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Ancient rome overview per cmapp
Legend of the Founding of Rome
                  Legend has it that twin
                  brothers, Romulus and
                  Remus founded the city
                  -According to the tale, the
                  twins’ mother was a Latin
                  woman and their father was
                  the war god Mars
                  -This led Romans to believe
                  that they had a divine origin

                  Latins: group that founded
                  Rome in 753 BCE



                                           2
Roman legend of seizing the Sabine
        Women for wives
Rome – the world’s 1st Republic

• Citizens – people who can take part in the
  government.
Roman citizens felt a strong sense of citizenship.
  Believed in defending Rome and participating
  in society to make it better
• Republic – type of government where people
  elect leaders to make laws for them
• Senate – Counsel of rich and powerful
  Romans who advised their leaders (2 Consuls)
Rome’s Forum: the
marketplace, hear
speeches, watch
gladiators +
trials, hold
elections, and more
THE TWELVE TABLES

   First Roman Law Code –
451 BCE:

basic rights for all citizens
                     TWELVE carved stone tablets
                     Originals lost when Rome burned
                     in 390 so what we know of them
                     comes from quotes in survivng
                     records
Roman Social Structure
       in the Republic
 Patricians:   wealthy landowners and office-
holders, aristocrats

 Plebeians:  farmers, artisans, traders…could vote
but not hold political office


 Slaves: mostly prisoners of war…not
citizens…no rights
The person seated is a ___ in Roman
government while the man on his knees is a __




                                                8
Roman Religion
          Polytheistic: belief in more than
         one god

 Absorbed gods   of others…including the Greeks.
Most important Roman gods/goddesses were:
• Jupiter (father of gods) from the Greek Zeus,
• Juno (watched over women) from Hera, &
• Minerva (goddess of wisdom +arts from Athena)

In time, worship of emperors also became part of the
official religion of Rome.
Roman Women


 Educated just like boys

 Could NOT vote, but could
testify in court


 Gained property rights

 More influence in family
than the Greek women of
Athens
Quick, Name these legendary founders of Rome
Slavery in the
          Roman World
• Important to building projects and
  way of life. 40% of the population
  were slaves
• Conquests supplied slaves so came
  from all over
• Not related to ethnicity or skin color
• Greek slaves educated and prized
• Rebellions like Sparticus 73BCE
  Crassius: put down, crucified slaves
  and held a 10 day party for Rome
   – Slaves gradually won freedom and
     numbers decreased
Which type of people are depicted in this painting?
           What rights do they have?
Structure of the Republic
Senate= governing body
Made up of Patricians

Plebian Council: assembly    Patricians
for commoners, a Tribune
from here could veto a
law by the Senate
-Consuls= two patricians     Plebeians
Foreign affairs and
the military. Direct
access by the people
to the consul
                                     14
Review: Unlike the Athenians, who had a direct or
participatory democracy, the Romans established a
representative democracy, which is called a …




              …like we have today
Government
Comparisons with US government
• Balance of power/no one group can
  dominate
  – Senate and
    House of Representatives (plebian Council)
  – 2 Consuls = president
  – Tribune (veto power)
  – Courts (independent)
• In times of civil or
  military crisis, the                 Dictators
  Roman constitution
  allowed for the
  appointment of a
  dictator who wielded
  absolute power for a
  term of six months.
• George Washington
  gave up power and
  returned to farming
  after the American
  Revolution, inspired    Cincinnatus, shown here handing
  by Cincinnatus          the rods of power back to the city
                         fathers, served as dictator of Rome
                                        twice
Legion: 6,000 man Roman army division
Carthage (North African Empire) in the western
Mediterranean that was destroyed by Rome
in the Punic Wars (264-201 BCE)
Hannibal:
Carthage’s
Commander
crossing the Alps in
the Second Punic
War 218-203 BCE.
He occupied the
Italian Peninsula
for 15 years but
was finally crushed
by the Romans
defending the city
of Carthage
See Rome Expand!
ROMAN CONQUESTS

Rome conquered justly- allowing those conquered to
keep their culture, customs, and government- as long as
they supplied soldiers, paid taxes, and followed Roman
leadership. The conquered could get different levels of
citizenship / rights (vote, marry a Roman)
Economics in the Republic
-Conquests brought much wealth to Rome
-Wealthy families bought huge estates .
-Romans forced the people they conquered to work
as slaves on these farms.
-Slave labor hurt the small farmers because it cost
them more to produce food, and the price was
driven down by the immense quantities coming into
Rome
-Farmers fell into debt, sold their land, and moved
to the city looking for work
-gap between rich and poor widens=riots and chaos


                                                      23
Republic to Empire
-Civil wars break out to decide who should hold
power. Military leaders want to be the Consul for
more than 1 year. The senate wanted to keep the
status quo; political leaders wanted to weaken the
senate and enact reforms (no land requirement to
join the legions)
-Slave uprisings throughout the republic
-Armies became loyal to their commanders
because they gave them benefits such as captured
land
                                                     24
• Caesar was a nephew of
  Marius, who was Consul for
  7 times! He allowed
                                Julius Caesar
  landless men to serve in
  legions and then gain
  conquered land. Called the
  third founder of Rome for
  defeating the Germanic
  tribes, who reached Rome
  in 104 BCE. Fought a civil
  war over Rome with
  General Sulla and brutally
  killed opponents when he
  became Consul again.
• In the 50s B.C., Caesar led
  an army that conquered
  Gaul and made him very
  popular
                                Gaul (now mostly France)
Julius Caesar
• In 49 Caesar marched his
  army to Rome and by
  early 46 he had named
  himself dictator
• But instead of the
  constitutional six month
  term, Caesar claimed to
  be dictator for life
• Hugely popular with
  Rome’s poorer citizens
• “veni, vidi, vici”
Julius Caesar’s Reforms
• Caesar centralized military and political functions and
  brought them under his control
• He confiscated property from patricians and
  distributed it among veterans of his army and other
  supporters
• He launched large scale building projects to provide
  employment for the poor
• He extended Roman citizenship to people in the
  imperial provinces
Julius Caesar
• But Caesar’s reforms
  alienated many of Rome’s
  elite who considered him a
  tyrant
• In 44 B.C. they assassinated
  him (stabbed 27 times)
• Who will replace Caesar?
  The Senators who killed
  him?
  Will there be a Republic
  with Senate rule or another
  dictator?
• There follows 13 years of
  uneasy power sharing and
  civil war
Octavian
• Octavian was a
  nephew, protégé,
  and adopted
  nephew of Julius
  Caesar
• He defeated his
  principal
  rival, Mark
  Anthony, and
  Anthony’s ally
  Cleopatra at
  Actium, Greece in      Anthony and Cleopatra by Sir
  31 B.C.                  Lawrence Alma-Tadema
Augustus
• Octavian consolidated his
  rule and in 27 B.C., the
  Senate bestowed upon him
  the title Augustus
   – “Augustus” has religious
     connotations suggesting a
     divine or semidivine nature
• Augustus ruled virtually
  unopposed for 45 years in
  “a monarchy disguised as a
  republic”
• Augustus centralized       Augustus 1st
  political and military
  power like Julius Caesar    Emperor
  did, but he was careful
  to preserve traditional
  republican offices and
  forms of government.
  He included members
  of the Roman elite in
  his government

• Succeeded by the 5
  Good Emperors from
  96-180 CE/AD who
  gained the support and
  cooperation of the
  Senate
Empire: different peoples and lands under one ruler
Pax Romana – 200 years of no major wars under
Roman rule (27 BCE to 180 AD/CE).
34
During this period:




o Romans thought they were the entire civilized world


           o Rome enjoyed military dominance


                              o The population of the city
                              of Rome reached 1 million


     o Trade increased, bringing a wealth of resources
     into Rome

           o The arts flourished
Roman Empire is too large to
govern, Emperor splits into Eastern
and Western portions in 285 CE/AD
Constantine 57th Emperor of Roman Empire –
converts to Christianity and makes it the empire’s
official religion
Constantine builds the Church of the Holy
Sepulchre in Jerusalem.in 326 AD. Builders believe
  that they find the True Cross and Jesus’tomb
Barbarians: do not share the
  same culture, savage, inferior
The FALL of the ROMAN EMPIRE (in the west) was a Long
slow decline ending in 476 CE/AD:
• Too large to defend or govern
• Taxes were too high
• Loss of loyalty to the government through corruption
   and civil wars
• Slavery
• Christianity (How can Christians be loyal to and obey the
   Emperor who claims to be a god?)
• Military weakness (fewer and weaker Legions)
• BARBARIAN INVASIONS
A Bit of Perspective
The Roman Empire's vast size and
long endurance its institutions and
culture had a profound and lasting
influence on the development of
language, religion, architecture, phi
losophy, law, and forms of
government in the territory it
governed, particularly Europe.
GREEK                          ROMAN
Preferred Structure:   Temples to Glorify Gods        Civic Buildings to honor
                                                      Empire

Walls:                 Made of cut stone blocks       Concrete with Ornamental
                                                      facing

Trademark Forms:       Rectangles, Straight Lines     Circles, Curved Lines


Support System:        Post and Lintel                Rounded Arch


Column Style:          Doric & Ionic                  Corinthian

Sculpture:             Idealized Gods &               Realistic humans,
                       Goddesses                      idealized officials
Painting:              Stylized figures floating in   Realistic images with
                       Space                          perspective
Subject of Art:        Mythology                      Civic Leaders, military
                                                      triumphs
                                                                                43
Augustus Caesar
was elevated to a
god after his death.
This sculpture
shows the
‘crowning’ of
Augustus as Jupiter
– King of the Gods.
  His adopted
son, Tiberius, holds
a lance and steps
out of the chariot on
the left, ready to be                                       AN
the next Emperor.        The heroic theme and action of
                        Classical Greek Art + the Roman
                        realistic depiction of historical events
                                                             44
Temple of Athena    Temple of Portunus
      Nike         Rome, Italy - ca. 75 BC
 Classical Greek                             45
The PARTHENON
in Athens




Rome’s PANTHEON:
temple dedicated to
all of the Roman
Gods (polytheistic)

                46
High Classical Greek   Augustus Primaporta,
                       Pax Romana (Roman)
                                              47
Athena and Alcyoneus frieze
from the Altar of Zeus at
Pergamon, c.180 BCE.

HELLENISTIC GREEK




Spoils from the Temple of
Solomon, Jerusalem.
Relief on the Arch of Titus

EARLY EMPIRE ROME




                              48
The Roman Architectural Revolution




                                     49
As they expanded their
                             control…




…the Romans built an
excellent network of roads
Here’s how they built them:
Their road system is one of the Romans’ greatest achievements




   Why do you think they built them?
Aqueducts: man made
channels to carry water
from higher to lower
elevation.
Engineered to drop only
1 foot for every 2,000
Chariots: light 2 wheeled
vehicle, usually 1 driver
and 2 horses
Circus Maximus: chariot racing stadium,
        holds 50,000 spectators
Baths:




    Baths: part of daily life – socializing
"We quickly undressed, went into the hot baths and after working
up a sweat, passed on to the cold bath. There we found Trimalchio
again. His skin was glistening all over with perfumed oil. He was
being rubbed down, not with ordinary linen, but with clothes of
the purest and softest wool. he was then wrapped in a blazing
scarlet robe, hoisted into a litter, and trundled off." Petronius.
Roman Coliseum: Built in 80 AD, seats 50,000
         (invention of concrete!)
At the coliseum gladiators: usually slaves/prisoners of war
 who fought to the death to entertain Rome’s population
At the coliseum, animals fought each other or were
used to execute numerous types of victims, like these
                     Christians.
Mt. Vesuvius – destroyed the Roman
    city of Pompeii in 79 CE/AD
Ancient rome overview per cmapp

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Ancient rome overview per cmapp

  • 2. Legend of the Founding of Rome Legend has it that twin brothers, Romulus and Remus founded the city -According to the tale, the twins’ mother was a Latin woman and their father was the war god Mars -This led Romans to believe that they had a divine origin Latins: group that founded Rome in 753 BCE 2
  • 3. Roman legend of seizing the Sabine Women for wives
  • 4. Rome – the world’s 1st Republic • Citizens – people who can take part in the government. Roman citizens felt a strong sense of citizenship. Believed in defending Rome and participating in society to make it better • Republic – type of government where people elect leaders to make laws for them • Senate – Counsel of rich and powerful Romans who advised their leaders (2 Consuls)
  • 5. Rome’s Forum: the marketplace, hear speeches, watch gladiators + trials, hold elections, and more
  • 6. THE TWELVE TABLES First Roman Law Code – 451 BCE: basic rights for all citizens TWELVE carved stone tablets Originals lost when Rome burned in 390 so what we know of them comes from quotes in survivng records
  • 7. Roman Social Structure in the Republic  Patricians: wealthy landowners and office- holders, aristocrats  Plebeians: farmers, artisans, traders…could vote but not hold political office  Slaves: mostly prisoners of war…not citizens…no rights
  • 8. The person seated is a ___ in Roman government while the man on his knees is a __ 8
  • 9. Roman Religion  Polytheistic: belief in more than one god  Absorbed gods of others…including the Greeks. Most important Roman gods/goddesses were: • Jupiter (father of gods) from the Greek Zeus, • Juno (watched over women) from Hera, & • Minerva (goddess of wisdom +arts from Athena) In time, worship of emperors also became part of the official religion of Rome.
  • 10. Roman Women  Educated just like boys  Could NOT vote, but could testify in court  Gained property rights  More influence in family than the Greek women of Athens
  • 11. Quick, Name these legendary founders of Rome
  • 12. Slavery in the Roman World • Important to building projects and way of life. 40% of the population were slaves • Conquests supplied slaves so came from all over • Not related to ethnicity or skin color • Greek slaves educated and prized • Rebellions like Sparticus 73BCE Crassius: put down, crucified slaves and held a 10 day party for Rome – Slaves gradually won freedom and numbers decreased
  • 13. Which type of people are depicted in this painting? What rights do they have?
  • 14. Structure of the Republic Senate= governing body Made up of Patricians Plebian Council: assembly Patricians for commoners, a Tribune from here could veto a law by the Senate -Consuls= two patricians Plebeians Foreign affairs and the military. Direct access by the people to the consul 14
  • 15. Review: Unlike the Athenians, who had a direct or participatory democracy, the Romans established a representative democracy, which is called a … …like we have today
  • 16. Government Comparisons with US government • Balance of power/no one group can dominate – Senate and House of Representatives (plebian Council) – 2 Consuls = president – Tribune (veto power) – Courts (independent)
  • 17. • In times of civil or military crisis, the Dictators Roman constitution allowed for the appointment of a dictator who wielded absolute power for a term of six months. • George Washington gave up power and returned to farming after the American Revolution, inspired Cincinnatus, shown here handing by Cincinnatus the rods of power back to the city fathers, served as dictator of Rome twice
  • 18. Legion: 6,000 man Roman army division
  • 19. Carthage (North African Empire) in the western Mediterranean that was destroyed by Rome in the Punic Wars (264-201 BCE)
  • 20. Hannibal: Carthage’s Commander crossing the Alps in the Second Punic War 218-203 BCE. He occupied the Italian Peninsula for 15 years but was finally crushed by the Romans defending the city of Carthage
  • 22. ROMAN CONQUESTS Rome conquered justly- allowing those conquered to keep their culture, customs, and government- as long as they supplied soldiers, paid taxes, and followed Roman leadership. The conquered could get different levels of citizenship / rights (vote, marry a Roman)
  • 23. Economics in the Republic -Conquests brought much wealth to Rome -Wealthy families bought huge estates . -Romans forced the people they conquered to work as slaves on these farms. -Slave labor hurt the small farmers because it cost them more to produce food, and the price was driven down by the immense quantities coming into Rome -Farmers fell into debt, sold their land, and moved to the city looking for work -gap between rich and poor widens=riots and chaos 23
  • 24. Republic to Empire -Civil wars break out to decide who should hold power. Military leaders want to be the Consul for more than 1 year. The senate wanted to keep the status quo; political leaders wanted to weaken the senate and enact reforms (no land requirement to join the legions) -Slave uprisings throughout the republic -Armies became loyal to their commanders because they gave them benefits such as captured land 24
  • 25. • Caesar was a nephew of Marius, who was Consul for 7 times! He allowed Julius Caesar landless men to serve in legions and then gain conquered land. Called the third founder of Rome for defeating the Germanic tribes, who reached Rome in 104 BCE. Fought a civil war over Rome with General Sulla and brutally killed opponents when he became Consul again. • In the 50s B.C., Caesar led an army that conquered Gaul and made him very popular Gaul (now mostly France)
  • 26. Julius Caesar • In 49 Caesar marched his army to Rome and by early 46 he had named himself dictator • But instead of the constitutional six month term, Caesar claimed to be dictator for life • Hugely popular with Rome’s poorer citizens • “veni, vidi, vici”
  • 27. Julius Caesar’s Reforms • Caesar centralized military and political functions and brought them under his control • He confiscated property from patricians and distributed it among veterans of his army and other supporters • He launched large scale building projects to provide employment for the poor • He extended Roman citizenship to people in the imperial provinces
  • 28. Julius Caesar • But Caesar’s reforms alienated many of Rome’s elite who considered him a tyrant • In 44 B.C. they assassinated him (stabbed 27 times) • Who will replace Caesar? The Senators who killed him? Will there be a Republic with Senate rule or another dictator? • There follows 13 years of uneasy power sharing and civil war
  • 29. Octavian • Octavian was a nephew, protégé, and adopted nephew of Julius Caesar • He defeated his principal rival, Mark Anthony, and Anthony’s ally Cleopatra at Actium, Greece in Anthony and Cleopatra by Sir 31 B.C. Lawrence Alma-Tadema
  • 30. Augustus • Octavian consolidated his rule and in 27 B.C., the Senate bestowed upon him the title Augustus – “Augustus” has religious connotations suggesting a divine or semidivine nature • Augustus ruled virtually unopposed for 45 years in “a monarchy disguised as a republic”
  • 31. • Augustus centralized Augustus 1st political and military power like Julius Caesar Emperor did, but he was careful to preserve traditional republican offices and forms of government. He included members of the Roman elite in his government • Succeeded by the 5 Good Emperors from 96-180 CE/AD who gained the support and cooperation of the Senate
  • 32. Empire: different peoples and lands under one ruler
  • 33. Pax Romana – 200 years of no major wars under Roman rule (27 BCE to 180 AD/CE).
  • 34. 34
  • 35. During this period: o Romans thought they were the entire civilized world o Rome enjoyed military dominance o The population of the city of Rome reached 1 million o Trade increased, bringing a wealth of resources into Rome o The arts flourished
  • 36. Roman Empire is too large to govern, Emperor splits into Eastern and Western portions in 285 CE/AD
  • 37. Constantine 57th Emperor of Roman Empire – converts to Christianity and makes it the empire’s official religion
  • 38. Constantine builds the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.in 326 AD. Builders believe that they find the True Cross and Jesus’tomb
  • 39. Barbarians: do not share the same culture, savage, inferior
  • 40. The FALL of the ROMAN EMPIRE (in the west) was a Long slow decline ending in 476 CE/AD: • Too large to defend or govern • Taxes were too high • Loss of loyalty to the government through corruption and civil wars • Slavery • Christianity (How can Christians be loyal to and obey the Emperor who claims to be a god?) • Military weakness (fewer and weaker Legions) • BARBARIAN INVASIONS
  • 41. A Bit of Perspective
  • 42. The Roman Empire's vast size and long endurance its institutions and culture had a profound and lasting influence on the development of language, religion, architecture, phi losophy, law, and forms of government in the territory it governed, particularly Europe.
  • 43. GREEK ROMAN Preferred Structure: Temples to Glorify Gods Civic Buildings to honor Empire Walls: Made of cut stone blocks Concrete with Ornamental facing Trademark Forms: Rectangles, Straight Lines Circles, Curved Lines Support System: Post and Lintel Rounded Arch Column Style: Doric & Ionic Corinthian Sculpture: Idealized Gods & Realistic humans, Goddesses idealized officials Painting: Stylized figures floating in Realistic images with Space perspective Subject of Art: Mythology Civic Leaders, military triumphs 43
  • 44. Augustus Caesar was elevated to a god after his death. This sculpture shows the ‘crowning’ of Augustus as Jupiter – King of the Gods. His adopted son, Tiberius, holds a lance and steps out of the chariot on the left, ready to be AN the next Emperor. The heroic theme and action of Classical Greek Art + the Roman realistic depiction of historical events 44
  • 45. Temple of Athena Temple of Portunus Nike Rome, Italy - ca. 75 BC Classical Greek 45
  • 46. The PARTHENON in Athens Rome’s PANTHEON: temple dedicated to all of the Roman Gods (polytheistic) 46
  • 47. High Classical Greek Augustus Primaporta, Pax Romana (Roman) 47
  • 48. Athena and Alcyoneus frieze from the Altar of Zeus at Pergamon, c.180 BCE. HELLENISTIC GREEK Spoils from the Temple of Solomon, Jerusalem. Relief on the Arch of Titus EARLY EMPIRE ROME 48
  • 49. The Roman Architectural Revolution 49
  • 50. As they expanded their control… …the Romans built an excellent network of roads
  • 51. Here’s how they built them:
  • 52. Their road system is one of the Romans’ greatest achievements Why do you think they built them?
  • 53. Aqueducts: man made channels to carry water from higher to lower elevation. Engineered to drop only 1 foot for every 2,000
  • 54. Chariots: light 2 wheeled vehicle, usually 1 driver and 2 horses
  • 55. Circus Maximus: chariot racing stadium, holds 50,000 spectators
  • 56. Baths: Baths: part of daily life – socializing "We quickly undressed, went into the hot baths and after working up a sweat, passed on to the cold bath. There we found Trimalchio again. His skin was glistening all over with perfumed oil. He was being rubbed down, not with ordinary linen, but with clothes of the purest and softest wool. he was then wrapped in a blazing scarlet robe, hoisted into a litter, and trundled off." Petronius.
  • 57. Roman Coliseum: Built in 80 AD, seats 50,000 (invention of concrete!)
  • 58. At the coliseum gladiators: usually slaves/prisoners of war who fought to the death to entertain Rome’s population
  • 59. At the coliseum, animals fought each other or were used to execute numerous types of victims, like these Christians.
  • 60. Mt. Vesuvius – destroyed the Roman city of Pompeii in 79 CE/AD

Notas do Editor

  1. Plebeianshave no say in the government Patricians vs. Plebeians Eventually get to elect their own officials called tribunesin 494 B.C. For 84 years, (421-337 B.C.) plebeians fought to have a role in each part of the government
  2. Patricians: wealthy landowners and office-holders, aristocratsPlebeians: farmers, artisans, traders…could vote but not hold political office
  3. Cleopatra was pharaoh of egypt, descended from ptolmey, claimed to be Isis, had children with Caesar and Anthony
  4. http://www.laits.utexas.edu/moore/rome/image/map-roman-empire-under-1-augustus-2-trajan-and-3-hadrian
  5. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/lostempires/roman/day.html