdf
 
World Trade Center Collapse
World Trade Center CollapseWorld Trade Center Collapse
World Trade Center Collapse
 
Managing Type 2 Diabetes
Managing Type 2 DiabetesManaging Type 2 Diabetes
Managing Type 2 Diabetes
 
Unique Properties At The Nanoscale
Unique Properties At The NanoscaleUnique Properties At The Nanoscale
Unique Properties At The Nanoscale
 
The Chemistry Of The Cell
The Chemistry Of The CellThe Chemistry Of The Cell
The Chemistry Of The Cell
 
You See It – But Do You Believe It
You See It – But Do You Believe ItYou See It – But Do You Believe It
You See It – But Do You Believe It
 
Clay Minerals And Soil Structure
Clay Minerals And Soil StructureClay Minerals And Soil Structure
Clay Minerals And Soil Structure
 
The Shapes Of Molecules
The Shapes Of MoleculesThe Shapes Of Molecules
The Shapes Of Molecules
 
Industrial Revolution
Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution
 
Wireless Broadband
Wireless BroadbandWireless Broadband
Wireless Broadband
 
Fundamental Elements Of Music
Fundamental Elements Of MusicFundamental Elements Of Music
Fundamental Elements Of Music
 
Donkey Milk
Donkey MilkDonkey Milk
Donkey Milk
 
Proteins – Basics you need to know for Proteomics
Proteins – Basics you need to know for ProteomicsProteins – Basics you need to know for Proteomics
Proteins – Basics you need to know for Proteomics
 
Vital Water
Vital WaterVital Water
Vital Water
 
Liquids and Solids
Liquids and SolidsLiquids and Solids
Liquids and Solids
 
The synaptic order a key concept to understand multicenter bonding synaptic
The synaptic order a key concept  to understand multicenter bonding synapticThe synaptic order a key concept  to understand multicenter bonding synaptic
The synaptic order a key concept to understand multicenter bonding synaptic
 
Introduction to Immunity Antibody Function & Diversity 2006 L1&2-overview & Ab
Introduction to Immunity Antibody Function & Diversity 2006 L1&2-overview & AbIntroduction to Immunity Antibody Function & Diversity 2006 L1&2-overview & Ab
Introduction to Immunity Antibody Function & Diversity 2006 L1&2-overview & Ab
 
Living Systems. eukaryotes. best pix. figures1.ppt
Living Systems. eukaryotes. best pix. figures1.pptLiving Systems. eukaryotes. best pix. figures1.ppt
Living Systems. eukaryotes. best pix. figures1.ppt
 
Autoimmunity
AutoimmunityAutoimmunity
Autoimmunity
 
Milky Way physics 101
Milky Way physics 101Milky Way physics 101
Milky Way physics 101
 

Último

Unveiling the Intricacies of Leishmania donovani: Structure, Life Cycle, Path...
Unveiling the Intricacies of Leishmania donovani: Structure, Life Cycle, Path...Unveiling the Intricacies of Leishmania donovani: Structure, Life Cycle, Path...
Unveiling the Intricacies of Leishmania donovani: Structure, Life Cycle, Path...Dr. Asif Anas
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.EnglishCEIPdeSigeiro
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRATanmoy Mishra
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxraviapr7
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17Celine George
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxraviapr7
 
Riddhi Kevadiya. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE....
Riddhi Kevadiya. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE....Riddhi Kevadiya. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE....
Riddhi Kevadiya. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE....Riddhi Kevadiya
 
SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptx
SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptxSOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptx
SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptxSyedNadeemGillANi
 
Protein Structure - threading Protein modelling pptx
Protein Structure - threading Protein modelling pptxProtein Structure - threading Protein modelling pptx
Protein Structure - threading Protein modelling pptxvidhisharma994099
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapitolTechU
 
10 Topics For MBA Project Report [HR].pdf
10 Topics For MBA Project Report [HR].pdf10 Topics For MBA Project Report [HR].pdf
10 Topics For MBA Project Report [HR].pdfJayanti Pande
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxiammrhaywood
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
 
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesCeline George
 
Work Experience for psp3 portfolio sasha
Work Experience for psp3 portfolio sashaWork Experience for psp3 portfolio sasha
Work Experience for psp3 portfolio sashasashalaycock03
 
KARNAADA.pptx made by - saransh dwivedi ( SD ) - SHALAKYA TANTRA - ENT - 4...
KARNAADA.pptx  made by -  saransh dwivedi ( SD ) -  SHALAKYA TANTRA - ENT - 4...KARNAADA.pptx  made by -  saransh dwivedi ( SD ) -  SHALAKYA TANTRA - ENT - 4...
KARNAADA.pptx made by - saransh dwivedi ( SD ) - SHALAKYA TANTRA - ENT - 4...M56BOOKSTORE PRODUCT/SERVICE
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxheathfieldcps1
 

Último (20)

March 2024 Directors Meeting, Division of Student Affairs and Academic Support
March 2024 Directors Meeting, Division of Student Affairs and Academic SupportMarch 2024 Directors Meeting, Division of Student Affairs and Academic Support
March 2024 Directors Meeting, Division of Student Affairs and Academic Support
 
Unveiling the Intricacies of Leishmania donovani: Structure, Life Cycle, Path...
Unveiling the Intricacies of Leishmania donovani: Structure, Life Cycle, Path...Unveiling the Intricacies of Leishmania donovani: Structure, Life Cycle, Path...
Unveiling the Intricacies of Leishmania donovani: Structure, Life Cycle, Path...
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
 
Riddhi Kevadiya. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE....
Riddhi Kevadiya. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE....Riddhi Kevadiya. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE....
Riddhi Kevadiya. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE....
 
SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptx
SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptxSOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptx
SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptx
 
Protein Structure - threading Protein modelling pptx
Protein Structure - threading Protein modelling pptxProtein Structure - threading Protein modelling pptx
Protein Structure - threading Protein modelling pptx
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
 
10 Topics For MBA Project Report [HR].pdf
10 Topics For MBA Project Report [HR].pdf10 Topics For MBA Project Report [HR].pdf
10 Topics For MBA Project Report [HR].pdf
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
 
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
 
Work Experience for psp3 portfolio sasha
Work Experience for psp3 portfolio sashaWork Experience for psp3 portfolio sasha
Work Experience for psp3 portfolio sasha
 
KARNAADA.pptx made by - saransh dwivedi ( SD ) - SHALAKYA TANTRA - ENT - 4...
KARNAADA.pptx  made by -  saransh dwivedi ( SD ) -  SHALAKYA TANTRA - ENT - 4...KARNAADA.pptx  made by -  saransh dwivedi ( SD ) -  SHALAKYA TANTRA - ENT - 4...
KARNAADA.pptx made by - saransh dwivedi ( SD ) - SHALAKYA TANTRA - ENT - 4...
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
 

moon, mars, venus

  • 1. Mass of the Moon is about 1/80 that of the Earth, and its diameter is about 1/4 that of the Earth. The orbit is very nearly circular (eccentricity ~ 0.05) with a mean separation from the Earth of about 384,000 km, which is about 60 Earth radii. The plane of the orbit is tilted about 5 degrees with respect to the ecliptic plane. The Moon
  • 2. Moon is the primary cause of tides Tides due to the Sun are two times weaker The interior of the Moon and Earth is heated by tides. (Compare to Io!)
  • 3. As the Earth rotates beneath the tidal bulges, it attempts to drag the bulges along with it. A large amount of friction is produced which slows down the Earth's spin. The day has been getting longer and longer by about 0.0016 seconds each century. The Earth’s day was 18 hours long 900 million yr ago Eventually the Earth will keep one face towards Moon. Moon already keeps one face towards Earth – rotational period equals orbital period of 29.5 days.
  • 4. Fig. 17-4b, p.353 Since the synodic rotational period of the Moon is 29.5 days, Lunar day and Lunar night are each about 15 Earth days long. During the Lunar night the temperature drops to around -113 degrees Celsius, while during the Lunar day the temperature reaches 100 degrees Celsius. The temperature changes are very rapid since there is no atmosphere or surface water to store heat.
  • 5. Moon has too weak gravity to keep the atmosphere. That is why it also does not have liquid water. It may have ice though (important for future stations!)
  • 7. Impact Cratering Impact craters on the moon can be seen easily even with small telescopes. Ejecta from the impact can be seen as bright rays originating from young craters
  • 8. 4.6 billion years ago: Heavy Bombardment
  • 9. History of Impact Cratering Most craters seen on the moon’s (and Mercury’s) surface were formed within the first ~ 1/2 billion years. Rate of impacts due to interplanetary bombardment decreased rapidly after the formation of the solar system.
  • 10. Moon Rocks All moon rocks brought back to Earth are igneous (= solidified lava) No sedimentary rocks => No sign of water ever present on the moon. Different types of moon rocks: Vesicular (= containing holes from gas bubbles in the lava) basalts, typical of dark rocks found in maria Breccias (= fragments of different types of rock cemented together), also containing anorthosites (= bright, low-density rocks typical of highlands) Older rocks become pitted with small micrometeorite craters
  • 11. Lunar maria (“seas”) – huge flows of dark basalt lava
  • 12. Formation of Maria Impacts of heavy meteorites broke the crust and produced large basins that were flooded with lava
  • 13. The Moon's density (3.3 g/cm 3 ) is fairly uniform throughout and is only about 3.3 times the density of water. If it has an iron core, it is less than 800 kilometers in diameter. This is a sharp contrast from planets like Mercury and the Earth that have large iron-nickel cores and overall densities more than 5 times the density of water. The Moon's mantle is made of silicate materials, like the Earth's mantle, and makes up about 90% of the Moon's volume. The temperatures do increase closer to the center and may be high enough to partially liquify the material close to the center. Its lack of a liquid iron-nickel core and slow rotation is why the Moon has no magnetic field. Lunar samples brought back by the Apollo astronauts show that compared to the Earth, the Moon is deficient in iron and nickel and volatiles (elements and compounds that turn into gas at relatively low temperatures) such as water and lead. The Moon is richer in elements and compounds that vaporize at very high temperatures. The Moon's material is like the Earth's mantle material but was heated to very high temperatures so that the volatiles escaped to space. Strange peculiarities in the Moon’s composition
  • 14. Our Moon could have been formed in a giant collision 4.5 billion years ago
  • 15. proposes that a large Mars-sized object hit the Earth and blew mantle material outward which later recoalesced to form the Moon. The Earth had already differentiated by the time of the giant impact so its mantle was already iron-poor. The impact and exposure to space got rid of the volatiles in the ejecta mantle material. Such an impact was rare so is was not likely to have also occurred on the other terrestrial planets. Giant impact theory:
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18. Mariner 10: images of Mercury
  • 19. The surface conditions are among the harshest in the Solar System. During the long Mercurian day the temperature rises to about 425 degrees Celsius, hot enough to melt lead and hotter than any planet except Venus. Because there is no substantial atmosphere to retain heat, during the equally long nights, the temperature drops quickly to around -180 degrees Celsius, which is among the coldest found in the Solar System. This range of -180 Celsius at night to 425 Celsius in the day is the largest surface temperature variation in the Solar System.
  • 21. Venus - Earth - Mars visible UV
  • 22. Venus - the brightest "star" The goddess of beauty
  • 23.
  • 24. Venus is the second planet from the Sun, with a nearly circular orbit having an average radius of 0.7 A.U. This gives it an orbital period of 225 days. Venus is peculiar in that its rotation is retrograde (in the opposite sense of the Earth and all other planets except Uranus) and because it is very slow: a day on Venus corresponds to 243 Earth days. At present, we have no solid explanation for why this is so. The most plausible theories invoke the collision of two large masses to form Venus in just such a way to cancel most of the rotation for the two masses. Like Mercury, but unlike the other planets, Venus has no moons. UV Radio image
  • 25.  
  • 27. Venus is about 95% the size of the Earth and has 82% of the Earth's mass. Like the Earth, Venus has a rocky crust and iron-nickel core. But the similarities stop there. Venus has a thick atmosphere made of 96% carbon dioxide ( CO2 ), 3.5% nitrogen ( N2 ), and 0.5% other gases. At Venus' surface, the air pressure is 91 times the Earth's surface atmospheric pressure. Venus' surface atmospheric pressure is the same as what you would feel if you were 1 kilometer below the ocean surface on the Earth. A human cannot survive at depths greater than just 70 meters below the ocean surface without special diving suits or a submarine. If you want to send someone to Venus, that person would need to be in something like a diving bell. The Venus explorer would also need a very powerful cooling system: the surface temperature is 737 K (= 477° C)! This is hot enough to melt lead and is over twice as hot as it would be if Venus did not have an atmosphere. Why does Venus have such a thick atmosphere and why is it so hot on its surface?
  • 28. The Atmosphere of Venus UV image Extremely inhospitable: 96 % carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 3.5 % nitrogen (N 2 ) Rest: water (H 2 O), hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrofluoric acid (HF) 4 thick cloud layers (  surface invisible to us from Earth). Very stable circulation patterns with high-speed winds (up to 240 km/h) Extremely high surface temperature up to 745 K (= 880 o F) Very efficient “greenhouse”! UV image
  • 29.  
  • 30. Fig. 17-3a, p.349 Greenhouse for trapping heat Runaway greenhouse effect
  • 31. The Surface of Venus Early radar images already revealed mountains, plains, craters. Venera 13 photograph of surface of Venus: Colors modified by clouds in Venus’s atmosphere More details from orbiting and landing spacecraft: After correction for atmospheric color effect:
  • 32.
  • 33. "It will be possible to see cities on Mars, to detect navies in [its] harbors, and the smoke of great manufacturing cities and towns... Is Mars inhabited? There can be little doubt of it ... conditions are all favorable for life, and life, too, of a high order. Is it possible to know this of a certainty? Certainly." Samuel Leland 1895
  • 34. Tales of Canals and Life on Mars Early observers (Schiaparelli, Lowell) believed to see canals on Mars This, together with growth/shrinking of polar cap, sparked imagination and sci-fi tales of life on Mars. We know today: “canals” were optical illusion; do not exist! No evidence of life on Mars.
  • 35. Mars is about half the diameter of the Earth and has 1/10th the Earth's mass. Mars' thin atmosphere (just 1/100th the Earth's) does not trap much heat at all even though it is 95% carbon dioxide ( CO2 ). The other 3% is nitrogen ( N2 ). Because the atmosphere is so thin, the greenhouse effect is insignificant and Mars has rapid cooling between night and day. When night comes the temperature can drop by over 100 K (180° F)! The large temperature differences create strong winds. The strong winds whip up dust and within a few weeks time, they can make dust storms that cover the entire planet for a few months.
  • 36.  
  • 37. The Geology of Mars Giant volcanoes Valleys Impact craters Vallis Marineris Reddish deserts of broken rock, probably smashed by meteorite impacts.
  • 38. Volcanism on Mars Volcanoes on Mars are shield volcanoes. Olympus Mons: Highest and largest volcano in the solar system.
  • 39. The Geology of Mars (2) Northern Lowlands: Free of craters; probably re-surfaced a few billion years ago. Southern Highlands: Heavily cratered; probably 2 – 3 billion years old. Possibly once filled with water.
  • 40. Hidden Water on Mars No liquid water on the surface: Would evaporate due to low pressure. But evidence for liquid water in the past: Outflow channels from sudden, massive floods Collapsed structures after withdrawal of sub-surface water Splash craters and valleys resembling meandering river beds Gullies, possibly from debris flows Central channel in a valley suggests long-term flowing water
  • 41. Hidden Water on Mars (2) Gusev Crater and Ma’adim Vallis: Giant lakes might have drained repeatedly through the Ma’adim Vallis into the crater.
  • 42. Mars Rovers: discovery of water on Mars!
  • 43. Salty rocks on Mars: former sea bottom