2. At each stage we encounter a choice or “crisis”
If a stage is not mastered or overcome it can cause
trouble later where mastery is required.
Successes and failures mould how we see the world,
ourselves and others.
Personality can be changed by new experience at any
stage. (choosing a fork in the road)
3. Development depends on whether or not needs are
being met.
Trust comes with predictability of care.
Unpredictability and uncertainty of care/support
creates mistrust.
4. Autonomy = independence, ability to stand alone.
Age 2-3
Taking care of themselves, walking, talking
Independence through learning and exploring
Need for encouraging caregivers
Shame comes from discouragement and over-protection
5. Age 4-5
Child is learning to feel purposeful and take initiative
Freedom, exploration and questioning “Why??”
Guilt comes from criticism, lack of recognition
6. Age 6 to 11
Industry = making an effort
Inferiority = feeling less important, defeated
Expanding beyond family – school, sports, activities
Importance of family life in preparing for school.
7. Adolescence (12-18)
Focus on peers and social groups
Modelling yourself after someone
Influence of friends, teachers, media and less focus on
family
8. Young adulthood
Seeking out a partner, “testing the waters” of
relationships
Good experiences leads to intimacy
Rejection, disappointment leads to isolation
9. Mid-life
Generativity = full, productive life
Stagnation = lack of development
Generativity creates a sense of accomplishment
(family, career, kids)
Stagnation fosters lack of achievement, low self worth
10. Old age
Integrity = completeness, pride
“Am I proud of what I have done?”.
Facing regrets, dissatisfaction, mistakes, failures.
12. 1920s-1980s
American psychologist and university professor
Expert in moral education and logic
Interested in: How people respond to moral dilemmas!
14. Child will care about what is right or wrong,
good or bad.
Judges an action based on the consequences
they experience
15. Child acts to AVOID punishment.
Acts in order to receive reward.
Obey rules for positive consequence.
16. Personal needs determine right and wrong.
Right action satisfies own needs and maybe the
needs of others.
“Making a trade” or doing a favour.
17. Make decisions to live up to the expectations of
others.
Family, Friends, Social Group, Nation, the Law
Meeting these expectations is more important
than consequences.
18. Good behaviours = actions that please others!
Appearing to be “normal” or have “good intentions” is
important.
Approval indicates moral behaviour.
Kohlberg believes that MOST
People don’t move past this stage.
19. Good behaviour = following the rules and respecting
authority
Behaving to maintain social order and display respect.
Example: Respecting others’ property.
20. A person identifies morality and values
according to validity.
Less influenced by authority and personal
interest.
Judgements based on abstract personal
principles.
21. Right actions determined by more “general rights”
Agreed on by society as a whole
Awareness of both personal values and legal
Not all cultures and societies have the same concepts
of right and wrong.
22. Right decision is a decision of personal conscience.
Appeals to universal, consistent truths.
Focus: Justice, Equality, Human Dignity.
23. We have to go step by step – no skipping stages!
People typically do not reach the higher stages.
Seeing and knowing people in the higher stages helps
us grow. Learning by example.
Stages progress from an individual to universal level.
24. Pre-conventional
consequences they see, meeting own needs.
Conventional
The expectations of others
Rules and social order
Post-conventional
Abstract personal principles
LESS on authority
