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April 19, 2012




Digestive System
April 19, 2012




             Digestion Basics

1. Mouth: Saliva has an enzyme that
   begins to break down starch (bolus)

2. Esophagus: Muscular tube

3. Stomach: Acids and enzymes digest
   food further (chyme)

4. Small intestine: Enzymes produced here
   and by the pancreas break down food
   further and nutrient molecules are
   absorbed into the blood across the walls
   of the small intestine.
   20' in length: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
April 19, 2012




5. Large Intestine: Unabsorbed food
moves into here and water is removed
and some vitamins from undigested food.

6. Rectum: Waste is expelled from the
body.
April 19, 2012




Urinary System
April 19, 2012




* Nutrition is the study of...

 - Food and how the body uses food

 - How and why we make food choices

 - Nutrients foods contain


* What are benefits of good nutrition?
April 19, 2012




* 6 Classes of Nutrients

 - Carbohydrates

 - Fat

 - Protein

 - Vitamins

 - Minerals

 - Water
April 19, 2012




              Carbohydrates

* Provide 4 cal/g (with 1 exception)

* Include:

 - sugars = "simple"

 - starches = "complex"

 - fiber (The weird carb, has 0 calories)
April 19, 2012




*What happens when you consume
carbohydrates?

 1. Breaks down into glucose

 2. If blood glucose too high, pancreas
    reacts and excess is stored in liver and
    muscles as glycogen

 3. When glycogen stores are full, it
    converts to fat
April 19, 2012




     Two Types of Fiber (the weird carb)

1. Soluble

 - Dissolves in water

 -   Cholesterol

2. Insoluble

 - Does not dissolve in water

 -   Solid waste
April 19, 2012




                      Fat

* Provide 9 cal/g

* When too much in blood, it's stored as
  triglycerides (3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol) in
  the fat cells

* 2 Types of fat

  - Saturated:
    * Usually solid at room temperature
    * Derived from animal foods

  - Unsaturated:
   * Usually liquid at room temperature
   * Derived from plants
April 19, 2012




                Cholesterol
         (assoc. with saturated fat)

* Made by the body and obtained through
  animal foods

* 2 Types:

 - LDL (bad): Can cause plaque
  formation in blood vessels

 - HDL (healthy): Carries cholesterol to
   liver to be removed from blood
April 19, 2012




                         Protein
* Provides 4 cal/g

* Protein builds, repairs, and maintains
   body tissues

* Protein is found in:
  - Muscles
  - Bones
  - Blood
  - Hormones

* Amino acids = the building blocks that
  make up protein

 - Nonessential amino acids:
    produced by body (11)

 - Essential amino acids:
    must obtain through diet (9)
April 19, 2012




           2 Types of Protein

Complete Protein        Incomplete Protein

From animal sources From plant sources

Contain all essential   Do not contain all
amino acids             essential amino
                        acids

Ex: Meat, fish,        Ex: Nuts, seeds,
chicken, turkey, milk, beans
yogurt, eggs
April 19, 2012




              The Vegan Diet

* Vegan = Person whose diet does not
  include foods derived from animals.
* How do they get complete protein?

* Protein Loading = Eating strategy in
  which extra protein is eaten to increase
  muscle size.

* Extra protein does not increase muscle
  size. Resistance exercise increases
  muscle size. If eat more protein than
  body needs, it's stored as fat.
April 19, 2012




U.S. RDA for protein =
 .36 g x body weight

weight (lbs)   protein RDA (g)
100            36
120            43
140            50
160            58



  (Milk carton = 8 g)
April 19, 2012




                    Vitamins

* Provide 0 cal/g

* Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, & K) can be
  stored in the body

 - Toxic if overdose on dietary supplements
   containing FSV (Hypervitaminosis)

* Water soluble vitamins (B & C) cannot be
  store in the body in significant amounts

 - Not toxic because can excrete excess
   WSV
April 19, 2012




                    Minerals
* Provide 0 cal/g
* Make up 5% body weight
* Macrominerals: Found in body in amounts
  >5g
 - Electrolytes: Sodium, Potassium, Chlorine
* Trace Minerals: Found in body in amounts
  <5g
April 19, 2012




                    Water

* Provide 0 cal/g

* Consume 8+ glasses/day
  (and 2 glasses/lb lost after exercise)

* Makes up ~60% of our bodies

* Lost through:
  - Urine and solid waste
  - Breathing
  - Skin

* Dehydration = Water consumed is less
  than body uses
April 19, 2012




The Food Label

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Digestive & urinary systems & nutrition course notes

  • 2. April 19, 2012 Digestion Basics 1. Mouth: Saliva has an enzyme that begins to break down starch (bolus) 2. Esophagus: Muscular tube 3. Stomach: Acids and enzymes digest food further (chyme) 4. Small intestine: Enzymes produced here and by the pancreas break down food further and nutrient molecules are absorbed into the blood across the walls of the small intestine. 20' in length: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
  • 3. April 19, 2012 5. Large Intestine: Unabsorbed food moves into here and water is removed and some vitamins from undigested food. 6. Rectum: Waste is expelled from the body.
  • 5. April 19, 2012 * Nutrition is the study of... - Food and how the body uses food - How and why we make food choices - Nutrients foods contain * What are benefits of good nutrition?
  • 6. April 19, 2012 * 6 Classes of Nutrients - Carbohydrates - Fat - Protein - Vitamins - Minerals - Water
  • 7. April 19, 2012 Carbohydrates * Provide 4 cal/g (with 1 exception) * Include: - sugars = "simple" - starches = "complex" - fiber (The weird carb, has 0 calories)
  • 8. April 19, 2012 *What happens when you consume carbohydrates? 1. Breaks down into glucose 2. If blood glucose too high, pancreas reacts and excess is stored in liver and muscles as glycogen 3. When glycogen stores are full, it converts to fat
  • 9. April 19, 2012 Two Types of Fiber (the weird carb) 1. Soluble - Dissolves in water - Cholesterol 2. Insoluble - Does not dissolve in water - Solid waste
  • 10. April 19, 2012 Fat * Provide 9 cal/g * When too much in blood, it's stored as triglycerides (3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol) in the fat cells * 2 Types of fat - Saturated: * Usually solid at room temperature * Derived from animal foods - Unsaturated: * Usually liquid at room temperature * Derived from plants
  • 11. April 19, 2012 Cholesterol (assoc. with saturated fat) * Made by the body and obtained through animal foods * 2 Types: - LDL (bad): Can cause plaque formation in blood vessels - HDL (healthy): Carries cholesterol to liver to be removed from blood
  • 12. April 19, 2012 Protein * Provides 4 cal/g * Protein builds, repairs, and maintains body tissues * Protein is found in: - Muscles - Bones - Blood - Hormones * Amino acids = the building blocks that make up protein - Nonessential amino acids: produced by body (11) - Essential amino acids: must obtain through diet (9)
  • 13. April 19, 2012 2 Types of Protein Complete Protein Incomplete Protein From animal sources From plant sources Contain all essential Do not contain all amino acids essential amino acids Ex: Meat, fish, Ex: Nuts, seeds, chicken, turkey, milk, beans yogurt, eggs
  • 14. April 19, 2012 The Vegan Diet * Vegan = Person whose diet does not include foods derived from animals. * How do they get complete protein? * Protein Loading = Eating strategy in which extra protein is eaten to increase muscle size. * Extra protein does not increase muscle size. Resistance exercise increases muscle size. If eat more protein than body needs, it's stored as fat.
  • 15. April 19, 2012 U.S. RDA for protein = .36 g x body weight weight (lbs) protein RDA (g) 100 36 120 43 140 50 160 58 (Milk carton = 8 g)
  • 16. April 19, 2012 Vitamins * Provide 0 cal/g * Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, & K) can be stored in the body - Toxic if overdose on dietary supplements containing FSV (Hypervitaminosis) * Water soluble vitamins (B & C) cannot be store in the body in significant amounts - Not toxic because can excrete excess WSV
  • 17. April 19, 2012 Minerals * Provide 0 cal/g * Make up 5% body weight * Macrominerals: Found in body in amounts >5g - Electrolytes: Sodium, Potassium, Chlorine * Trace Minerals: Found in body in amounts <5g
  • 18. April 19, 2012 Water * Provide 0 cal/g * Consume 8+ glasses/day (and 2 glasses/lb lost after exercise) * Makes up ~60% of our bodies * Lost through: - Urine and solid waste - Breathing - Skin * Dehydration = Water consumed is less than body uses
  • 19. April 19, 2012 The Food Label