UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL PEDRO RUIZ GALLO MAESTRIA EN DIDACTICAS DEL IDIOMA INGLES DOCENTE : DR. WILSON LOZANO MAESTRANTE: LIC. LUPE RIVERA GONZALES

1. MAX HORKHEIMER
“All notion should be contemplated as a fragment of a truth that involves
everything and in which the notion reaches its true meaning.
To go building the truth starting from such fragments constitutes
in fact the most urgent task in the philosophy."
Max Hokheimer
Max Horkheimer ,was a German philosopher-
sociologist, famous for his work in critical
theory as a member of the 'Frankfurt School'
of social research. His most important works
include The Eclipse of Reason (1947) and, in
collaboration with Theodor Adorno, The Dialectic
of Enlightenment (1947). Through the Frankfurt School, Horkheimer
planned, supported and made other significant works
possible.
Horkheimer's work is marked by a concern to show the
relation between affect (especially suffering) and concepts
(understood as action-guiding expressions of reason). In this,
he responded critically to what he saw as the one-sidedness
of both neo-Kantianism (with its focus on concepts) and
Lebensphilosophie (with its focus on expression and world-
disclosure). Horkheimer did not think either was wrong, but
insisted that the insights of each school could not on their own
adequately contribute to the repair of social problems. It is
also important to note that Horkheimer collaborated with

2. Herbert Marcuse, Erich Fromm, Theodor Adorno and Walter
Benjamin .
Horkheimer's book, Eclipse of Reason, published in 1947 is
broken into five sections: Means and Ends, Conflicting
Panaceas, The Revolt of Nature, The Rise and Decline of the
Individual and On the Concept of Philosophy and deals with
the concept of reason within the history of western
philosophy. Horkheimer defines true reason as rationality[8],
which can only be fostered in an environment of free, critical
thinking.
Through critical theory, Horkheimer "attempted to revitalize
radical social, and cultural criticism" and discussed
authoritarianism, militarism, economic disruption,
environmental crisis and the poverty of mass culture.
Horkheimer helped to create Critical Theory through a mix of
radical and conservative lenses that stem from radical
Marxism and end up in "pessimistic Jewish transcendentalism"
Horkheimer developed his critical theory by examining his
own wealth while witnessing the juxtaposition of the
bourgeois and the impoverished. He was convinced of the
need to "examine the entire material and spiritual culture of
mankind" in order to transform society as a whole.
Horkheimer sought to enable the working class to reclaim
their power in order to resist the lure of fascism.
Horkheimer stated himself that "the rationally organized
society that regulates its own existence" was necessary along
with a society that could "satisfy common needs"

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