1. Español 3 Libro de gramatica LiviaGostin

2. Table of Contents Preterite- usage Trigger Words -car,-gar,-zars Spock verbs Cucaracha verbs Snake/snakeys Imperfect-usage Trigger words Irregulars Preterite vs. Imperfect Ser Estar Verbs like gustar Comparatives/superlatives Connecter words Future Trigger words Irregulars Por Por expressions Para Para expressions Conditional + irregulars Perfect Tenses Present Past Present perfect irregulars o Subjunctive perfect tanto y tan Impersonal ‘se’ Saber vs. Conocer Los Mandatos Informal/Formal Affirmative Negative Irregular OP + IOP placement Nosotros command -mono verbs Subjunctive + irregulars Demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns

3. Usar el preterito Actions at one time/single events Actions repeated a specific number of times Actions that occurred during a specific period of time Actions as part of a chain of events The beginning or end of an action PEBS eriod of time R.A.C.E. Repeated Action nd of an action Chain of Events eginning of an action ingle events

4. Trigger words Ayer (yesterday) Anteayer (day before yesterday) Anoche (last night) La semanapasada (last week) El mespasado (last month) El añopasado (last year) El fin de semanapasado (last weekend) El __________ pasado (insert: lunes, martes, miercoles, etc.)

5. -car, -gar, -zars -car, -gar, -zar -qué, -gué, -cé **ONLY CHANGE IN THE YO FORM!**

6. Spock Verbs

7. Cucarachas: Andar Estar Poder Poner Querer Saber Tener Venir Anduv- Estuv- Pud- Pus- Quis- Sup- Tuv- Vin-

8. -ar s and –er s do NOT change in the preterite. -ir s change e:i and o:u in third person singular and plural For verbs that end in double letters (such as creer or leer), change the third person singular and plural to –yó and –yeron respectively. Snakes/Snakeys leer Leí leímos leíste leísteis Leyó leyeron creer creí creímos creíste creísteis creyó creyeron preferir preferípreferimospreferistepreferisteisprefirióprefirieron dormirdormídormimosdormistedormisteisdurmiódurmieron

9. el imperfecto Use for… Habits Telling actions that precede another past action Telling time Age Mental states ** Physical sensations ** Describe characteristics CAMP haracteristics P.a.TH Past Action ge ime ental condition abits hysical condition ** = usually

10. TRIGGER WORDS Todos Every Veces Some Cada every Mucho much Nunca never Siempre always Frequentemente frequently Generalmente generally

11. Irregulars: SER era eras era éramos erais eran IR iba ibas iba íbamos ibais iban VER veía veías veía veíamos veíais veían

13. D- descriptions Es unalapiz. O- origin Es de Guatemala. C- characteristics Es rubia. T- time Es la una. O- occupation Es un doctor. R- relationship Es mi mama. P- possession Estolapizes de Maria. E- events La fiesta es en el parque. D- dates Hoy esdomingo. Ser – DOCTOR PED

14. H- health Estoyenferma. E- emotion Estoytriste. L- location Esta en la caja. P- present condition La claseestaaburrida. ING- -ando Estoyjugando. -iendo Estascomiendo. -yendo** Estanleyendo. **-- only for 3 vowels in a row (like leer– leiendo = leyendo= ) Estar--- HELP-ing

16. Tolove

17. Tofail

18. Tofascinate

19. Tobeimportant

20. Tointerest

21. Tobother

22. Toremain

23. Tofallwell/badly

24. Tohurt

25. Todisgust

26. Tolack

27. Toworry

28. Tosuprise

29. TodesireIndirect Objects: Go before the cojugated verb Me Nos Te Os Le Les

30. The comparison of one thing to another (better/worse/more) Shows: Superiority (Mas… que) Inferiority (Menos… que) Equality (tan… como) (tanto… como) Mas +noun/pronoun +que When using mas/menos, use of “que…” is optional. El esmas alto queella = El esmas alto. For tan/tantocomo, you MUST use the noun. El es tan guapocomo el otro. Indicates the best/worst/most of something Shows The most superior (el masque) The most inferior (el menosque) definite article + noun + más or menos + adjective Comparative / Superlative

31. Connecter Words Aunque También Mientras A pesar de Pero Por lo tanto Sin embargo/no obstante Even though Also While In spite of But Therefore Nevertheless

32. El Futuro YO--- infinitive+é TU--- infinitive+ás EL--- infinitive+á NOSOTROS--- infinitive+emos VOSOTROS--- infinitive+éis ELLOS--- infinitive+án Doesn’t matter what the verb endings are– it’s always the same.

33. Mañana _____ queviene Despues de ____, ___ Tomorrow ____ that comes (next) After ___, _____. Triggers

34. Irregulars in the Future tense Decir Hacer Poner Salir Tener Valer Venir Poder Querer Saber Caber Haber (auxillary verb) Dir+ending Har+ending Pondr+ending Saldr+ending Tendr+ending Valdr+enging Vendr+ending Podr+ending Querr+ending Sabr+ending Cabr+ending Habr+eding OR he ____

35. Por Use for Passing through General location How long something lasts Cause of something An exchange Doing something for someone else A means of transportation PORtal PORtugal PORever PORpose imPORt I’m POR, pay for me. transPORtation

36. poradelantadoin advance porahorafor now porallíaround there; that way poramor de Diosfor the love of God poraquíaround here; this way porcasualidadby chance porcientopercent porciertocertainly porcompletocompletely pordentroinside pordesgraciaunfortunately porejemplofor example poresotherefore por favorplease por finfinally por lo generalgenerally por lo vistoapparently pormedio deby means of por lo menosat least por lo tantoconsequently por mi parteas for me porningúnladonowhere porotra parteon the other hand palabraporpalabraword for word porprimeravezfor the first time porseparadoseparately porsupuestoof course porsuertefortunately portodasparteseverywhere portodosladoson all sides porúltimofinally Por Expressions

37. Para For whom something was done Destination Purpose of something that was done To express an opinion To contrast/ compare To express a deadline Surprise PARAty Going to PARAguay In order to prePARA It’s PARAfect! ComPARAson My PARAper is due tomorrow!

38. estarpara to be about to paraentonces by that time paraesaépoca by that time paraotravez for another occasion paraque so that, in order that ¿paraqué? why? for what purpose? ¿Para quéechar la sogatras el caldero? Why throw good money after bad? parasiempre forever paravariar just for a change ser talparacual to be two of a kind Para Expressions

39. Conditional Tense For the conditional tense, expressing probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture, use the infinitive and add these endings: Examples: Estaríaen su casa.He must have been at home. Estaríamosocupadoscuandollamaste.We were probably busy when you called. Hablar- HablaríaHablaríamos HablaríasHablaríais HablaríaHablarían

41. Poner

42. Decir

43. Haber

44. Salir

45. Hacer

46. Poder

47. Tener

48. Querer

49. Valer

50. Saber

51. Venir

52. Cabr

53. Pondr

54. Dir

55. Habr

56. Saldr

57. Habr

58. Podr

59. Tendr

60. Quer

61. Valdr

62. Sabr

64. Present Perfect IRREGULARS!

65. Subjunctive Perfect Used when an expression using the subjunctive in the main clause is in the present, future, or present perfect Conjugation of haber is different, but participle endings are the same

66. Impersonal Se Someone doing the verb, not specific Conjugate in third person Can be used in all tenses Replace IOP

67. TO KNOW Saber Conocer

68. Tan vs. Tanto

69. Formal Commands -ar Conjugate to yo Drop –o and add –e -er and –ir Conjugate to yo Drop –o and add –a SI SEÑOR!

70. Formal Commands IRREGULARS!

71. Informal Commands (Tu)

72. Informal Commands IRREGULARS!

73. Nosotros Commands Let’s ____________

74. Monos Usually a command would be the conjugated verb then the reflexive pronoun When giving a reflexive NOS command, normally it would be “_______mosnos” You can’t say MOSNOS, so you drop the first s, making it “______monos”

75. DOP & IOPs Estar + ing Put DOPs and IOPs on the end of the ing verb and put an accent on the 3rd to last syllable Commands Affirmative: put them on the end and put the accent on first vowel Negative: not attached to verb (between no and command) Ir +infinitive Put at end of infinitive In front of conjugated verb

76. Subjunctive

77. Subjunctives IRREGULARS! Nosotros E -> I O -> U

78. Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns