1. Cierra B.
Daniella C.
Vanessa P.
Liat S.
Lauren W.

2. *(photo from Wikimedia Commons,
see credits)
 Cognitive Psychologist
 Four Cognitive Stages:
◦ Sensorimotor (birth- 2 yrs): learn
through what they feel, see, touch,
hear, smell and motor skills; do not
understand the outside world yet.
◦ Preoperational (2- 6/7 yrs):
egocentric, start to understand/use
symbols and numbers, develop
concrete thought.
◦ Concrete Operational (6/7 yrs-
11/12 yrs): use logical thinking,
understand outside perspectives.
◦ Formal Operational (11/12 yrs-
adult): abstract thinking develops,
understand cause and effect.
 Adaptation: sense of cognitive
understanding and development.
 Assimilation: incorporate new
experiences and knowledge into
the mind.
 Accommodation: change their
ideas to fit in the new information
in a way that makes sense.
 Children learn through active
analysis of a subject.

3.  American Psychologist
 Believed that learning is an
active process where new ideas
are formed based on prior and
present knowledge.
 Discovery Learning: based on
inquiry and exploration that
results in greater retention.
 Socratic Method: students learn
problem analysis, critical
thinking on perspectives and
outside opinions, how to defend
their stances.
 Spiral curriculum: always
building upon prior knowledge.
 Benefits of Discovery Learning:
◦ Engaging
◦ Motivation
◦ Instills responsibility and
independence
◦ Fosters creativity
◦ Develops problem solving skills
◦ customized learning
 Criticisms:
◦ Can breed cognitive overload
◦ Potential for misconceptions
◦ Failure to notice problems
*(information from learning-theories.com, see credits)

4.  WHAT HE BELIEVED…
 Russian educational psychologist
 Social cognition- he believed
that learning was influenced
significantly by social
development
 Said that a child’s social and
cultural environment can have a
positive or negative affect on
their cognitive development
 Zone of proximal development-
the difference between what the
child can do on their own and
what they can do through
collaboration with a more
advanced peer or teacher.
 HOW HE APPLIED IT..
 Collaborative learning is a way for
students to learn with the aid of a
peer or adult what they couldn’t on
their own. They learn through
observing and understanding new
concepts and ideas.
 Scaffolding- the process by which
teachers discover the level of each
child’s development and construct
their learning experiences based off
that point
 Anchored instruction- a form of
instruction where the student already
has learned concepts and
information, which form a basis for
other information to connect with
and build upon

5.  Educational
psychologist,
philosopher, political
activist
 Advocate for child-
centered instrucition
 In 1896 he opened
the a Laboratory
school, which came
to be known as the
“Dewey school”
 Thought that learning
should be student-
directed with
teacher’s there as a
guide for resources
 He was a part of a
movement called
progressive education,
which focused on
educating the whole
child (mentally,
psychically, and
socially)
 He also believed in
pragmatism, which
was the belief that the
truth of a theory could
be determined only if
a theory worked. He
said theories are only
valuable for practical
application.

6.  Students learn by doing
◦ Actively participate in learning process
◦ Learn critical-thinking skills
◦ Learner forms much of what they learn or
comprehend
 Integrated curriculum must be emphasized
◦ Students learn subjects in various ways by doing
different activities and incorporating technology
 It is important for students to work together
to learn new information
◦ New ideas and different perspectives are brought
about by doing so

7.  Teachers: A teacher’s job is to guide her
students. By providing clear instructions and
activities where they will physically do the
job, then the teacher will help with the
constructive learning process.
 Students: A student’s job is to learn and
cooperate with the instructions given. They
should use the hands on tasks provided to
benefit and learn from. A student best learns
from different types of activities.

8.  Try to use raw data and primary sources, in
addition to manipulative, interactive, and
physical materials.
 Encourage communication between the teacher
and the students and also between the students.
 Ask follow up questions and seek elaboration
after a student's initial response.
 Provide enough time for students to construct
their own meaning when learning something
new.
 Encourage and accept student autonomy and
initiative.

9.  Graphics:
◦ Jean Piaget– Taken from Wikimedia Commons,
uploaded by Roland Zumbuhl
 Information:
◦ Integrating Technology and Digital Media in the
Classroom, 6th Edition by Shelly, Gunter and Gunter.
◦ http://www.learning-theories.com/discovery-
learning-bruner.html