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Male and Female
Reproductive
Structures,
Menstrual Cycle,
and Development
Male Reproductive Structures
Male Reproductive Structures
• Testis – site of sperm production
– produces hormone testosterone

• Scrotum – sac containing testes
– maintains testis at 1-3°C below body
temperature

• Epididymus – site of sperm
maturation
• Vas deferens – carries sperm
from testes to urethra
Male Reproductive Structures
• Fluid from 3 glands combine with sperm to make
semen
• Seminal vesicle, prostate gland, and
bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland
– Adds sugar, lubricants, and neutralizing fluid
– Sperm + fluids = semen
Male Reproductive Structures
• Urethra – carries urine and semen out of the
body
• Penis – external reproductive organ
Bladder
Vas
Deferens
Prostate
Urethra
Seminal
Vesicle

Penis

Epididymus
Bulbourethral
Gland

Scrotum

Testis
Female Reproductive Structures
Female Reproductive Structures
• Ovaries – contains follicles where eggs
(ova) mature
– produces estrogen
and progesterone

•

Egg travels down the
fallopian tube
(oviduct) to the uterus
Female Reproductive Structures
• Cilia lining fallopian tubes - sweeps egg
into the uterus
– Fertilization is usually here

• Uterus (womb)
– Muscular organ where fetus develops
– Contracts during birth

• The cervix connects the
uterus/vagina
• Vagina – birth canal
Fallopian
Tube
Uterus
Bladder
Ovary
Urethra
Clitoris

Labia Major

Cervix
Anus
Vagina

Labia Minor
Ovary

Fallopian
Tube

Uterus
Cervix

Vagina
Menstrual Cycle Summary
• Regulated by negative feedback
• Follicular phase
– Pituitary responds to low estrogen levels  releases
FSH & LH
– Follicle (egg) develops, and releases estrogen

• Ovulation

– Shortest phase
– FSH/LH peak, follicle
ruptures, egg releases
Menstrual Cycle Summary
• Luteal Phase – corpus
luteum releases estrogen
and progesterone
– Uterine lining builds up
– Fertilization may occur

• Menstruation occurs if
egg isn’t fertilized
– Corpus luteum breaks down
– Estrogen and progesterone decrease
– Blood, tissue, and egg leave thru the vagina

• Low estrogen levels cause pituitary to release
FSH & LH… the cycle repeats
Fertilization and Implantation
• Fertilization occurs in the oviduct
– Zygote – a fertilized egg, diploid cell

• Cell division begins
– Embryo - > 1 cell
– Morula – solid ball of 64 cells
– Blastocyst – hollow ball of cells

• Blastocyst takes ~7
days to implant in the
uterine lining
• Differentiation
begins, cells
specialize

Oviduct

4 cells 2 cells
Morula Fertilization

Zygote

Blastocyst

Implantation
Uterine
wall

Ovary

Egg
Male female for moodle 2013-14
Male female for moodle 2013-14
Embryonic Development
• Gastrulation is the formation of 3 embryonic
germ layers
• Endoderm – lining of digestive, reproductive,
respiratory systems
• Mesoderm – muscles, blood, and bones
• Ectoderm – skin and nervous system
Human Development Video clip Link

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UgT5rUQ9EmQ
Placental Mammals

For complete internal
development to occur,
there must be a
continuous food
supply, gas exchange,
and waste removal.
Placental mammals
supply these needs
with a placenta.
Examples: humans,
dogs, rats, horses, and
deer.
 The Placenta
Pregnancy and Development
• Specialized embryonic membranes develop to protect
and nourish the embryo
• Chorion – develops into the placenta
• Placenta and umbilical cord connect fetus to mother
– Provides energy and O2, removes wastes and CO2
Pregnancy and Development
• Amnion develops into the amniotic
sac which cushions the fetus
Placenta and Umbilical Cord
The embryo is
connected to the
placenta by an
umbilical cord which
contains large blood
vessels that transport
food, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, and wastes
between the mother and
fetus.
Embryo = 0-8 weeks
Fetus = after 8 weeks
Stages of Pregnancy – 3 Trimesters
Fetal Growth and Development
• 1 st Trimester – all organ systems formed by 7th week
• 2 nd Trimester – organs mature, heart can be heard
• 3 rd Trimester – greatest size and mass increase
5 Weeks

9 Weeks

14 Weeks

20 Weeks
Birth

The hormone oxytocin
causes a series of uterine
contractions to begin (labor.)
The amniotic sac breaks,
the cervix dilates, and as the
contractions become more
intense the fetus is pushed
head first and face down
through the birth canal.
The birth is followed by
afterbirth or expulsion of the
placenta. The umbilical cord is
cut and tied immediately after
birth.

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Male female for moodle 2013-14

  • 3. Male Reproductive Structures • Testis – site of sperm production – produces hormone testosterone • Scrotum – sac containing testes – maintains testis at 1-3°C below body temperature • Epididymus – site of sperm maturation • Vas deferens – carries sperm from testes to urethra
  • 4. Male Reproductive Structures • Fluid from 3 glands combine with sperm to make semen • Seminal vesicle, prostate gland, and bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland – Adds sugar, lubricants, and neutralizing fluid – Sperm + fluids = semen
  • 5. Male Reproductive Structures • Urethra – carries urine and semen out of the body • Penis – external reproductive organ
  • 8. Female Reproductive Structures • Ovaries – contains follicles where eggs (ova) mature – produces estrogen and progesterone • Egg travels down the fallopian tube (oviduct) to the uterus
  • 9. Female Reproductive Structures • Cilia lining fallopian tubes - sweeps egg into the uterus – Fertilization is usually here • Uterus (womb) – Muscular organ where fetus develops – Contracts during birth • The cervix connects the uterus/vagina • Vagina – birth canal
  • 12. Menstrual Cycle Summary • Regulated by negative feedback • Follicular phase – Pituitary responds to low estrogen levels  releases FSH & LH – Follicle (egg) develops, and releases estrogen • Ovulation – Shortest phase – FSH/LH peak, follicle ruptures, egg releases
  • 13. Menstrual Cycle Summary • Luteal Phase – corpus luteum releases estrogen and progesterone – Uterine lining builds up – Fertilization may occur • Menstruation occurs if egg isn’t fertilized – Corpus luteum breaks down – Estrogen and progesterone decrease – Blood, tissue, and egg leave thru the vagina • Low estrogen levels cause pituitary to release FSH & LH… the cycle repeats
  • 14. Fertilization and Implantation • Fertilization occurs in the oviduct – Zygote – a fertilized egg, diploid cell • Cell division begins – Embryo - > 1 cell – Morula – solid ball of 64 cells – Blastocyst – hollow ball of cells • Blastocyst takes ~7 days to implant in the uterine lining • Differentiation begins, cells specialize Oviduct 4 cells 2 cells Morula Fertilization Zygote Blastocyst Implantation Uterine wall Ovary Egg
  • 17. Embryonic Development • Gastrulation is the formation of 3 embryonic germ layers • Endoderm – lining of digestive, reproductive, respiratory systems • Mesoderm – muscles, blood, and bones • Ectoderm – skin and nervous system
  • 18. Human Development Video clip Link • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UgT5rUQ9EmQ
  • 19. Placental Mammals For complete internal development to occur, there must be a continuous food supply, gas exchange, and waste removal. Placental mammals supply these needs with a placenta. Examples: humans, dogs, rats, horses, and deer.
  • 21. Pregnancy and Development • Specialized embryonic membranes develop to protect and nourish the embryo • Chorion – develops into the placenta • Placenta and umbilical cord connect fetus to mother – Provides energy and O2, removes wastes and CO2
  • 22. Pregnancy and Development • Amnion develops into the amniotic sac which cushions the fetus
  • 23. Placenta and Umbilical Cord The embryo is connected to the placenta by an umbilical cord which contains large blood vessels that transport food, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and wastes between the mother and fetus. Embryo = 0-8 weeks Fetus = after 8 weeks
  • 24. Stages of Pregnancy – 3 Trimesters
  • 25. Fetal Growth and Development • 1 st Trimester – all organ systems formed by 7th week • 2 nd Trimester – organs mature, heart can be heard • 3 rd Trimester – greatest size and mass increase
  • 26. 5 Weeks 9 Weeks 14 Weeks 20 Weeks
  • 27. Birth The hormone oxytocin causes a series of uterine contractions to begin (labor.) The amniotic sac breaks, the cervix dilates, and as the contractions become more intense the fetus is pushed head first and face down through the birth canal. The birth is followed by afterbirth or expulsion of the placenta. The umbilical cord is cut and tied immediately after birth.