1. International Business II Introduction to the course

2. The Importance of International Business What is International Business? International business is all commercial transactions—private and governmental—between two or more countries. Private companies undertake such transactions for profit; governments may or may not do the same in their transactions.

3. The Importance of International Business Why should we study international business? 1. International business comprises a large and growing portion of the world’s total business. Today, global events and competition affect almost all companies—large or small—because most sell output to and secure supplies from foreign countries. Many companies also compete against products and services that come from abroad.

4. The Importance of International Business Why should we study international business? 2. A company operating in the international business field will engage in modes of business, such as exporting and importing, that differ from those it is accustomed to on a domestic level.

5. Growth of International Business What does shape the profit-related activities across national boundaries? . Globalization Regional Trading Blocs EU NAFTA CIS Information Technology Workforce diversity Emerging Economies Political Instability

6. Growth of International Business The paradigm of the “Global Village” Countries differ Culture Political Systems Economic Systems Legal Systems Economic Development

7. International Business Vs Domestic Business. Systems are different. Issues are more complex. Conversion of Money into different currencies. Constraints and limitations from foreign governments.

8. Why do companies go international? First consider:

9. Why do companies go international?

10. Minimize Competitive Risk It’s a defensive reason. Protection against domestic companies that might gain advantages abroad. That rival company could use those advantages to improve the domestic operations later. Prevent a competitor to gain advantages.

11. Acquire Resources Products, services, and components produced in foreign countries. Foreign capital, technologies, and information they can use at home. Cost reduction  sweatshops.

12. Expand Sales By reaching international markets, companies increase their sales faster than when they focus on a single market. These sales depend on the consumers’: interest in the product their ability to purchase the product.

13. Diversify Sources Of Sales And Supplies Minimize fluctuations in sales and profits Sales increase in a country that is expanding economically and decrease in another that is in recession. Avoid the full impact of price fluctuations or shortages in any one country.

14. Additional Factors Increase in Global Competition. Development and Expansion of Technology. Liberalization of Cross-Border Movements. Development of Supporting Services. Consumer pressures.

15. Increase in Global Competition New products quickly become known globally. companies can produce in different countries. Suppliers Competitors and Customers of domestic companies have become international as well.

16. Development and Expansion of Technology Internet Commercial transatlantic supersonic travel Faxing - E-mailing Teleconferencing Overseas direct-dial telephone service Sales over the Internet (electronic commerce; e-commerce sales). Transportation and communication costs are more conducive for international business operations.

17. Liberalization of Cross-Border Movements The European Union, the NAFTA, and other regional economic blocs throughout the world provide fewer restrictions on cross-border movements.

18. Development of Supporting Services Companies and governments of various countries, alike, have developed services that ease international business. Mail (Government monopoly) Banking

19. Consumer Pressures Tastes have changed. Consumers know about products and services available in other countries. More, new, better and differentiated products. Spend on R&D.

20. Modes of International Business Merchandise Exports and Imports The most common international economic transaction. Tangible products.

21. Modes of International Business Service Exports and Imports. Tourism and transportation  Movies  Crew Performance of Services  Fees (Turnkey operations - Manufacturing Contracts) Use of Assets  Royalties (Licensing – franchising)

22. Modes of International Business Investments FDI Joint Venture (companies) Mixed Venture (government + company) Portfolio Investment Non-controlling interest in a company. Stocks Loans Financial Benefits.