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Philosophers power point
1.
2. BIRTH OF PHILOSOPHY
Originated in Ionia
6th century B.C.
Movement away from
religious myths
Celebrated man’s
reason, ability to find Truth
Combined
religion, morals, and
metaphysics (the nature of
being)
3. MAN BEGAN ASKING IMPORTANT QUESTIONS.
Do gods cause everything?
Are the gods real? What is real?
Can man affect change?
How to live well =
Right opinions about God, world, man, virtue
4.
5. OVERVIEW OF THE COSMOLOGISTS
Questioned nature of the cosmos (universe)
“Single, eternal, imperishable substance = basis for reality”
Wanted to understand the “One”
Everything emerges from the “One”
6. THALES: THE FIRST PHILOSOPHER
Contemporary of Solon
“Water = basic element for
everything in nature”
Omitted gods from origin of nature
Believed earth floated on water
First to predict eclipse of the sun
7. ANAXIMANDER
Rejected Thales belief
about water
“Indefinite substance
(Boundless) = source of
all”
“Boundless” contains
powers of heat and cold
Heat and cold produced nucleus
(seed of world)
Influenced ideas about evolution
10. OVERVIEW OF RELIGIOUS MYSTICS
Soul more important than body
Immortality
Transmigration of the soul (reincarnation)
Ate no meat
Influenced Plato
11. PYTHAGORAS: COINED THE TERM
“PHILOSOPHY”
Taught transmigration of souls
(reincarnation)
“Order in universe based on numbers”
Mathematical, geometrical, astronomical
science
Knew that earth is a sphere
Developed Pythagorean theorem
12. HERACLITUS
“You can never step
into same stream
twice”
“Material world is in
state of flux”
Matter itself is constantly
changing
“Fire (constantly
changing) = source of
all things”
13. PARMENIDES
Disagreed with Heraclitus
“Change is an illusion of the
senses”
“Reality is fixed, unchanging”
Founder of formal logic
Believed in one True Being:
transcendent, permanent, perf
ect
14. EMPEDOCLES
Identified four basic elements:
Fire, Water, Earth, Air
“Reality is permanent but
mobile”
Four elements move by two
opposing forces
Love and Strife
Like magnet’s attraction or repulsion
16. ANAXAGORAS
Friend of Pericles
“World made of tiny
fundamental particles:
seeds”
“Seeds unite on rational basis
by nous, or mind”
Made distinction between
matter and mind
17.
18. HIPPOCRATES: FATHER OF MEDICINE
Started a school
Observed ill
patients, classified
symptoms
Predicted future
course of an illness
Rejected supernatural
explanations and
cures
19.
20. SOPHISTS
Paid, traveling teachers of rhetoric, dialectic, argumentation
Taught students how to win arguments
Some claimed to teach wisdom
Socrates believed sophistry was wrong
“Distracts people from pursuit of Truth”
21. CRITIAS
Sophist
“Law is contrary to nature”
“Law man-made, so weak controls
strong”
Extremist
“Gods invented, keep people from
acting independently” (There
are no gods.)
22. SOCRATES – “I AM NOT A SOPHIST!”
Never wrote anything
Plato wrote “dialogues,” Socrates
was a character
Xenophon also wrote about
Socrates
Did not consider himself
wise
Denied he was a teacher or
sophist
23. THE BAREFOOT PHILOSOPHER
Socrates walked around Athens, barefooted
Odd looking: Bulging eyes, large nose
Successfully argued that he was superior looking
Taught by asking questions
Socratic Method
24. THE SOCRATIC METHOD OF TEACHING
Leading questions get people to think (“Aha!”)
Believed people do wrong because of ignorance
Don’t know what is virtuous
Educate in virtue, right living will follow
BOTH student AND teacher learns
25. TRIAL AND EXECUTION
Angry Athenians accused him of:
Corrupting youth + bringing new gods into city
Stood trial
Choice: exile or execution
Chose death: drank poison (hemlock)
29. DIOGENES: THE MOST FAMOUS CYNIC
Wore rags, lived in a tub
Performed shameful acts
in public
Made living by begging
Defined happiness:
Satisfy natural needs in
simple, direct, public way
30. DIOGENES’ VIEW OF RELIGION
Ridiculed all
religious
observances
Plato said
Diogenes was
Socrates gone
mad.
31. CYNICS’ BELIEF ABOUT VIRTUE
“Virtue = wisdom and happiness”
“Virtue comes from proper style of life”
Can’t be taught, does not come from philosophy
(Socrates said the opposite)
32. CYNICS’ VIEW OF THE POLIS
Abandoned concept of polis altogether
Diogenes said he was kosmopolites
“Citizen of the world”
37. PLATO’S SCHOOL: THE ACADEMY
Influential school
Purpose: train
statesmen, citizens
Closed by Justinian in
6th century A.D.
38. POLITICAL BELIEFS
“Truth can be discovered by REASON”
Disliked democracy because power given to “amateurs”
Philosopher = “lover of wisdom”
should lead polis
“We should question, challenge authority”
39. COMMITMENT TO THE POLIS
“Polis is based on virtues: order, harmony, justice”
Goal of the polis: Produce good people
“Man was meant to live in community”
“Community helps man become good”
40. KNOWLEDGE AND TRAINING
“Knowledge” (episteme)
True, unchanging wisdom
Only for a few philosophers
Philosophers need training (helps philosopher see “reality”)
42. JUSTICE & HOLINESS
Tried to define justice
and holiness
These are inherent in
the Good
Discovery possible
only through
philosophy
43. PRESERVING THE POLIS
“Preserve polis through moral + political reform”
Alleviate causes of strife:
Private property, family
Anything that comes between citizen and polis
44. THE GOOD
Man must have
knowledge of the
Good
Understand
philosophical
principles first
Right action follows
45.
46. BACKGROUND
Plato’s student
Son of court doctor in
Macedon
Studied at the Academy
Joined Platonic colony in
Asia Minor
Taught Alexander the Great
48. ARISTOTLE’S WRITINGS
Wrote dialogues on
Platonic
philosophy; none
survive
158 collections of
information
Served as basis for
scientific works
Only the Constitution of
the Athenians remains
49. BIRTH OF SCIENCE
Philosophy led to
scientific studies:
Logic, rhetoric
Physics, astronomy, biology
(including marine biology
Ethics, politics
Literary Criticism
(categorized genres)
50. ARISTOTLE’S SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Observe evidence
Physical evidence OR opinion
Apply reason; discover
patterns/inconsistenci
es
Compare + contrast
Explain with
metaphysical
principles
51. THE GOOD LIFE
Emphasized balanced life
Moderation in all things
Goal: “The Good Life”
Contemplative but enough wealth to live comfortably
52. BELIEFS ABOUT THE POLIS
Sophists: “Polis is a
man-made
convention”
Aristotle said no:
Polis is natural, necessary
Polis will change over time
Polis will improve
53. ARISTOTLE’S CORE BELIEFS
Everything evolves to final, perfected form
Institutions serve human needs, helps continue species
Marriage + household necessary to polis
Purpose of polis: moral (not military, economic)
54. ARISTOTLE’S MIDDLE CLASS
“Power should rest
with middle class”
Most numerous and
stable
Not arrogant from wealth
or malicious from poverty
Mixed Constitution
best
Democracy AND oligarchy
55. ARISTOTLE’S LAST DAYS
Alexander died; Athenians rebelled from Macedonian rule
Aristotle fled
Died in Calcis (in Euboea) the next year
63. DIOGENES: THE MOST FAMOUS CYNIC
Diogenes reportedly walked
around the streets of
Athens, in broad
daylight, carrying a
lantern.
When asked why he was
doing this, Diogenes said
that he was searching for
an honest man.
64. DIOGENES AND ALEXANDER THE GREAT
Alexander once had an
opportunity to meet
Diogenes, who was reclining
in the sunshine.
Thrilled to meet the famous
philosopher, Alexander asked
if there was any favor he might
do for him.
"Yes,” Diogenes replied. “Stand
out of my sunlight."
65. ACCOUNTS OF DIOGENES’ DEATH
Numerous reports:
held his breath till he
died
became ill from eating
raw octopus
suffered an infected
dog bite
66. LAST WORDS….
Someone once asked Diogenes how he wished to be buried. He said he wanted
to be thrown outside the city wall so wild animals could feast on his body.
“Wouldn’t you mind that?” the man asked.
"Not at all,” Diogenes said, “as long as you provide me with a stick to chase the
creatures away!"
“But how could you use the stick? Wouldn’t you lack awareness?” the man
asked.
“If I lack awareness,” the philosopher replied, “then why should I care what
happens to me when I am dead?"
70. EPICUREANS
Emphasis on pleasure, good life (hedonism)
Pleasure = “absence of pain, trouble or responsibility”
Withdrew from society
Avoided business and public life
Advocated “restrained selfishness”
73. THE STOIC’S GOAL IN LIFE
“Live in harmony with yourself and with nature.”
“God and nature are the same.”
Logos = guiding principle in life, divine reason
“Everyone has spark of divinity”
“After death, spark returns to eternal, divine spirit”