Seminar at the University of Milan / Course in Cyberlaw / January 19, 2012

1. Università degli studi di milano Bicocca
Ciclo di seminari 2011-2012 in DIRITTO E TECNOLOGIE
19 gennario 2012
Open Data in Italia:
le sperimentazioni e le iniziative
a livello locale e nazionale
Lorenzo Benussi, TOP-IX Consotium
lorenzo.benussi@top-ix.org
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2. About me
Public policy & Innovation
TOP-IX Consortium
Fellow, NEXA Centre for
Internet & Society
Polytechnic of Turin
Fellow, Department of
Economics University of Turin
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3. agenda
1. Background
2. Definitions
I. Open Knowledge Definition
II. Open Data Licenses
III. Pricing models
IV. Formats
3. Examples
4. Open Data in Italy
5. Open data tools and issues
6. Wrap-up
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4. Ref: National Geographic http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/big-idea/14/augmented-reality
Background 1 - WEB squared
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5. WEB(squared)
1.Redefining Collective Intelligence:
New Sensory Input
2.Cooperating Data Subsystems
3.How the Web Learns: Explicit vs.
Implicit Meaning
4.Web Meets World: The
"Information Shadow" and the
Internet of Things
5.The Rise of Real Time: A Collective
Mind
Ref: Tim O’Reilly and John Battelle (2009), Web Squared: Web 2.0 Five Years On.
http://www.web2summit.com/web2009/public/schedule/detail/10194
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6. Background 2- Big data
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7. BIG DATA stylized facts 1
• $600 to buy a disk drive that can store all the
world's music.
• 5 billion mobile phone in use in 2010.
• 30 billion pieces of content shared on Facebook
every month.
• 40% of projected growth in global data generated
per year VS 5% growth in global IT spending.
• 235 terabytes data collected by US Library of
Congress in April 2011.
• 15 out of 17 sectors in the United States have more
data stored per company than the US Library of
Congress
McKinsey: Big Data:The next frontier of innovation, competition and productivity. (may 2011)
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8. BIG DATA stylized facts 2
$300 billion potential annual value of US health-care data;
more than X2 total annual health care spending in Spain.
• €250 billion potential annual value to Europe's public sector
administration - more than GDP of Greece.
• $600 billion potential annual consumer surplus from using
personal location data globally.
• 60% potential increase in retailers' operating margins
possible with big data.
• 140.000-190.000 more deep analytical talent position and
1.5 million more data-savvy managers needed to take full
advantage of big data in the USA.
McKinsey: Big Data:The next frontier of innovation, competition and productivity. (may 2011)
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9. The value of metrics
• Data Hal Varian, Google’s Chief Economist
• Information
• Knowledge
• Value
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10. DATA as a SERVICE
A. Data on-demand: data are not closed inside applications but they
are consumed on-demand as a service
B. Data as web resources: RESTful API make possible to access
data as a web resource (trough URI)
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11. PSI (public sector information) mines
• The Public Sector produces
and manages huge amount of
data, opening PSI information
in EU produces economic
growth. 140 billion € / year
(aggregate)
• Public Data are the raw
material to create new
products and services
COURTESY/RON WHEELER. The 8,000-foot deep Homestake Gold
Mine in South Dakota is the site where scientists, including UC
Berkeley researchers, plan to construct the world's deepest research
center.
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12. Raw data now!
"... give us the unadulterated data, we want the data, we want
unadulterated data. We have to ask for raw data now."
Tim Berners-Lee, advisor data.gov.uk
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13. WHY : (digital) market
• Innovation
• Competition
• Digital commons
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14. WHY : civil society
• Accountability
• Tansparency
• Collaboration
• Participation
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15. data.gov
“Openness will strengthen our democracy and
promote efficiency and effectiveness in
Government”
Transparency and Open Government
Memorandum for the Heads of Executive
Departments and Agencies (2009)
“We recognise that transparency and open
data can be a powerful tool to help reform
public services, foster innovation and
empower citizens.
David Cameron - Letter to Cabinet Ministers
(2011)
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16. Legislation in EU, Italy and
Piedmont
EUROPE
Directive 2003/98/CE - november 17, 2003
(under revision)
ITALY
Decreto Legislativo n. 36 / January 24, 2006 and
L. 96/2010.
PIEDMONT
Legge Regionale n.24 / December 23, 2011
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17. data.gov: leading examples
USA - data.gov UK - data.gov.uk
Australia - data.gov.au
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18. data.gov: worldwide examples Africa (Kenia)
France
Spain
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19. Open Data: definitions
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20. open (the) data
Open Data is a model to extract value from
public sector information by using the data
to build new tools and to create innovative
services
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21. Open Knowledge Definition v.1.1 by OKF
A work is open if its manner of distribution satisfies the
following conditions:
1. Access
2. Redistribution 8. No discrimination (fields
or endeavor)
3. Reuse
9. Distribution of license
4. Absence of technological
restriction 10. License must not be
specific to a package
5. Attribution
11. License must not
6. Integrity restrict the distribution of
other works
7. No discrimination
(persons or groups)
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22. The Definition - A work is open if its manner of distribution
satisfies the following conditions:
1. ACCESS
The work shall be available as a whole and at no more than a reasonable
reproduction cost, preferably downloading via the Internet without charge. The
work must also be available in a convenient and modifiable form.
2. REDISTRIBUTION
The license shall not restrict any party from selling or giving away the work either
on its own or as part of a package made from works from many different sources.
The license shall not require a royalty or other fee for such sale or distribution.
3. REUSE
The license must allow for modifications and derivative works and must allow
them to be distributed under the terms of the original work.
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23. Open Data:
standard licenses
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24. Open Data license 1 (ODC)
Open Data Commons licences
1. Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL) —
“Public Domain for data/databases”
2. Open Data Commons Attribution License (ODC-
By) — “Attribution for data/databases”
3. Open Data Commons Open Database License
(ODC-ODbL) — “Attribution Share-Alike for data/
databases”
Ref: http://www.opendatacommons.org/licenses/
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25. Open Data licenses 2 (CC e IODL)
Creative Commons Licenses (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/)
1. CC Zero
2. CC by - Atribution
3. CC SA - Share alike
4. CC BY-SA - Attribution and Share alike
IN ITALY: Italian open data license (http://www.formez.it/
iodl/)
• IODL - Italian Open Data License (BY-SA)
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26. Open Data: prices
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27. The price of PSI:
the “free data” approach
• The peculiar cost structure of digital data collecting, processing
and delivering (high fixed costs, zero marginal cost) strongly
influences the possible pricing strategies to be adopted by PSI
holders.
• Pollock (2008): a price that equals marginal costs (i.e. PSI free of
charge) is socially optimal provided that elasticity of demand
and positive externalities overcome a given threshold.
✓ Empirics: those conditions are likely to be verified in most of
the PSI domains.
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28. The price of PSI:
Externalities & Policy
• All pricing strategies encompass potential risks of
inefficiency for PSI holders (due to lack of incentives in
reducing costs and/or improving quality)
• The importance of the re1gulatory framework
• The Central Role of Externalities
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29. Open Data: formats
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30. Linked open data
With linked data, when you have some of it, you
can find other, related, data. (by Tim Berners-Lee)
1. Use URIs as names for things
2. Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those
names.
3. When someone looks up a URI, provide useful
information, using the standards (RDF*, SPARQL)
4. Include links to other URIs. so that they can
discover more things.
Ref: http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/
LinkedData.html
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31. Data as a RDF graph
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32. The Vision - A global
interconnected database
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33. Linked data - hands on
DBPedia provide information of wikipedia as Linked Data.
Example, Turin airport: http://dbpedia.org/page/
Turin_Caselle_Airport
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34. examples
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35. 2 groups
I. Transparency
II. Information services
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36. Transparency
• Public assembly
(parliament,
councils)
• Public Budget and
expenses
• Public
procurement
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37. Ref: http://traintimes.org.uk/map/tube/
Info services
• Transportation
• Environment
• Cultural
heritage
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38. open data
in italy
background
italy is more than a single nation
is a network of cities
is a complex system
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39. The first example in Italy - dati.piemonte.it
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40. dati.gov.it
data.gov: IT examples
dati.istat.it
dati.emilia-romagna.it 40

41. apps4italy
• All EU citizens can participate (!!) & 40K€
in cash prizes
• Building useful, innovative projects based on italian
public data (not only open data)
• Four main categories (growing):
1. Ideas
2. Apps Ref: appsforitaly.org
3. Visualization
4. Datasets
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42. Open data:
tools and
issues
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43. 3 tools
to do open data
I. Guidelines to define: legislative framework,
administrative process, licenses, prices.
II. Data Portal: the platform for data distribution
and community building.
III. Contests to engage companies, associations,
citizens.
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44. 3 issues
to face doing open data
I. Data quality influences re-use
II. Data explanation is necessary / Data
Storytelling
III. Data are just the first step
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45. wrap-up
Open Data needs perspective:
1. it changes information management
(big data and linked data);
2. it changes markets structure
(innovation and competition);
3. it changes the limits between public
administration and citizens (wikicrazia
and government as a platform).
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46. thanks
lorenzo.benussi@top-ix.org
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