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- 1. The Life Cycle of a Hawaiian Volcano
- 2. Compared to the 4.5 billion-year-old Earth, The Hawaiian Islands are very young. • Kaua`i emerged about 5 million years ago • The oldest island Kure, is approximately 30 million years old.
- 3. Deep Submarin e Stage •An island begins under the ocean. Hot lava pours out of a crack, called a “volcano” •Lava builds a mountain under the sea Lo`ihi
- 4. Shallow Submarine Stage Lava builds a dome island There are no present examples of an island in the Shallow submarine stage Lo`ihi will be in this stage thousands of years from now
- 5. Shield building Stage •A caldera forms at the top of the dome •A caldera is a crater more than 1 mile in diameter
- 6. Landslide Stage •Landslides carried away up to a third of the island away
- 7. Cappin g Stage •Sometimes the caldera is covered by a cap of lava. •Cones form Mauna Kea on the sides
- 8. Erosion stage •The sea and water wear down the island. •Coral starts to grow Ko`olau Mountains, Oahu
- 9. Reef growth stage •The sea is lower, then higher again. •At higher levels more coral grow. Hanauma Bay, Oahu •The island sinks
- 10. Rejuvenati on stage •The sea is lower again •Small cones send out lava •Reefs are made •The islands settles some more
- 11. Atoll stage •The island settles under the sea •Only reefs Kure Atoll are left.
- 12. guyot stage •A flat-topped submerged seamount •Happens when the coral dies and the island sinks beneath the ocean surface
Notas do Editor
- Most Hawaiian volcanoes go through 10 stages beginning with the deep submarine stage and ending with a guyot. Stream/water, wind and wave action plus subsidence (gradual sinking) on high islands will eventually erode all volcanic rock and the islands will become atolls. The geological age of the Hawaiian Islands increases in a northwesterly direction. The youngest volcano is the Lo`ihi Seamount and part of the island of Hawai`i, which is still forming, and the oldest is the Emperor Seamount, which is 75 million years old.
- The Hawaiian Islands are located on the Pacific plate. According to the hot spot theory, the shield volcanoes of the Hawaiian Islands are formed as the Pacific plate moves over a stationary hot spot, located in the general area of the island of Hawai`i. Over thousands of years, volcanoes erupting over the hot spot accumulate enough mass to rise above sea level and become islands. As the plate moves to the northwest, new islands form over the hot spot. Secondary volcanic activity (rejuvenation) occurred on most of the islands when volcanoes were approximately 150 km (90 mi) away from the hot spot.
- Recent sonar “pictures” have revealed large deposits off shore of most of the high sea cliffs in the Hawaiian Island chain. These deposits are the result of great landslides that carried away up to a third of the above-sea-level mass of some of our shield volcanoes. Most of these slides probably occurred early in the final stages of the shield’s building and, in some cases, capping phase.
- The capping stage may occur when a volcano begins to move off the hot spot. At this time, less frequent and more explosive eruptions produce ash or cinder cones and viscous, slow-moving lava that builds up a steep-sided bumpy cap on the top of the volcano.
- Erosion is the gradual wearing away of earth by water, wind and ice. Over millions of years, streams carve valleys out of the slopes of shield volcanoes and gradually carry bits of rock to the sea.
- Rejuvenation (renewed volcanic activity) sometimes occurs after the bulk of the island is formed and the volcano has experienced considerable erosion. Cones produced during this secondary activity are similar to the cones built along rift zones during the shield building. Well known examples of rejuvenation include Diamond Head (Leahi Crater), and Hanauma Bay on O`ahu.