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M u ltic u lt u ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk sh o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b s in g e r B S W M S W M A A SW
(0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4
E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b P a g e : w w w .u s e rs. b ig p o n d . c o m / lo b sin g e r/
P l e a s e s h a r e w i t h t h e g r o u p
Y o u r n a m e
P l a c e o f e m p l o y m e n t , s t u d y ,
o r o t h e r
O n e o r t w o t h i n g s y o u a r e
i n t e r e s t e d i n l e a r n i n g a b o u t
t o d a y .
O n e t h i n g a b o u t y o u r s e l f
w h i c h y o u b e l i e v e t o b e
r e l a t e d t o y o u r c u l t u r e .
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M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW
(0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4
E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b P a g e : w w w . u se rs. b ig p o n d . c o m / lo b sin g e r/
“ T h e r e m a y w e l l c o m e a t i m e
w h e n w e w i l l n o l o n g e r s p e a k o f
c r o s s c u l t u r a l p s y c h o l o g y a s s u c h .
T h e b a s i c p r e m i s e o f t h i s f i e l d -
t h a t t o u n d e r s t a n d h u m a n
b e h a v i o u r , w e m u s t s t u d y i t i n i t s
S o c i a l - c u l t u r a l c o n t e x t - m a y
b e c o m e s o w i d e l y a c c e p t e d t h a t
a l l p s y c h o l o g y w i l l b e i n h e r e n t l y
c u l t u r a l ”
( S e g a ll ,D a s a n B e r r y a n d P o o r t i n g a 1 9 9 0 H u m a n
B e h a v i o u r I n G l o b a l P e r s p e c t iv e : A n I n t r o d u c t io n T o
C r o s s C u lt u r a l P s y c h o lo g y p 3 5 2 N e w Y o r k : P e r g a m o n .)
M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW
(0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 P a d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4
E m a il: c n lo b @ b ig p o n d .c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w .u s e r. b o g p o n d . c o m /lo b sin e g r/
“ T h e c u l t u r e c e n t r e d p e r s p e c t i v e
c o m p l i m e n t s r a t h e r t h a n
c o m p e t e s w i t h t r a d i t i o n a l
t h e o r i e s o f b e h a v i o u r a l ,
p s y c h o d y n a m i c o r h u m a n i s t i c
c o u n s e l l i n g b e c a u s e t h e
c o u n s e l l o r s o w n c u l t u r a l
v i e w p o i n t i s t h e n a p p l i e d t o t h e
c l i e n t s c u l t u r a l c o n t e x t ”
( P a u l B .P e d e r s o n 1 9 9 7 C u l t u r e d C e n t r e d C o u n s e l l i n g
I n t e r v e n t i o n s p . x i T h o u s a n d O a k s , L o n d o n , N e w
D e l i , S a g e P u b l i c a t io n ) .
M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW
(0 7 ) 3 2 0 1 2 2 0 6 P O B o x 4 4 5 P a d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4
E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b P a g e : w w w . u se rs. b ig p o n d . c o m / lo b sin g e r/
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A n a r r o w d e f i n i t i o n o f
c u l t u r e a s e t h n i c i t y l i m i t s
t h e u s e f u l n e s s o f t h e
c o n c e p t o f c u l t u r e i n
c o u n s e l l i n g .
B y w i d e n i n g t h e i d e a o f
c u l t u r e t o i n c l u d e m o r e
t h e n j u s t e t h n i c i t y t h e i d e a
o f c u l t u r e b e c o m e s g e n e r i c
t o a l l c o u n s e l l i n g
r e l a t i o n s h i p s .
M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW
(0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g to n Q 4 0 6 4
E m a il: lo b s in e g r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w . u s e rs.b ig g p o n d .c o m / lo b sin g e r/
D e m o g r a p h i c i n f o r m a t i o n
S t a t u s
A f f i l i a t i o n ( f o r m a l a n d i n f o r m a l )
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a g e
g e n d e r
s e x u a l i t y
p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e
s o c i a l
e d u c a t i o n a l
e c o n o m i c
l i f e s t y l e
n a t i o n a l i t y
e t h n i c i t y
l a n g u a g e
r e l i g i o n
( A b r o a d d e f i n i t i o n o f c u l t u r e a l l o w s c o u n s e l l o r s t o
b e m o r e a b l e t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e c o m p l e x d i f f e r e n c e sM u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW
(0 7 )3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g to n Q 4 0 6 4
E m a il: lo b s in g e r2 b ig p o n d .c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w .u se rs. b ig p o n d .c o m / lo b s in g e r/
1 . I t i s n o t i n n a t e b u t i s l e a r n t
2 . I t i s d y n a m i c
3 . I t i s m a d e u p o f i n t e r r e l a t e d f a c t s
4 . I t i s s h a r e d a n d t h u s d e f i n e s t h e
b o u n d a r i e s o f t h e g r o u p
( H a l l e .t . ( 1 9 7 6 ) B e y o n d C u l t u r e p .1 6 G a r d e n C it y N .Y . A n c h o r )
M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW
(0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4
E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d .c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w .u s e rs. b ig p o n d .c o m /lo b s in g e r/
I t i s t h e i n t e r n a l i s e d , l e a r n e d
p e r c e p t i o n t h a t c o m b i n e s t h e
t e a c h i n g o f e v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t g r o u p ,
p e r s o n o r i d e a w e h a v e e x p e r i e n c e d ,
r e a d a b o u t , h e a r d a b o u t , o r b e c o m e
a w a r e o f i n s o m e w a y . C u l t u r e i s
n e i t h e r g o o d n o r b a d , s o o n e c u l t u r e
i s n o t b e t t e r o r w o r s e t h e n a n o t h e r .
C u l t u r e : I s a s y s t e m o f k n o w l e d g e .
( G u d y k u n s t W .B .1 9 9 4 p . 4 4 )
M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW
(0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4
E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b P a g e : w w w . u se rs. b ig p o n d . c o m / lo b sin g e r/
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S o c i a l s u p p o r t
V a l u e s
N o r m s
S h a r e d e x p e c t a t i o n s
R e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e s p i r i t u a l
R e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h m e a n i n g
M a t e r i a l i s t i c a l l y a s a h e a l t h
m a i n t e n a n c e s y s t e m .
( E t h n o c u l t u r a l A s p e c t s o f P o s t t r a u m a t i c S t r e s s D i s o r d e r , A J M a r s e l l a ,
M J F r i e d m a n , E .T . G e r r i t y , R .M . S u r f i e l d , A m e r i c a n P s y c h o l o g i c a l
A s s o c i a t i o n , L o n d o n , 1 9 9 6 )
M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW
(0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4
E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d .c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w .u s e rs. b ig p o n d .c o m /lo b s in g e r/
T h e t e r m c u l t u r e s h o c k i s u s e d t o r e f e r t o v i o l e n t
e m o t i o n s , w h i c h c a n o c c u r i n p e o p l e w h o f i n d
t h e m s e l v e s i n a s t r a n g e c u l t u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t .
T h e l o s s o f l o v e a n d r e s p e c t , a s t h i s w a s
e x p e r i e n c e d i n t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h f r i e n d s a n d
f a m i l y .
T h e l o s s o f s o c i a l s t a t u s , w h i c h m a y o r m a y n o t b e
a c c o m p a n i e d b y d i s c r i m i n a t i o n .
T h e l o s s o f a f a m i l i a r s o c i a l e n v i r o n m e n t , w i t h i t s
m u t u a l o b l i g a t i o n a n d d e p e n d e n c i e s w h i c h g a v e
m e a n i n g t o l i f e .
A s a r e s u l t o f t h e l o s s o f f a m i l i a r c u l t u r a l b a c k i n g ,
t h e a b i l i t y t o i n t e g r a t e n e w e x p e r i e n c e s i s r e d u c e d :
f a m i l i a r f r a m e s o f r e f e r e n c e c a n n o t b e a p p l i e d t o t h e
f l o o d o f n e w e x p e r i e n c e s a n d i m p r e s s i o n s .”
( C o e h l o ( 1 9 8 2 ) i n V a n d e r V e e r , G . , C o u n s e l l i n g A n d T h e r a p y W i t h R e f u g e e s ,
P s y c h o l o g i c a l P r o b l e m s O f V i c t i m s O f T o r t u r e A n d R e p r e s s io n . 1 9 9 2 p .
1 0 2 )
M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b s in g e r B S W M SW M A A SW
(0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4
E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b P a g e : w w w .u s e rs. b ig p o n d . c o m /lo b s in g e r/
“ C u l t u r e s a r e
m a p s o f m e a n i n g
t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e
w o r l d i s m a d e
i n t e l l i g i b l e ”
( P e t e r J a c k s o n N a t i o n a l G e o g r a p h i c 1 9 8 9 v o l 1 9 6 , n o 2 A u g u s t
1 9 9 9 p .3 1 4 )
M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW
(0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g to n Q 4 0 6 4
E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d .c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w .u s e rs. b ig p o n d .c o m /lo b s in g e r/
T h i s f r a m e w o r k g i v e s y o u a n e x a m p l e o f
t h e b a s i c d i m e n s i o n s t o c o n s id e r w h e n
t h i n k i n g a b o u t y o u r c l ie n t s ’ c u lt u r a l
c o n t e x t .
T h i n k a b o u t a r e c e n t c l i e n t a n d c o m p l e t e
t h e g r i d . T h e n , i n s m a ll g r o u p s d i s c u s s t h e
f o l l o w i n g q u e s t io n s .
W h a t a r e t h e s i m i l a r i t ie s b e t w e e n
c o u n s e l l o r , c l i e n t a n d o t h e r s ?
W h a t a r e t h e d i f f e r e n c e s ?
W h a t c u l t u r e i s li k e l y t o b e m o s t s a l i e n t
t o t h e c l i e n t , c o u n s e l l o r a n d o t h e r s ?
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M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW
(0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4
E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w . u s e rs.b ig p o n d .c o m /lo b s in g e r/
D E M O G R A P H I C
A g e
G e n d e r
S e x u a l i t y
P l a c e o f R e s i d e n s e
S T A T U S
S o c i a l
E d u c a t i o n a l
E c o n o m i c
L i f e s t y l e
A F F I L I A T I O N
N a t io n a l i t y
E t h n ic i t y
L a n g u a g e s
R e li g i o n
C O U N S E L L O R C L I E N T O T H E R S
M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW
(0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g to n Q 4 0 6 4
E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b P a g e : w w w . u se rs. b ig p o n d . c o m / lo b sin g e r/
P h i l o s o p h i c a l p o s i t i o n s .
A l l e t h i c s a r e g u i d e d b y o n e o f t h r e e
p e r s p e c t i v e s .
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R e la t i v is m
A b s o l u t is m
U n i v e r s a l i s m
: ( I t ' s a l l r e l a t i v e )
W h a t i s r i g h t c a n o n ly b e j u d g e d b y t h e
c u l t u r e i t s e l f .
: ( M y w a y i s r i g h t )
I m p o s e s a s i n g le d e f i n i t i o n o f w h a t i s
r i g h t .
: ( W e a r e f u n d a m e n t a ll y t h e
s a m e b u t c u l t u r a l l y i n f l u e n c e d )
T h e U n i v e r s a l i s t c o m b i n e s c u l t u r e
d i f f e r e n c e , f u n d a m e n t a l p s y c h o l o g i c a l
s i m i l a r i t i e s , a n d c o n t e x t t o a r r i v e a t a
m o r e a c c u r a t e o r a t l e a s t u s e f u l
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f r e a l i t y .
M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW
(0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g to n Q 4 0 6 4
E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d .c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w .u s e rs. b ig p o n d .c o m /lo b s in g e r/
“ E v e r y o n e w h o s e e k s a s s i s t a n c e f o r
m e n t a l p r o b l e m s w a n t s t o b e t r e a t e d
b y a n e x p e r t w h o m h e c a n c o n s i d e r
t r u s t w o r t h y ( P e d e r s o n , 1 9 8 1 ) b u t t h e
c r i t e r i a b y w h i c h s o m e o n e i s
c o n s i d e r e d a s a n e x p e r t a n d a s
t r u s t w o r t h y a r e n o t t h e s a m e i n a l l
c u l t u r e s . T h e s a m e g o e s f o r s p e c i f i c
t h e r a p e u t i c t e c h n i q u e s .”
W h a t i s c o n s i d e r e d a s u s e f u l a n d
c r e d i b l e i n o n e c u l t u r e m a y b e t h o u g h t
o f a s s t u p i d o r i m m o r a l i n a s e c o n d
c u l t u r e . T h e t h e r a p i s t h a s t o b e
a t t e n t i v e t o t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s , a n d
f l e x i b l e i n t h e u s e o f t h e r a p e u t i c
t e c h n i q u e s .”
M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW
(0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g to n Q 4 0 6 4
E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w . u s e rs.b ig p o n d .c o m /lo b s in g e r/
( H o f s t e a d G . 1 9 9 1 )
C o n s i d e r t h e d i m e n s i o n s b e l o w i n t e r m s o f y o u r c l i e n t s a n d t h e i r c u l t u r a l
b a c k g r o u n d . P l a c e a n x o n t h e c o n t i n u u m n e a r e s t t h e e n d t h a t b e s t r e f l e c t s
t h e i n d i v i d u a l s o r i e n t a t i o n .
C o lle c t iv is m :
A lle v ia tio n o f s u ffe r in g
R e la t io n s h ip p r o b le m s
T h e r a p is t a s n u r t u r in g m o t h e r
S o c ia l in te g r a tio n
A c c e p ta n c e o f c o n tr o ls
H a r m o n io u s r e la tio n s
In d iv id u a lis m :
In s ig h t , s e lf u n d e r s t a n d in g
G u ilt, a lie n a tio n , lo n e lin e s s
T h e r a p is t a s f a t h e r f ig u r e
D e v e lo p m e n t o f in d iv id u a lly
D e v e lo p m e n t o f r e s p o n s ib ility
In t e r p e r s o n a l c o n flic t a n d its r e s o lu t io n
H ig h p o w e r d is t a n c e :
D ir e c t iv e p s y c h o th e r a p y
T h e r a p is t a s e x p e r t
T h e r a p is t a s c h a n g e - a g e n t
C o n f o r m it y a n d s o c ia l e ff e c tiv e n e s s
D iff e r e n tia t io n o f t h e r a p is t a n d c lie n t
r o le s
E m p h a s is u p o n p r o f e s s io n a l c r e d e n t ia ls
L o w p o w e r d is t a n c e :
P e r s o n - c e n te r e d p s y c h o lo g y
T h e r a p is t a s s e n s itiv e p e r s o n
T h e r a p is t a s c a t a ly s t
S e lf - d is c o v e r y a n d a c t u a lis a tio n
D e - d iffe r e n t ia t io n o f th e th e r a p is t a n d
c lie n t r o le s .
P r o m o tio n o f s e lf im p r o v e m e n t
P a t ie n t m o v e m e n t s
H ig h u n c e r t a in t y a v o id a n c e :
B io lo g ic a l e x p la n a t io n s
B e h a v io u r a l te c h n iq u e s
M e d ic a l o r ie n ta t io n
F e w s c h o o ls o f th e r a p y
T ig h tly r e g u la t e d th e r a p y p r a c tic e
L o w u n c e r t a in t y a v o id a n c e :
P s y c h o lo g ic a l e x p la n a tio n s
E x p e r ie n tia l p s y c h o lo g y
M u lti- p r o fe s s io n a l o r ie n ta t io n s
M a n y s c h o o ls o f th e r a p y
L o o s e ly r e g u la te d t h e r a p y p r a c t ic e
L o n g te r m o r ie n t a tio n :
P e r s is t e n c e
D e la y e d g r a t ific a t io n
M a s c u lin it y :
P r o - s o c ie t y o r ie n t a tio n
R e s p o n s ib ilit y , c o n fo r m it y , a d ju s tm e n t
S h o r t t e r m o r ie n t a t io n :
R is k t a k in g
L iv in g in th e m o m e n t
F e m in in it y :
P r o - p e r s o n o r ie n t a tio n
E x p r e s s iv e n e s s , c r e a t iv ity e m p a th y
A n x ie ty
C a r in g
M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW
(0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g to n Q 4 0 6 4
E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w . u s e rs. b ig p o n d .c o m /lo b s in g e r/
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W h a t d o y o u t h i n k h a s c a u s e d y o u r p r o b l e m ,
s i c k n e s s o r i n j u r y ?
W h y d o y o u t h i n k i t s t a r t e d w h e n i t d i d ?
W h a t d o y o u t h i n k t h i s p r o b l e m ( s i c k n e s s ) d o e s t o
y o u ?
H o w s e v e r e i s t h i s p r o b l e m ( s i c k n e s s ) , w i l l i t h a v e
s h o r t a n d / o r l o n g t e r m e f f e c t s ?
W h a t k i n d o f t r e a t m e n t d o y o u t h i n k y o u s h o u l d
r e c e i v e ?
W h a t a r e t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t r e s u l t s y o u h o p e t o
r e c e i v e ?
W h a t a r e t h e m a i n p r o b l e m s y o u r s i t u a t i o n
( s i c k n e s s ) h a s c a u s e d y o u ?
W h a t d o y o u f e a r m o s t a b o u t t h i s p r o b l e m ,
s i c k n e s s , o r i n j u r y ?
( A d a p t e d f r o m K li e n m a n , E i s e n b e r g , G o o d . 1 9 7 8 2 5 1 - 2 5 8 b y F it g e r a ld , M .
1 9 9 2 M u l t i c u l t u r a l C li n i c a l i n t e r a c t i o n s ” . J o u r n a l o f R e h a b i l i t a t i o n .
A p r i l /M a y / J u n e . 3 8 - 4 2 )M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW
(0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4
E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b P a g e : w w w . u se rs. b ig p o n d . c o m / lo b sin g e r/
U s i n g t h e e x p l a n a t o r y m o d e l q u e s t i o n s
i n s m a l l g r o u p s t a k e t u r n s r o l e - p l a y i n g
c l i e n t a n d h e l p e r .
W h e n i n t h e c l i e n t r o l e t r y t o r o l e - p l a y a
p e r s o n f r o m a c u l t u r e t h a t i s s u i t a b l y
d i f f e r e n t f r o m y o u r o w n .
R e m e m b e r t h e d i f f e r e n t c u l t u r a l
a s p e c t s : D e m o g r a p h i c s , S t a t u s , a n d
a f f i l i a t i o n s w h e n p i c k i n g a r o l e t o p l a y .
M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW
(0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4
E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b P a g e : w w w . u se rs. b ig p o n d . c o m / lo b sin g e r/
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W h a t h a p p e n s t o p e o p l e w i t h t h i s
p r o b l e m , i l l n e s s ?
W h o w o u l d t h e y n o r m a l l y g o t o
f o r h e l p i f t h e y w o u l d a s k f o r h e l p ?
H a v e y o u k n o w o t h e r s w h o h a v e
h a d t h i s s a m e p r o b l e m ( i l l n e s s )
w h a t d i d t h e y d o ? W h a t h a p p e n e d
t o t h e m ?
H o w d o p e o p l e w i t h t h i s p r o b l e m
o r i n j u r y g e t b e t t e r ? , a n d w h a t
k i n d s o r t h i n g s h e l p ?
M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW
(0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4
E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b P a g e : w w w . u se rs. b ig p o n d . c o m / lo b sin g e r/
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


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E x p e r t
A d v o c a t e
F r i e n d
F a c i l i a t o r
P r i e s t
L i s t e n e r
D o c t o r
N u r s e
I n t e r p r e t e r
A n a l y s t
C u l t u r a l b r o k e r
P r o b l e m s o l v e r
C o u n s e l l o r
A m b a s s a d o r
M u lt ic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A S W
(0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4
E m a il: lo b sin g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w .u s e rs. b ig p o n d . c o m /lo b sin g e r/


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C o u n s e l li n g
C a r e
C o n n e c t io n
C o n f i r m a t i o n
C o l l a b o r a t i o n
C o m p e n s a t i o n
C u r e
( i n t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l s e n s e )
( t o f e e l t h a t s o m e o n e c a r e s a b o u t
t h e m )
( w i t h o t h e r s i n t h e n e w
c u l t u r e )
( I 'm a l r i g h t a r e n 't I ? )
( s o m e o n e w h o s e e s i t m y
w a y )
( f o r l o s s e s )
( r e m o v e t h e s u f f e r i n g )
M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW
(0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4
e m a l: lo b sin g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b P a g e : w w w . u se rs.b ig p o n d . c o m / lo b sin g e r/
M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW
(0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g to n Q 4 0 6 4
E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d .c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w .u s e rs. b ig p o n d .c o m /lo b s in g e r/
“ T h e t h e r a p i s t c a n u s e t h e r o l e o f
i n s i d e r o r o u t s i d e b y c h o o s i n g a r o l e
o r i f i m p o s e d b y p l a y i n g i t o u t
c o n s c i o u s l y f o r t h e r a p e u t i c e f f e c t .”
T h e r a p i s t a s I n s i d e r :
O u t s i d e r :
T h e c l i e n t o r f a m i l y m a y f e e l a c l o s e r s e n s e
o f a l l i a n c e a n d m a y m o r e c l e a r l y u n d e r s t a n d
t h e c l i e n t s p o i n t o f v i e w .
A s a n o u t s i d e r t h e c o u n s e l l o r m a y b e m o r e
a b l e t o a s k q u e s t i o n s w h i c h a n i n s i d e r w o u l d
n o t a s k .
( D in ic o l a V .F . 1 9 8 5 F a m il y T h e r a p y a n d T a n s c u l t u r a l P s y c h i a t r y A n
E m e r g i n g S y n t h e s i s P a r t I I T r a n s c u lt u r a l P s y c h ia t r i c R e s e a r c h R e v ie w
v o l 2 2 p .1 5 4 - 1
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U s e o f c u l t u r a l l y s p e c i f i c
i n f o r m a t i o n c a n b e h e l p f u l
a n d h a r m f u l t o t h e
c o u n s e l l i n g .
T h e n e e d f o r b a l a n c e
b e t w e e n k n o w i n g a b o u t
o t h e r c u l t u r e s a n d c o m i n g
f r o m a p o s i t i o n o f
c u r i o s i t y a b o u t c u l t u r e , i s
m o r e o f a “ b o t h a n d ”
p r o p o s i t i o n t h a n a “ e i t h e r
o r ” p r o b l e m .
M u ltic u lt u ra l C o u n s e lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b s in g e r B S W M S W M A A S W
(0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4
E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b P a g e : w w w .u s e rs. b ig p o n d .c o m /lo b s in g e r/
I n g r o u p s o f 2 - 3 , c o m e u p w i t h a t
l e a s t o n e e x a m p l e o f e a c h
s i t u a t i o n :
A s i t u a t i o n w h e r e t h e r e w a s … .
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A m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f a c l i e n t s ’
c u l t u r e w h i c h l e d t o l e s s t h a n
a p p r o p r i a t e t r e a t m e n t .
A m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f a c l i e n t s ’
c u l t u r e b a s e d o n a g e n e r a l i s a t i o n
w h i c h t u r n e d o u t n o t t o b e t h e
c a s e .
T h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e c l i e n t s ’
c u l t u r e r e s u l t e d i n a p p r o p r i a t e
t r e a t m e n t i n t e r v e n t i o n s .
M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW
(0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g to n Q 4 0 6 4
E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d .c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w .u s e rs. b ig p o n d .c o m /lo b s in g e r/
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H i g h - c o n t e x t m e s s a g e i s l e s s
d e p e n d e n t o n s p e c i f i c l a n g u a g e
a n d m o r e d e p e n d e n t o n t h e
s u r r o u n d i n g s a n d t h e
i n t e r n a l i s e d u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f
t h e c o m m u n i c a t i o n .( e .g . f o o t y
u m p i r e )
L o w - c o n t e x t m e s s a g e i s t h e
o p p o s i t e a n d d e p e n d s m o r e o n
t h e u s e o f s p e c i f i c l a n g u a g e o r
w r i t i n g .( e .g . l e g a l t a l k )
M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW
(0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4
E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d .c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w .u s e rs. b ig p o n d .c o m /lo b s in g e r/
I d e n t i t y I n d i v i d u a l a u t o n o m y
a n d d i s a s s o c i a t i o n .
D i r e c t .
C o n t r o l a n d
c o n f r o n t a t i o n .
C o m p e t i t i o n .
L i n e a r / l o g i c a n a l y s i s
i n s t r u m e n t o r i e n t e d .
A g a i n s t t h e
i n d i v i d u a l .
D i r e c t , c o n f r o n t a t i o n .
A c t i o n a n d s o l u t i o n
o r i e n t e d w i t h t h e e x p l i c i t
c o m m u n i c a t i o n c o d e s
a n d r a t i o n a l f a c t o r i a l
r h e t o r i c . O p e n a n d
d i r e c t s t r a t e g i e s .
G r o u p i n c l u s i o n
a n d a s s o c i a t i o n .
I n d i r e c t .
A c c o m m o d a t i o n
a n d a v o i d a n c e .
C o l l a b o r a t i o n .
N o n - l i n e a r l o g i c ,
s y n t h e s i s , e x p r e s s i o n
o r i e n t e d .
A g a i n s t t h e
g r o u p .
I n d i r e c t , n o n -
c o n f r o n t a t i o n a l .
M o r e r e l a t i o n s h i p
o r i e n t e d w i t h i m p l i c i t
c o m m u n i c a t i o n c o d e s
a n d i n t u i t i v e / a f f e c t i v e
r h e t o r i c . A m b i g u o u s
i n d i r e c t s t r a t e g i e s .
M o d e o f
C o m m u n ic a t i o n
S t y l e
S t r a t e g y
E x p la n a t i o n s
C o n f li c t
E x p o s u r e o f
P r o b l e m
O r i e n t a t i o n
L O W - C O N T E X T H I G H C O N T E X T
( G u d y k u n s t ,W .B . , & T i n g , T o o m e y , ( 1 9 8 8 ) C u l t u r e a n d I n t e r p e r s o n a l
c o m m u n i c a t i o n N e w b u r y P a r k S a g e P u b l i c a t i o n s )
M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW
(0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4
E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d .c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w .u s e rs. b ig p o n d .c o m /lo b s in g e r/
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L a n g u a g e D i f f e r e n c e s - t h i s m a y m e a n
- l a c k o f v o c a b u l a r y
- l a c k o f i d i o m a t i c e x p r e s s i o n s
- d i f f e r e n t i n t o n a t i o n a n d e m p h a s i s
- c h o i c e o f v o c a b u l a r y
N o n - v e r b a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n d i f f e r e n c e s -
T h e s e n o n - s p o k e n c l u e s o r b o d y l a n g u a g e c a n i m p e d e
c o m m u n i c a t i o n , e v e n i f t h e w o r d s u s e d a r e b e i n g
u n d e r s t o o d .
P r e c o n c e p t i o n s a n d s t e r e o t y p e s b a s e d o n a s s u m p t i o n s a n d
V a l u e j u d g e m e n t s c a n l e a d t o d i s c r i m i n a t i o n a n d r a c i s t
b e h a v i o u r - e v e r y o n e ’ s s h o r t h a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e w o r l d
n e e d s t o b e c h e c k e d o u t a n d u n d e r s t o o d i n c o n t e x t .
E v a l u a t e b e h a v i o u r - c r o s s - c u l t u r a l c o n f l i c t c a n s t i l l o c c u r
w h e n o n e p e r s o n c a n r e c o g n i s e t h e c u l t u r a l p a t t e r n s / c o n t e x t
i f t h e o t h e r p e r s o n , b u t e v a l u a t e s t h e i r b e h a v i o u r a s g o o d o r
b a d a g a i n s t t h e i r o w n c u l t u r a l s e t o f v a l u e s .
S t r e s s a n d l a c k o f t i m e - c r o s s - c u l t u r a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n -
b u i l d i n g t r u s t a n d r e l a t i o n s h i p s i s t i m e c o n s u m i n g .
N o t u s i n g a d e q u a t e i n t e r p r e t e r s o r n o t u t i l i s i n g i n t e r p r e t e r s
i n a p r o f e s s i o n a l m a n n e r.
N o t k n o w i n g t h e c o n t e x t - e g i s t h e p e r s o n a m i g r a n t , r e f u g e e
o r i n d i g e n o u s p e r s o n , h o w l o n g h a v e t h e y b e e n i n A u s t r a l i a
e t c .
H i g h a n d l o w c o n t e x t s t y le s o f c o m m u n ic a t i o n
( D o n a t a R o s s i 1 9 9 9 )
M u ltic u lt u ra l C o u n s e lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b s in g e r B S W M S W M A A S W
(0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4
E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b P a g e : w w w . u s e rs.b ig p o n d . c o m / lo b sin g e r/
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T o l e r a n c e o f a m b i l i v a n c e .
B a l a n c e v s P l e a s u r e .
N o n - w e s t e r n m o d e l u s e d
t o g e t h e r.
I n d i v i d u a l s n o t s e e n a s s e p a r a t e
f r o m t h e c o l l e c t i v e .
S p i r i t u a l i t y m o r e i n c l u d e d i n
c o u n s e l l i n g i n g e n e r a l .
S o c i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y m o r e
i n c l u d e d i n c o u n s e l l i n g .
C o u n s e l l o r s w i l l b e m u c h m o r e
a w a r e o r t h e i r o w n c u l t u r a l
p e r s p e c t i v e .
M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW
(0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g to n Q 4 0 6 4
E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d .c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w .u s e rs. b ig p o n d .c o m /lo b s in g e r/
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W h a t d i d y o u li k e a b o u t t h e w o r k s h o p ?
H o w c o u l d t h e w o r k s h o p b e im p r o v e d ?
W h a t w o u l d y o u l ik e t o h a v e h a d m o r e o r l e s s o f ?
W h a t o t h e r w o r k s h o p t o p i c s w o u l d y o u l ik e t o s e e p r e s e n t e d ?
O t h e r c o m m e n t s ?
T h a n k y o u f o r y o u r c o m m e n t s .
M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW
(0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4
E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b P a g e : w w w . u se rs. b ig p o n d . c o m / lo b sin g e r

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Fish out of water

  • 1. M u ltic u lt u ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk sh o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b s in g e r B S W M S W M A A SW (0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4 E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b P a g e : w w w .u s e rs. b ig p o n d . c o m / lo b sin g e r/
  • 2. P l e a s e s h a r e w i t h t h e g r o u p Y o u r n a m e P l a c e o f e m p l o y m e n t , s t u d y , o r o t h e r O n e o r t w o t h i n g s y o u a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n l e a r n i n g a b o u t t o d a y . O n e t h i n g a b o u t y o u r s e l f w h i c h y o u b e l i e v e t o b e r e l a t e d t o y o u r c u l t u r e .     M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW (0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4 E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b P a g e : w w w . u se rs. b ig p o n d . c o m / lo b sin g e r/
  • 3. “ T h e r e m a y w e l l c o m e a t i m e w h e n w e w i l l n o l o n g e r s p e a k o f c r o s s c u l t u r a l p s y c h o l o g y a s s u c h . T h e b a s i c p r e m i s e o f t h i s f i e l d - t h a t t o u n d e r s t a n d h u m a n b e h a v i o u r , w e m u s t s t u d y i t i n i t s S o c i a l - c u l t u r a l c o n t e x t - m a y b e c o m e s o w i d e l y a c c e p t e d t h a t a l l p s y c h o l o g y w i l l b e i n h e r e n t l y c u l t u r a l ” ( S e g a ll ,D a s a n B e r r y a n d P o o r t i n g a 1 9 9 0 H u m a n B e h a v i o u r I n G l o b a l P e r s p e c t iv e : A n I n t r o d u c t io n T o C r o s s C u lt u r a l P s y c h o lo g y p 3 5 2 N e w Y o r k : P e r g a m o n .) M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW (0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 P a d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4 E m a il: c n lo b @ b ig p o n d .c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w .u s e r. b o g p o n d . c o m /lo b sin e g r/
  • 4. “ T h e c u l t u r e c e n t r e d p e r s p e c t i v e c o m p l i m e n t s r a t h e r t h a n c o m p e t e s w i t h t r a d i t i o n a l t h e o r i e s o f b e h a v i o u r a l , p s y c h o d y n a m i c o r h u m a n i s t i c c o u n s e l l i n g b e c a u s e t h e c o u n s e l l o r s o w n c u l t u r a l v i e w p o i n t i s t h e n a p p l i e d t o t h e c l i e n t s c u l t u r a l c o n t e x t ” ( P a u l B .P e d e r s o n 1 9 9 7 C u l t u r e d C e n t r e d C o u n s e l l i n g I n t e r v e n t i o n s p . x i T h o u s a n d O a k s , L o n d o n , N e w D e l i , S a g e P u b l i c a t io n ) . M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW (0 7 ) 3 2 0 1 2 2 0 6 P O B o x 4 4 5 P a d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4 E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b P a g e : w w w . u se rs. b ig p o n d . c o m / lo b sin g e r/
  • 5.   A n a r r o w d e f i n i t i o n o f c u l t u r e a s e t h n i c i t y l i m i t s t h e u s e f u l n e s s o f t h e c o n c e p t o f c u l t u r e i n c o u n s e l l i n g . B y w i d e n i n g t h e i d e a o f c u l t u r e t o i n c l u d e m o r e t h e n j u s t e t h n i c i t y t h e i d e a o f c u l t u r e b e c o m e s g e n e r i c t o a l l c o u n s e l l i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p s . M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW (0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g to n Q 4 0 6 4 E m a il: lo b s in e g r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w . u s e rs.b ig g p o n d .c o m / lo b sin g e r/
  • 6. D e m o g r a p h i c i n f o r m a t i o n S t a t u s A f f i l i a t i o n ( f o r m a l a n d i n f o r m a l )             a g e g e n d e r s e x u a l i t y p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e s o c i a l e d u c a t i o n a l e c o n o m i c l i f e s t y l e n a t i o n a l i t y e t h n i c i t y l a n g u a g e r e l i g i o n ( A b r o a d d e f i n i t i o n o f c u l t u r e a l l o w s c o u n s e l l o r s t o b e m o r e a b l e t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e c o m p l e x d i f f e r e n c e sM u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW (0 7 )3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g to n Q 4 0 6 4 E m a il: lo b s in g e r2 b ig p o n d .c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w .u se rs. b ig p o n d .c o m / lo b s in g e r/
  • 7. 1 . I t i s n o t i n n a t e b u t i s l e a r n t 2 . I t i s d y n a m i c 3 . I t i s m a d e u p o f i n t e r r e l a t e d f a c t s 4 . I t i s s h a r e d a n d t h u s d e f i n e s t h e b o u n d a r i e s o f t h e g r o u p ( H a l l e .t . ( 1 9 7 6 ) B e y o n d C u l t u r e p .1 6 G a r d e n C it y N .Y . A n c h o r ) M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW (0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4 E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d .c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w .u s e rs. b ig p o n d .c o m /lo b s in g e r/
  • 8. I t i s t h e i n t e r n a l i s e d , l e a r n e d p e r c e p t i o n t h a t c o m b i n e s t h e t e a c h i n g o f e v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t g r o u p , p e r s o n o r i d e a w e h a v e e x p e r i e n c e d , r e a d a b o u t , h e a r d a b o u t , o r b e c o m e a w a r e o f i n s o m e w a y . C u l t u r e i s n e i t h e r g o o d n o r b a d , s o o n e c u l t u r e i s n o t b e t t e r o r w o r s e t h e n a n o t h e r . C u l t u r e : I s a s y s t e m o f k n o w l e d g e . ( G u d y k u n s t W .B .1 9 9 4 p . 4 4 ) M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW (0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4 E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b P a g e : w w w . u se rs. b ig p o n d . c o m / lo b sin g e r/
  • 9.        S o c i a l s u p p o r t V a l u e s N o r m s S h a r e d e x p e c t a t i o n s R e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e s p i r i t u a l R e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h m e a n i n g M a t e r i a l i s t i c a l l y a s a h e a l t h m a i n t e n a n c e s y s t e m . ( E t h n o c u l t u r a l A s p e c t s o f P o s t t r a u m a t i c S t r e s s D i s o r d e r , A J M a r s e l l a , M J F r i e d m a n , E .T . G e r r i t y , R .M . S u r f i e l d , A m e r i c a n P s y c h o l o g i c a l A s s o c i a t i o n , L o n d o n , 1 9 9 6 ) M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW (0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4 E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d .c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w .u s e rs. b ig p o n d .c o m /lo b s in g e r/
  • 10. T h e t e r m c u l t u r e s h o c k i s u s e d t o r e f e r t o v i o l e n t e m o t i o n s , w h i c h c a n o c c u r i n p e o p l e w h o f i n d t h e m s e l v e s i n a s t r a n g e c u l t u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t . T h e l o s s o f l o v e a n d r e s p e c t , a s t h i s w a s e x p e r i e n c e d i n t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h f r i e n d s a n d f a m i l y . T h e l o s s o f s o c i a l s t a t u s , w h i c h m a y o r m a y n o t b e a c c o m p a n i e d b y d i s c r i m i n a t i o n . T h e l o s s o f a f a m i l i a r s o c i a l e n v i r o n m e n t , w i t h i t s m u t u a l o b l i g a t i o n a n d d e p e n d e n c i e s w h i c h g a v e m e a n i n g t o l i f e . A s a r e s u l t o f t h e l o s s o f f a m i l i a r c u l t u r a l b a c k i n g , t h e a b i l i t y t o i n t e g r a t e n e w e x p e r i e n c e s i s r e d u c e d : f a m i l i a r f r a m e s o f r e f e r e n c e c a n n o t b e a p p l i e d t o t h e f l o o d o f n e w e x p e r i e n c e s a n d i m p r e s s i o n s .” ( C o e h l o ( 1 9 8 2 ) i n V a n d e r V e e r , G . , C o u n s e l l i n g A n d T h e r a p y W i t h R e f u g e e s , P s y c h o l o g i c a l P r o b l e m s O f V i c t i m s O f T o r t u r e A n d R e p r e s s io n . 1 9 9 2 p . 1 0 2 ) M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b s in g e r B S W M SW M A A SW (0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4 E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b P a g e : w w w .u s e rs. b ig p o n d . c o m /lo b s in g e r/
  • 11. “ C u l t u r e s a r e m a p s o f m e a n i n g t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e w o r l d i s m a d e i n t e l l i g i b l e ” ( P e t e r J a c k s o n N a t i o n a l G e o g r a p h i c 1 9 8 9 v o l 1 9 6 , n o 2 A u g u s t 1 9 9 9 p .3 1 4 ) M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW (0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g to n Q 4 0 6 4 E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d .c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w .u s e rs. b ig p o n d .c o m /lo b s in g e r/
  • 12. T h i s f r a m e w o r k g i v e s y o u a n e x a m p l e o f t h e b a s i c d i m e n s i o n s t o c o n s id e r w h e n t h i n k i n g a b o u t y o u r c l ie n t s ’ c u lt u r a l c o n t e x t . T h i n k a b o u t a r e c e n t c l i e n t a n d c o m p l e t e t h e g r i d . T h e n , i n s m a ll g r o u p s d i s c u s s t h e f o l l o w i n g q u e s t io n s . W h a t a r e t h e s i m i l a r i t ie s b e t w e e n c o u n s e l l o r , c l i e n t a n d o t h e r s ? W h a t a r e t h e d i f f e r e n c e s ? W h a t c u l t u r e i s li k e l y t o b e m o s t s a l i e n t t o t h e c l i e n t , c o u n s e l l o r a n d o t h e r s ?    M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW (0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4 E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w . u s e rs.b ig p o n d .c o m /lo b s in g e r/
  • 13. D E M O G R A P H I C A g e G e n d e r S e x u a l i t y P l a c e o f R e s i d e n s e S T A T U S S o c i a l E d u c a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c L i f e s t y l e A F F I L I A T I O N N a t io n a l i t y E t h n ic i t y L a n g u a g e s R e li g i o n C O U N S E L L O R C L I E N T O T H E R S M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW (0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g to n Q 4 0 6 4 E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b P a g e : w w w . u se rs. b ig p o n d . c o m / lo b sin g e r/
  • 14. P h i l o s o p h i c a l p o s i t i o n s . A l l e t h i c s a r e g u i d e d b y o n e o f t h r e e p e r s p e c t i v e s .    R e la t i v is m A b s o l u t is m U n i v e r s a l i s m : ( I t ' s a l l r e l a t i v e ) W h a t i s r i g h t c a n o n ly b e j u d g e d b y t h e c u l t u r e i t s e l f . : ( M y w a y i s r i g h t ) I m p o s e s a s i n g le d e f i n i t i o n o f w h a t i s r i g h t . : ( W e a r e f u n d a m e n t a ll y t h e s a m e b u t c u l t u r a l l y i n f l u e n c e d ) T h e U n i v e r s a l i s t c o m b i n e s c u l t u r e d i f f e r e n c e , f u n d a m e n t a l p s y c h o l o g i c a l s i m i l a r i t i e s , a n d c o n t e x t t o a r r i v e a t a m o r e a c c u r a t e o r a t l e a s t u s e f u l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f r e a l i t y . M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW (0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g to n Q 4 0 6 4 E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d .c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w .u s e rs. b ig p o n d .c o m /lo b s in g e r/
  • 15. “ E v e r y o n e w h o s e e k s a s s i s t a n c e f o r m e n t a l p r o b l e m s w a n t s t o b e t r e a t e d b y a n e x p e r t w h o m h e c a n c o n s i d e r t r u s t w o r t h y ( P e d e r s o n , 1 9 8 1 ) b u t t h e c r i t e r i a b y w h i c h s o m e o n e i s c o n s i d e r e d a s a n e x p e r t a n d a s t r u s t w o r t h y a r e n o t t h e s a m e i n a l l c u l t u r e s . T h e s a m e g o e s f o r s p e c i f i c t h e r a p e u t i c t e c h n i q u e s .” W h a t i s c o n s i d e r e d a s u s e f u l a n d c r e d i b l e i n o n e c u l t u r e m a y b e t h o u g h t o f a s s t u p i d o r i m m o r a l i n a s e c o n d c u l t u r e . T h e t h e r a p i s t h a s t o b e a t t e n t i v e t o t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s , a n d f l e x i b l e i n t h e u s e o f t h e r a p e u t i c t e c h n i q u e s .” M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW (0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g to n Q 4 0 6 4 E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w . u s e rs.b ig p o n d .c o m /lo b s in g e r/
  • 16. ( H o f s t e a d G . 1 9 9 1 ) C o n s i d e r t h e d i m e n s i o n s b e l o w i n t e r m s o f y o u r c l i e n t s a n d t h e i r c u l t u r a l b a c k g r o u n d . P l a c e a n x o n t h e c o n t i n u u m n e a r e s t t h e e n d t h a t b e s t r e f l e c t s t h e i n d i v i d u a l s o r i e n t a t i o n . C o lle c t iv is m : A lle v ia tio n o f s u ffe r in g R e la t io n s h ip p r o b le m s T h e r a p is t a s n u r t u r in g m o t h e r S o c ia l in te g r a tio n A c c e p ta n c e o f c o n tr o ls H a r m o n io u s r e la tio n s In d iv id u a lis m : In s ig h t , s e lf u n d e r s t a n d in g G u ilt, a lie n a tio n , lo n e lin e s s T h e r a p is t a s f a t h e r f ig u r e D e v e lo p m e n t o f in d iv id u a lly D e v e lo p m e n t o f r e s p o n s ib ility In t e r p e r s o n a l c o n flic t a n d its r e s o lu t io n H ig h p o w e r d is t a n c e : D ir e c t iv e p s y c h o th e r a p y T h e r a p is t a s e x p e r t T h e r a p is t a s c h a n g e - a g e n t C o n f o r m it y a n d s o c ia l e ff e c tiv e n e s s D iff e r e n tia t io n o f t h e r a p is t a n d c lie n t r o le s E m p h a s is u p o n p r o f e s s io n a l c r e d e n t ia ls L o w p o w e r d is t a n c e : P e r s o n - c e n te r e d p s y c h o lo g y T h e r a p is t a s s e n s itiv e p e r s o n T h e r a p is t a s c a t a ly s t S e lf - d is c o v e r y a n d a c t u a lis a tio n D e - d iffe r e n t ia t io n o f th e th e r a p is t a n d c lie n t r o le s . P r o m o tio n o f s e lf im p r o v e m e n t P a t ie n t m o v e m e n t s H ig h u n c e r t a in t y a v o id a n c e : B io lo g ic a l e x p la n a t io n s B e h a v io u r a l te c h n iq u e s M e d ic a l o r ie n ta t io n F e w s c h o o ls o f th e r a p y T ig h tly r e g u la t e d th e r a p y p r a c tic e L o w u n c e r t a in t y a v o id a n c e : P s y c h o lo g ic a l e x p la n a tio n s E x p e r ie n tia l p s y c h o lo g y M u lti- p r o fe s s io n a l o r ie n ta t io n s M a n y s c h o o ls o f th e r a p y L o o s e ly r e g u la te d t h e r a p y p r a c t ic e L o n g te r m o r ie n t a tio n : P e r s is t e n c e D e la y e d g r a t ific a t io n M a s c u lin it y : P r o - s o c ie t y o r ie n t a tio n R e s p o n s ib ilit y , c o n fo r m it y , a d ju s tm e n t S h o r t t e r m o r ie n t a t io n : R is k t a k in g L iv in g in th e m o m e n t F e m in in it y : P r o - p e r s o n o r ie n t a tio n E x p r e s s iv e n e s s , c r e a t iv ity e m p a th y A n x ie ty C a r in g M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW (0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g to n Q 4 0 6 4 E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w . u s e rs. b ig p o n d .c o m /lo b s in g e r/
  • 17.         W h a t d o y o u t h i n k h a s c a u s e d y o u r p r o b l e m , s i c k n e s s o r i n j u r y ? W h y d o y o u t h i n k i t s t a r t e d w h e n i t d i d ? W h a t d o y o u t h i n k t h i s p r o b l e m ( s i c k n e s s ) d o e s t o y o u ? H o w s e v e r e i s t h i s p r o b l e m ( s i c k n e s s ) , w i l l i t h a v e s h o r t a n d / o r l o n g t e r m e f f e c t s ? W h a t k i n d o f t r e a t m e n t d o y o u t h i n k y o u s h o u l d r e c e i v e ? W h a t a r e t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t r e s u l t s y o u h o p e t o r e c e i v e ? W h a t a r e t h e m a i n p r o b l e m s y o u r s i t u a t i o n ( s i c k n e s s ) h a s c a u s e d y o u ? W h a t d o y o u f e a r m o s t a b o u t t h i s p r o b l e m , s i c k n e s s , o r i n j u r y ? ( A d a p t e d f r o m K li e n m a n , E i s e n b e r g , G o o d . 1 9 7 8 2 5 1 - 2 5 8 b y F it g e r a ld , M . 1 9 9 2 M u l t i c u l t u r a l C li n i c a l i n t e r a c t i o n s ” . J o u r n a l o f R e h a b i l i t a t i o n . A p r i l /M a y / J u n e . 3 8 - 4 2 )M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW (0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4 E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b P a g e : w w w . u se rs. b ig p o n d . c o m / lo b sin g e r/
  • 18. U s i n g t h e e x p l a n a t o r y m o d e l q u e s t i o n s i n s m a l l g r o u p s t a k e t u r n s r o l e - p l a y i n g c l i e n t a n d h e l p e r . W h e n i n t h e c l i e n t r o l e t r y t o r o l e - p l a y a p e r s o n f r o m a c u l t u r e t h a t i s s u i t a b l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m y o u r o w n . R e m e m b e r t h e d i f f e r e n t c u l t u r a l a s p e c t s : D e m o g r a p h i c s , S t a t u s , a n d a f f i l i a t i o n s w h e n p i c k i n g a r o l e t o p l a y . M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW (0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4 E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b P a g e : w w w . u se rs. b ig p o n d . c o m / lo b sin g e r/
  • 19.     W h a t h a p p e n s t o p e o p l e w i t h t h i s p r o b l e m , i l l n e s s ? W h o w o u l d t h e y n o r m a l l y g o t o f o r h e l p i f t h e y w o u l d a s k f o r h e l p ? H a v e y o u k n o w o t h e r s w h o h a v e h a d t h i s s a m e p r o b l e m ( i l l n e s s ) w h a t d i d t h e y d o ? W h a t h a p p e n e d t o t h e m ? H o w d o p e o p l e w i t h t h i s p r o b l e m o r i n j u r y g e t b e t t e r ? , a n d w h a t k i n d s o r t h i n g s h e l p ? M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW (0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4 E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b P a g e : w w w . u se rs. b ig p o n d . c o m / lo b sin g e r/
  • 20.               E x p e r t A d v o c a t e F r i e n d F a c i l i a t o r P r i e s t L i s t e n e r D o c t o r N u r s e I n t e r p r e t e r A n a l y s t C u l t u r a l b r o k e r P r o b l e m s o l v e r C o u n s e l l o r A m b a s s a d o r M u lt ic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A S W (0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4 E m a il: lo b sin g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w .u s e rs. b ig p o n d . c o m /lo b sin g e r/
  • 21.        C o u n s e l li n g C a r e C o n n e c t io n C o n f i r m a t i o n C o l l a b o r a t i o n C o m p e n s a t i o n C u r e ( i n t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l s e n s e ) ( t o f e e l t h a t s o m e o n e c a r e s a b o u t t h e m ) ( w i t h o t h e r s i n t h e n e w c u l t u r e ) ( I 'm a l r i g h t a r e n 't I ? ) ( s o m e o n e w h o s e e s i t m y w a y ) ( f o r l o s s e s ) ( r e m o v e t h e s u f f e r i n g ) M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW (0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4 e m a l: lo b sin g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b P a g e : w w w . u se rs.b ig p o n d . c o m / lo b sin g e r/
  • 22. M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW (0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g to n Q 4 0 6 4 E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d .c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w .u s e rs. b ig p o n d .c o m /lo b s in g e r/ “ T h e t h e r a p i s t c a n u s e t h e r o l e o f i n s i d e r o r o u t s i d e b y c h o o s i n g a r o l e o r i f i m p o s e d b y p l a y i n g i t o u t c o n s c i o u s l y f o r t h e r a p e u t i c e f f e c t .” T h e r a p i s t a s I n s i d e r : O u t s i d e r : T h e c l i e n t o r f a m i l y m a y f e e l a c l o s e r s e n s e o f a l l i a n c e a n d m a y m o r e c l e a r l y u n d e r s t a n d t h e c l i e n t s p o i n t o f v i e w . A s a n o u t s i d e r t h e c o u n s e l l o r m a y b e m o r e a b l e t o a s k q u e s t i o n s w h i c h a n i n s i d e r w o u l d n o t a s k . ( D in ic o l a V .F . 1 9 8 5 F a m il y T h e r a p y a n d T a n s c u l t u r a l P s y c h i a t r y A n E m e r g i n g S y n t h e s i s P a r t I I T r a n s c u lt u r a l P s y c h ia t r i c R e s e a r c h R e v ie w v o l 2 2 p .1 5 4 - 1
  • 23.   U s e o f c u l t u r a l l y s p e c i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n c a n b e h e l p f u l a n d h a r m f u l t o t h e c o u n s e l l i n g . T h e n e e d f o r b a l a n c e b e t w e e n k n o w i n g a b o u t o t h e r c u l t u r e s a n d c o m i n g f r o m a p o s i t i o n o f c u r i o s i t y a b o u t c u l t u r e , i s m o r e o f a “ b o t h a n d ” p r o p o s i t i o n t h a n a “ e i t h e r o r ” p r o b l e m . M u ltic u lt u ra l C o u n s e lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b s in g e r B S W M S W M A A S W (0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4 E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b P a g e : w w w .u s e rs. b ig p o n d .c o m /lo b s in g e r/
  • 24. I n g r o u p s o f 2 - 3 , c o m e u p w i t h a t l e a s t o n e e x a m p l e o f e a c h s i t u a t i o n : A s i t u a t i o n w h e r e t h e r e w a s … .    A m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f a c l i e n t s ’ c u l t u r e w h i c h l e d t o l e s s t h a n a p p r o p r i a t e t r e a t m e n t . A m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f a c l i e n t s ’ c u l t u r e b a s e d o n a g e n e r a l i s a t i o n w h i c h t u r n e d o u t n o t t o b e t h e c a s e . T h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e c l i e n t s ’ c u l t u r e r e s u l t e d i n a p p r o p r i a t e t r e a t m e n t i n t e r v e n t i o n s . M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW (0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g to n Q 4 0 6 4 E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d .c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w .u s e rs. b ig p o n d .c o m /lo b s in g e r/
  • 25.   H i g h - c o n t e x t m e s s a g e i s l e s s d e p e n d e n t o n s p e c i f i c l a n g u a g e a n d m o r e d e p e n d e n t o n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g s a n d t h e i n t e r n a l i s e d u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e c o m m u n i c a t i o n .( e .g . f o o t y u m p i r e ) L o w - c o n t e x t m e s s a g e i s t h e o p p o s i t e a n d d e p e n d s m o r e o n t h e u s e o f s p e c i f i c l a n g u a g e o r w r i t i n g .( e .g . l e g a l t a l k ) M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW (0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4 E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d .c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w .u s e rs. b ig p o n d .c o m /lo b s in g e r/
  • 26. I d e n t i t y I n d i v i d u a l a u t o n o m y a n d d i s a s s o c i a t i o n . D i r e c t . C o n t r o l a n d c o n f r o n t a t i o n . C o m p e t i t i o n . L i n e a r / l o g i c a n a l y s i s i n s t r u m e n t o r i e n t e d . A g a i n s t t h e i n d i v i d u a l . D i r e c t , c o n f r o n t a t i o n . A c t i o n a n d s o l u t i o n o r i e n t e d w i t h t h e e x p l i c i t c o m m u n i c a t i o n c o d e s a n d r a t i o n a l f a c t o r i a l r h e t o r i c . O p e n a n d d i r e c t s t r a t e g i e s . G r o u p i n c l u s i o n a n d a s s o c i a t i o n . I n d i r e c t . A c c o m m o d a t i o n a n d a v o i d a n c e . C o l l a b o r a t i o n . N o n - l i n e a r l o g i c , s y n t h e s i s , e x p r e s s i o n o r i e n t e d . A g a i n s t t h e g r o u p . I n d i r e c t , n o n - c o n f r o n t a t i o n a l . M o r e r e l a t i o n s h i p o r i e n t e d w i t h i m p l i c i t c o m m u n i c a t i o n c o d e s a n d i n t u i t i v e / a f f e c t i v e r h e t o r i c . A m b i g u o u s i n d i r e c t s t r a t e g i e s . M o d e o f C o m m u n ic a t i o n S t y l e S t r a t e g y E x p la n a t i o n s C o n f li c t E x p o s u r e o f P r o b l e m O r i e n t a t i o n L O W - C O N T E X T H I G H C O N T E X T ( G u d y k u n s t ,W .B . , & T i n g , T o o m e y , ( 1 9 8 8 ) C u l t u r e a n d I n t e r p e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n N e w b u r y P a r k S a g e P u b l i c a t i o n s ) M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW (0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4 E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d .c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w .u s e rs. b ig p o n d .c o m /lo b s in g e r/
  • 27.        L a n g u a g e D i f f e r e n c e s - t h i s m a y m e a n - l a c k o f v o c a b u l a r y - l a c k o f i d i o m a t i c e x p r e s s i o n s - d i f f e r e n t i n t o n a t i o n a n d e m p h a s i s - c h o i c e o f v o c a b u l a r y N o n - v e r b a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n d i f f e r e n c e s - T h e s e n o n - s p o k e n c l u e s o r b o d y l a n g u a g e c a n i m p e d e c o m m u n i c a t i o n , e v e n i f t h e w o r d s u s e d a r e b e i n g u n d e r s t o o d . P r e c o n c e p t i o n s a n d s t e r e o t y p e s b a s e d o n a s s u m p t i o n s a n d V a l u e j u d g e m e n t s c a n l e a d t o d i s c r i m i n a t i o n a n d r a c i s t b e h a v i o u r - e v e r y o n e ’ s s h o r t h a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e w o r l d n e e d s t o b e c h e c k e d o u t a n d u n d e r s t o o d i n c o n t e x t . E v a l u a t e b e h a v i o u r - c r o s s - c u l t u r a l c o n f l i c t c a n s t i l l o c c u r w h e n o n e p e r s o n c a n r e c o g n i s e t h e c u l t u r a l p a t t e r n s / c o n t e x t i f t h e o t h e r p e r s o n , b u t e v a l u a t e s t h e i r b e h a v i o u r a s g o o d o r b a d a g a i n s t t h e i r o w n c u l t u r a l s e t o f v a l u e s . S t r e s s a n d l a c k o f t i m e - c r o s s - c u l t u r a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n - b u i l d i n g t r u s t a n d r e l a t i o n s h i p s i s t i m e c o n s u m i n g . N o t u s i n g a d e q u a t e i n t e r p r e t e r s o r n o t u t i l i s i n g i n t e r p r e t e r s i n a p r o f e s s i o n a l m a n n e r. N o t k n o w i n g t h e c o n t e x t - e g i s t h e p e r s o n a m i g r a n t , r e f u g e e o r i n d i g e n o u s p e r s o n , h o w l o n g h a v e t h e y b e e n i n A u s t r a l i a e t c . H i g h a n d l o w c o n t e x t s t y le s o f c o m m u n ic a t i o n ( D o n a t a R o s s i 1 9 9 9 ) M u ltic u lt u ra l C o u n s e lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b s in g e r B S W M S W M A A S W (0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4 E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b P a g e : w w w . u s e rs.b ig p o n d . c o m / lo b sin g e r/
  • 28.       T o l e r a n c e o f a m b i l i v a n c e . B a l a n c e v s P l e a s u r e . N o n - w e s t e r n m o d e l u s e d t o g e t h e r. I n d i v i d u a l s n o t s e e n a s s e p a r a t e f r o m t h e c o l l e c t i v e . S p i r i t u a l i t y m o r e i n c l u d e d i n c o u n s e l l i n g i n g e n e r a l . S o c i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y m o r e i n c l u d e d i n c o u n s e l l i n g . C o u n s e l l o r s w i l l b e m u c h m o r e a w a r e o r t h e i r o w n c u l t u r a l p e r s p e c t i v e . M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW (0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g to n Q 4 0 6 4 E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d .c o m W e b Pa g e : w w w .u s e rs. b ig p o n d .c o m /lo b s in g e r/
  • 29.      W h a t d i d y o u li k e a b o u t t h e w o r k s h o p ? H o w c o u l d t h e w o r k s h o p b e im p r o v e d ? W h a t w o u l d y o u l ik e t o h a v e h a d m o r e o r l e s s o f ? W h a t o t h e r w o r k s h o p t o p i c s w o u l d y o u l ik e t o s e e p r e s e n t e d ? O t h e r c o m m e n t s ? T h a n k y o u f o r y o u r c o m m e n t s . M u ltic u ltu ra l C o u n se lin g W o rk s h o p C o p y rig h t 2 0 0 0 C h ris Lo b sin g e r B S W M SW M A A SW (0 7 ) 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 P O B o x 4 4 5 Pa d d in g t o n Q 4 0 6 4 E m a il: lo b s in g e r@ b ig p o n d . c o m W e b P a g e : w w w . u se rs. b ig p o n d . c o m / lo b sin g e r