Rise of Democracy

1. The Rise of
Democracy2000 B.C.
Athens
Rome
Middle Ages
Renaissance
Reformation
Enlightenment
American Revolution
A.D. 1800

2. The Legacy of
Ancient
Greece and Rome

3. THE GREEKS
Athens, Greece (2000 B.C. - 500
B.C.)
powerful city-state
citizens* had rights and
responsibilities
*Citizenship denied to women, slaves and foreign residents.
Direct Democracy - citizens make laws directly
Pericles
(led Athens 461 B.C. -
429 B.C.)

4. The Greek
PhilosophersNatural Laws - all things in the natural
world follow predictable patterns
Reason & Logic - respect for human
intelligence

5. The Greek
PhilosophersSocrates (469 B.C. - 399 B.C.)
Socratic Method - question/answer
Plato (428 B.C. - 348 B.C.)
The Republic
ideal form of government: Philosopher Kings
The intelligent should rule.
feared mob rule
Aristotle (384 B.C. - 322 B.C.)
Wrote Politics
ideal form of government: properly educated middle
class
Philosopher Kings give advice but remain
independent
S
P
A

6. The Romans
Roman Contributions (509 B.C.)
Republic - A form of government in
which power rests with citizens who
elect leaders to make decisions.
Written Legal Code – applied
equally to all citizens

7. Roman Law
Rome brought conquered lands into the Roman
Empire and tried to rule with laws based on reason and
justice.
4 Principles of Roman Law
All citizens had the right to equal treatment under
the law
A person was considered innocent until proven
guilty
The burden of proof rests with the accuser, not the
accused.
Any law that seems unreasonable, may be set aside.

8. Greeks vs. Romans
Quick WriteQuick Write
List the similarities and differences between theList the similarities and differences between the
Greeks’ and RomansGreeks’ and Romans’’ view of government.view of government.
Who had a bigger influence on our society today?Who had a bigger influence on our society today?
Provide evidence.Provide evidence.

9. Possible Thoughts
Similarities – Both set lasting standards in government,
philosophy, and thought. Believed that an individual is a
citizen in a state rather than the subject of a ruler.
Differences – Greece is a direct democracy while Rome is a
republic. Greece developed democracy, the Romans added
representative government.
Influences Today – We elect representatives to make
decisions on our behalf, but we have great influence from
Athenian Democracy. For example, political power for all
citizens, three branches of government (executive, legislative,
and judicial). Plato’s Philosopher Kings can be seen in the
Enlightenment through Enlightened Despots.

10. Judeo-Christian
Tradition

11. Judeo-Christian
Tradition
Greeks & Romans Hebrews
You have dignity
because of your ability
to think
(REASON)
You have dignity
because you’re a child
of God
Scripture teaches us
we are created in His
image

12. Judeo-Christian
Tradition
Legacy of Judeo-Christian Religions
Written legal code (Ten
Commandments)
Duty of the individual within the
community
Worth of the individual
Equality of people before God
Evangelical - Christians spread their beliefs across the Roman Empire

13. Think-Pair-ShareThink-Pair-Share
How did the Judeo-ChristianHow did the Judeo-Christian
tradition and the legacy of Greektradition and the legacy of Greek
and Rome impact democraticand Rome impact democratic
thinking?thinking?

14. Possible Thoughts
The right and worth of the individual
Philosophical and ethical values that shape
the types of governments and expressions of
democracy that develop
The need for justice and equality
Representation and citizen participation are
important features of democracies around the
world

15. The Middle Ages
Feudalism & The Magna Carta

16. The Middle Ages
Feudal Social Pyramid
King
Powerful Lords
Lesser Lords
Knights
Serfs
Fiefs
(land grants)
Nobles
(worked for king in
return from protection
and land)
ystem of rigid class distinctions and a static or unchanging way of

17. The King Loses Power
King John
War with France ($ & land)
Raised taxes
King John forced to sign the Magna
Carta
King vs. Nobles

18. The King Loses Power
Magna Carta (1215)
Limited Monarchy
Permission from Parliament necessary to raise taxes
King must respect the law
Why is this document
important?

19. Democracy Develops in England
Mary II & William III of Orange

20. Democracy Develops in England
The Glorious Revolution
King James II - Catholic
Parliament supported his Protestant daughter Mary
1689 Mary and William of Orange crowned co-rulers of England
Constitutional Monarchy
Power of the ruler is restricted by the constitution
English Bill of Rights
Limited power of the monarchy
Liberties essential to the people

21. The Renaissance

22. The Renaissance
The Middle Ages
War/Plague
Fewer laborers Higher wages
Fewer business opportunities More art
ex. Medici family
http://www.history.com/videos/humanism-triggers-the-renaissance#humanism-
triggers-the-renaissance

23. The Renaissance
Renaissance...(1300-1600)
Rejected the Medieval view that life on earth was
merely preparation for life after death
– Religion replaced with a humanistic view of life
(Worldly/Secular)
– Focus on the individual
http://www.history.com/topics/italian-renaissance/videos#the-renaissance

24. The Ideal Renaissance
Man/Woman
A young man should be
well educated in Greek
and Latin classics. He
should be charming,
polite, and witty. He
should be able to dance,
write poetry, sing, and
play music. In addition, he
should be physically
graceful and strong; a
skilled rider, wrestler, and
swordsman,
Upper class women of the
Renaissance were as well
educated as the men.
Women too were expected
to know the classics, to
write well, to paint, to make
music, to dance, and be
charming. Yet they were not
expected to seek fame as
men did. They were
expected to inspire poetry
and art but rarely create it.

25. ...the ideal Renaissance man and
woman...

26. Medieval Art vs. Renaissance Art

27. The Reformation

28. The Reformation: Causes
• Renaissance emphasis on the individual
• Corruption in the Catholic Church
• Gutenberg’s Printing Press

29. Martin Luther
• Martin Luther
– Believed that faith alone
was the key to salvation
• Catholic Church
– Selling Indulgences (pardons)
ing an indulgence was like purchasing your ticket to hea

30. The Reformation
• Martin Luther reacts...(October
1517)
– 95 Theses
• Salvation only by faith and good
works
• Teachings based only on the bible
• People of faith are equal and do
not need priests to interpret the
bible
http://www.history.com/videos/martin-luther-sparks-a-revolution#martin-luther-sparks-a-revolution

31. The Reformation
• (1520) Martin Luther is excommunicated
• Luther and his followers become “Lutherans”
– Many northern German princes supported Lutheranism and signed a
protest against others who stayed loyal to the Church (1529)
– Protestant: non-Catholic Christians
Reformation Rap: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dt5AJr0wls0&feature=related

32. England Becomes Protestant
• King Henry VIII
– Devout Catholic, but the Pope
would not annul his marriage
(1527)
– Reformation Parliament (1529)
• Ended the Pope’s power in
England and Replaced it with
the King’s
– Anglican Church
English Reformation: http://www.history.com/videos/protestand-reformation-english-reformation#protestand-
reformation-english-reformation

33. Henry’s Wives
Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour
Anne
of Cleves
Catherine
Howard
Catherine
Parr

34. Why it matters...
The Renaissance and Reformation’s
questioning of ideas and authority laid
the groundwork for the Scientific
Revolution and the Enlightenment!

35. The Scientific Revolution

36. The Scientific Revolution
Renaissance Reformation
Rebirth of learning:
People questioned old
ways of thinking
Religious Movement:
Forced people to
challenge their views on
God and salvation
Scholars began challenging old ideas
Exploring Africa, Asia, Americas
New inventions spread ideas

37. The Scientific Revolution
• New ways of thinking...
– The Scientific Method
• Observation
• Question
• Hypothesis
• Experimentation
• Conclusion

38. The Scientific Revolution
Heliocentric
(Copernicus) - sun is
the center of the
universe
Geocentric (The
Medieval View ) -
earth is the center of
the universe

39. The Scientific Revolution
• Galileo Galilei
– Telescope
– Starry Messenger (1610)
• Supported the laws of Copernicus
• Against the teachings of the church
– “Psalm 93:1 “the world is firmly established and
cannot be moved”
– Ecclesiastes 1:5 “And the sun rises and sets and
returns to its place”
– Galileo stands trial for heresy(1632)

40. Galileo vs. The Catholic Church
“With sincere heart and unpretended faith I abjure, curse,
and detest the aforesaid errors and heresies and also
every other error...contrary to the Holy Church, and I
swear that in the future I will never again saw or
assert...anything that might cause a similar suspicion
towards me.”

41. The Scientific Revolution
• Isaac Newton
– Gravity - earth has power to
draw objects to it
• The same force ruled
motion of the planets and
all matter on earth and in
space
http://www.history.com/videos/isaac-newton-and-a-scientific-revolution#
isaac-newton-and-a-scientific-revolution

42. The Scientific Revolution
• The Scientific Revolution spreads...
– Microscope (1590)
– Mercery Barometer (1634)
– Thermometer (1714)
– “On the Structure of the Human Body” (1543)
– Smallpox Vaccine (Late 1700s)

43. The Scientific Revolution
Ideas from the Renaissance, Reformation and
Scientific Revolution brought...
•
A Secular outlook of life
•
Critical look at society in an effort to improve
it
•
Everything tested by the standard of reason

44. The Enlightenment in Europe
Chapter 6 Section 2 & 3

45. Enlightenment in Europe
• Enlightenment (mid 1700s)- An intellectual movement
that stressed reason and thought and the power of the
individual to solve problems.
“The Age of Reason”

46. Enlightenment in Europe
• Thomas Hobbes
– “Leviathan” (1651)
• Basic nature of man is bad
• Social Contract - People agree to give up rights to a
strong ruler in order for security.
• Absolute ruler is best

47. Enlightenment in Europe
• John Locke
– Basic nature of man is good
– All men have natural rights
• Life, Liberty, Property
– Government must protect these rights
– Government must have consent of the governed

48. Thomas Hobbes John Locke
basic nature of man is
bad
basic nature of man is
good
people enter a social
contract where they
give up freedom in
exchange for security
all men have natural
rights (life, liberty,
property)
best government is
one where the ruler is
absolute
government is
responsible for
protecting rights -
limited gov.
once entered, a
contract can’t be
broken, even if the
ruler is a tyrant
government must
have the consent of
the governed

49. Enlightenment in Europe
• Mary Wollstonecraft
– “A Vindication of the Rights of Women” (1792)
– Education for women
– Women in medicine and politics
• Salons - Women of Paris held social gatherings with
philosophers, writers, artists, and scientists

50. Enlightenment in Europe
• Philosophs (France)- Thinkers who believe reason
should be applied to all aspects of life
– Just like Newton applied reason to discover
physical laws in the field of science, reason
should be used to discover the natural laws that
govern society.

51. Enlightenment in Europe
• Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet)
– Tolerance - freedom of religion
– Satire against clergy, aristocracy and government
– Freedom of speech...
“I do not agree with a word you say but will
defend to the death your right to say it.”

52. Enlightenment in Europe
• Baron de Montesquieu
– Separation of powers
• English example:
– Executive - enforce law
– Legislative - make law
– Judicial - interpret law
“Power should be a check to power.”

53. Enlightenment in Europe
• Jean Jacques Rousseau
– In a state of nature...
• Man is good
• Man has natural rights
• All men are equal
– Society corrupts us
• To preserve man’s freedom a government must
have consent of the governed & direct democracy
“Man is born free and
everywhere he is in chains.”

54. Enlightenment in Europe
• Denis Diderot
– Encyclopedia (1751)
• Helped to spread
enlightenment ideas
– Banned by the Catholic
Church

55. Enlightenment in Europe
• Adam Smith
– Laissez Faire - allowing
business to run free of
government control
– Invisible Hand - self interest
& competition can lead to
economic prosperity

56. Enlightenment in Europe
• Enlightened Despots
(Absolute rulers used their
power to bring social and
political change)
– Catherine The Great (Russia
1762-1796)
• absolute rule w/limited
reforms

57. Enlightenment in Europe
• Lives of the majority...
– Peasants
– Serfdom
• Not until the 1800s would
the lives of the majority
change.

58. Why it matters...
Enlightenment thinkers challenged
divine right of monarchs, the union of
church and state, and the existence of
social classes...
Their theories inspired American and French
revolutionary movements

59. The American Revolution
Chapter 6 Section 4

60. Britain & Its American Colonies
Colonies distinct but all shared a
sense of independence from Britain

61. Britain & Its American Colonies
• Navigation Acts (1651)
• French and Indian War (1754)
• The Stamp Act (1765)
– Taxation w/o representation
• The Boston Massacre (1770)
• The Boston Tea Party (1773)

62. The American Revolution
• July 1776 Second
Continental Congress
– The Declaration of
Independence
• Thomas Jefferson
Which enlightenment philosophers influenced Jefferson?

63. The Deceleration of Independence
“When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary
for one people to dissolve the political bands which have
connected them with another, and to assume among the
powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which
the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them, a
decent respect to the opinion of mankind requires that they
should declare the causes which impel them to the
separation.

64. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal,
and that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable
rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of
Happiness.
That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men,
deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.
That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these
ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute
new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing
its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their
safety and happiness...”

65. The American Revolution
• Britain vs. The Colonists
– Stronger army vs. Motivation &
French alliance
Treaty of Paris (1781)- Americans win
their independence!

66. Constitution of the United States
“We the People of the United States, in
order to form a more perfect Union,
establish Justice, insure domestic
Tranquility, provide for the common
defense, promote the general Welfare,
and secure the Blessings of Liberty to
ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and
establish this Constitution of the United
States of America.”
James Madison “Father of the Constitution”

67. Constitution of the United States
• Constitutional Convention (1787)
– Representative Government
– Federal System
• Power divided between national and state governments
– Three Branches of Government
• Legislative, Executive, Judicial
– Bill of Rights
Romans, Locke,
Rousseau, Hobbes
Montesquieu
Voltaire, Locke, Rousseau,
English Bill of Rights, Magna Carta