16. isotonic solution hypertonic solution hypotonic solution 10 microns equal movement of water into and out of cells net water movement out of cells net water movement into cells
Figure: 03-05 Title: The effects of osmosis. Caption: Red blood cells are normally suspended in the fluid environment of the blood. (a) If red blood cells are immersed in an isotonic salt solution, which has the same concentration of dissolved substances as the blood cells do, there is no net movement of water across the plasma membrane. The red blood cells keep their characteristic dimpled disk shape. (b) A hypertonic solution, with too much salt, causes water to leave the cells, shriveling them up. (c) A hypotonic solution, with less salt than is in the cells, causes water to enter, and the cells swell.
Uphill movement of molcs allows cells to accumulate substances, above external concentration..’ Specific proteins required. Some transport pumps move different molcs in dift directions, in or out of cell. Ex. Sodium-potassium pump of neurons. Energy supplied by ATP - ADP or by downhill movement of another molc. Analogy to using water in river to supply energy to grind flour from wheat kernels.
Macrophage engulfs bacteria, surrounding them with membrane and ingesting them inside cell. Bact are then trapped inside vesicle. Can be fused with another vesicle containing digestive enzymes. Neutrophils and macrophages (both WBCs) can do this.