1. BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS in 2010 Behavior analysis processes and strategies, complementing medical and psychiatric services for people with Developmental Disabilities and Dual Diagnoses.

3. Existence as a conscious, perceiving, independent entity. Mind/body (or brain) are separate entities.

4. Mind may apprehend some truths directly, without requiring the medium of the senses.

5. Overrides reflex response and frees behavior from sense dominance.

6. Focus on thoughts/feelings as causes of behavior*The aspect of mental processes directed toward action or change and including impulse, desire, volition, and striving.

8. Blamed for bad choices

11. Thoughts: Changing themThe ultimate intent is to change behavior “from the inside.”

13. Growing behavioral processes

14. Verbal behavior: Operant, socially mediated behavior

15. Private events

17. The method of observation and experiment used in natural sciences (physics, chemistry, biology)

18. Behavior, and behavior processes (the repeated effects of environmental events) are identified and described by scientific observations

19. No hypothetical constructs

21. Ontogenetic Selection: Event/Behavior Interactions/Experiences

22. Contingencies strengthening and building behaviors

23. No blame

25. RADICAL BEHAVIORISM Primary Behavioral Processes/Functions Leading to Strategies: All procedures, processes and effects are observable and measurable. They are comprised of environmental events and these events can have multiple functions.

27. Abolishing Operations .5Discriminative stimuli .6 Behaviors/Skills .1 Reinforcement .2 Schedules of reinforcement .7

29. RADICAL BEHAVIORISM Behavior examples: OK Kicked out a window Rode a bike Hit and broke a nose Read out loud Screamed 10 seconds Said “Thank you.” Repeated the Gettysburg Address privately BAD Aggressive Passive Tantrum Responsible Non compliant Rude Hallucinated

31. RADICAL BEHAVIORISMREINFORCEMENT EXAMPLE: B > Client Ema bangs head -------------------------------------- Mary Staff’s Behavior changes (Mary expression becomes VERY concerned; her voice rises.) ---------------------------------------- Head banging frequency rises REINFORCEMENT (SR) B > Client Ema bangs head ------------------------------------ No change in George Staff’s Behavior (George remains calm and caring.) ------------------------------- No change in head banging No REINFORCEMENT (SR)

33. Increases reinforcement value

34. Evokes behaviors that have been reinforced by that stimulus

35. Abolishing Operations

36. Decreases reinforcement value

38. RADICAL BEHAVIORISMAbolishing Operation Examples: Food/Sex Satiation < Food/Sex SR value Abates behaviors previously reinforced by food/sex Aggression De-escalation Skills: Empathy statements < SR value of reinforcement for aggression (e.g., signs of pain, fear) Abates behaviors previously reinforced by signs of pain, fear

40. Correlated with (i.e., signals) the availability of reinforcement

42. Correlated with (i.e., signals) the unavailability of reinforcement

44. RADICAL BEHAVIORISMDiscriminative Stimulus example: SD> Mary Staff present -------------------------------------- B > Client Ema bangs head -------------------------------------- REF > No change in Mary Staff’s Behavior (Mary remains calm and caring.) ---------------------------------------- If Mary Staff is consistent, her presence will become an SD

46. Intermittent

47. Fixed ratio

48. [e.g., Continuous (every response)]

49. (e.g., every 10th response)

50. Variable ratio (e.g., every 1 to 5 responses)

51. Random ratio

52. Fixed interval (e.g., 1st response after a set time)

54. Prevent

55. Replace

56. (e.g., Select, Model, Practice Problem solving, Fade in Establishing Operations for desirable behavior)

57. Reinforcing desirable behavior

58. Shaping desirable behavior

59. Scheduling reinforcement

60. Establishing discriminative stimuli for desirable behaviorCollect Data Adjust the FBA as necessary Repeat

61. TERRI DOES FBA

62. FBA and Psychiatric Diagnoses “A person is first of all an organism, a member of a species and a subspecies, possessing a genetic endowment of anatomical, physiological and chemical characteristics, which are the products of the contingencies of survival to which the species and each organism has been exposed in the process of evolution. Each person acquires a repertoire of behavior and becomes an individual as it contacts unique contingencies, grounded by consequences, to which it is exposed in its lifetime. Each individual is able to acquire such a repertoire because of its evolved susceptibility to the processes of conditioning. The behavior an individual exhibits at any moment is under the unique control her/his genetic endowment, learning history and the current setting.”

63. Diagnosis or No Diagnosis Different categories of behavior result from different biological, neurological chemical makeup, and different experiences (environmental interactions).

64. The FBA Process is the Same All individuals have environmental, biological, neurological and chemical differences, and they are often changing. Our eyesight, hearing, pain thresholds, hormones, chemistry, self induced chemicals, diets, learning history (via parents, siblings, friends, experiences) All of us are affected by environmental events (behavioral processes) Because of all of the above each of us are affected somewhat differently.

65. The FBA Process is the Same There are Sd’s but their effects are slightly different There are MO’s but their effects are slightly different There are Reinforcers, but their effects are slightly different Therefore, our Behaviors are slightly different Whether or not there is a psychiatric diagnosis, empirical observations and systematic recording of the effects of these processes lead to the most effective environmental interventions (i.e., BSP’s)