1. A country in South Asia. It
is the seventh-largest country
by area, the second-most
populous country with over
1.2 billion people, and the
most populous democracy in
the world.
Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea
on the south-west and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it
shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal and
Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east.
In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and
the Maldives.

2. India's Population 2014
Current Population of India in 2014 1,270,272,105 (1.27 billion)
Total Male Population in India 655,875,026 (655.8 million)
Total Female Population in India 614,397,079 (614.4 million)
Age structure
0 to 25 years 50% of India's current population
Currently, there are about 51 births in India in a minute.
India's Population in 2012 1.22 billion
India's Population in 2011 1.21 billion

3. INDIA’S FLAG
Equal Horizontal Bands
Saffron
"Ashoka Chakra "
White
Green
Designed by a freedom fighter by the name
Pingali Venkayya.
Saffron - The color topmost in the flag
represents courage, sacrifice, valor, and the
spirit of renunciation.
White - Represents truth, peace, and purity
of thought.
Green - Stripe symbolizes culture, fertility, and faith.

4. People
The six main ethnic groups are as follows:
The Negritos or the Brachycephalic (broad
headed) from Africa were the earliest people
to have come to India. They have survived
in their original habitat in Andaman and
Nicobar Islands. The Jarawas, Onges,
Sentinelese and the Great Andamanese
aresome of the examples. Some hill tribes
like Irulas, Kodars, Paniyans and Kurumbas
are found in some patches in Southernpart of
mainland India.
Negroids

5. These groups were the next to come to
India after the Negritos. They are people
with wavy hair lavishly distributed all
over their brown bodies, long headed
with low foreheads and prominent eye
ridges, noses with low and broad roots,
thick jaws, large palates and teeth and
small chins. The Austrics of India
represent a race of medium height, dark
complexion with long heads and rather
flat noses but otherwise of regular
features. Miscegenation with the earlier
Negroids may be the reason for the dark
or black pigmentation of the skin and flat
noses.
Pro-Australoids
or Austrics

6. These people are found in the North
eastern part of India in the states of
Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram,
Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh,
Manipur, and Tripura. They are also
found in Northern parts of West
Bengal, Sikkim, and Ladakh.
Generally they are people with yellow
complexion, oblique eyes, high
cheekbones, sparse hair and medium
height.
Mongoloids

7. These are the people of South India. They
have been believed to come before the
Aryans. They have different sub-groups
like the Paleo-Mediterranean, the true
Mediterranean, and the Oriental
Mediterranean. They appear to be people
of the same stock as the peoples of Asia
Minor and Crete and pre- Hellenic
Aegean's of Greece. They are reputed to
have built up the city civilization of the
Indus valley, whose remains have been
found at Mohenjo- daro and Harappa and
other Indus cities.
Dravidians

8. These are the broad headed people living
mainly on the western side of the country
such as the Ganga Valley and the delta,
parts of Kashmir, Kathiawar, Gujarat,
Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Western Bracycephals
This group were the last one to immigrate
to India. They came to India somewhere
between 2000 and 1500 B.C. They are
now mainly found in the northern and
central part of India. Nordics or the
Indo-Aryans

9. Culture
Indian culture can be best expressed as comprising the following:
•Humanity - The mildness of the Indians has continued till date,
despite the aggressiveness of the Muslim conquerors and the reforming
zeal of the British, the Portuguese and the Dutch.
•Tolerance - Freedom without taking a drop of blood, worked wonders
and gave credit to India in the international arena.
•Unity - India is a conglomeration of men and women of various castes
and creed. It is a fusion of old traditional values and the modern
principles, thus satisfying all the three generations in the present India.
•Secularism - India is a secular country as stated in its Constitution.
There is freedom of worship throughout the length and breadth of India
without any breeches or violations of any other’s religious beliefs.
•Closely knit Social system - The Indian Social System is mostly based
on the Joint family System, but for some of the recently cropped
nuclear families. The families are closely knit with Grandfathers,
fathers, sons and grandsons sharing the same spirit, tradition and
property.

10. Cultural Heritage
The great Epic, The Mahabharata and the sacred text,
the Bhagavad-Gita teaches the Indians that survival can only
be in terms of quality of life. It provides a framework of values
to make the Indian culture well- groomed.
Religions
The major religions of India are Hinduism (majority
religion), Islam (largest minority religion), Sikhism,
Christianity, Buddhism, Jainism and Zoroastrianism.
Hinduism - Hinduism is the oldest
religion in the world and is the dominant
religion in India, where Hindus form
about 84 per cent of the total population.
Hinduism is also known as "Sanatan
Dharma" or the everlasting religion.

11. Islam - One of the prominent religions
of India, Islam forms about 12 per cent
of India's population. Though the
Muslims form only 12 per cent of the
total population of India but the
influence of Islam on Indian society is
much stronger.
Sikhism - Sikhs form about 2 per cent
of Indian population. In comparison to
other religions, Sikhism is a younger
religion.
Christians - Christianity is one of the
prominent religions in India. At
present there are about 25 million
Christians in India.

12. Buddhism - At present Buddhism is one
of the major world religions. The
philosophy of Buddhism is based on the
teachings of Lord Buddha, Siddhartha
Gautama (563 and 483 BC), a royal
prince of Kapilvastu, India.
Jainism - Jains form less than one
percent of the Indian population. Jains
are famous as community of traders and
merchants. The states of Gujarat and
Rajasthan have the highest concentration
of Jain population in India.
Zoroastrian - Zoroastrians in Indian
population is very less yet they
continue to be one of the important
religious communities of India.

13. Literature
The ancient Indian literary tradition was primarily oral i.e.
sung or recited. Furthermore, perhaps because so much
Indianliterature is re-working of the Sanskrit epics,
the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, and the mythological
writings known as Puranas, the authors often remain
anonymous.
The most important of all for later Indian
literature were the first traces in the vernacular
languages of the northern Indiancults of Krishna
and of Rama. Included are the 12th-century
poems by Jaydev, called the Gitagovinda (The
Cowherd's Song); and about 1400, a group of
religious love poems written in Maithili (eastern
Hindi of Bihar) by the poet Vidyapati were a
seminal influence on the cult of Radha-Krishna
in Bengal.

14. Philosophy
The Indian philosophy uniquely describes four purusharthas
of life.
Purusharthas - refers to a goal, end or aim of human
existence.
(1) Artha: The Sanskrit word artha means ‘that which one
seeks.’ Whatever activity and physical material a man needs to
support life can be considered as artha.
(2) Kama: Man seeks pleasure in various activities and
material objects. Pursuit of happiness and pleasure is a basic,
natural instinct in man.
(3) Dharma: The word dharma stems from the Sanskrit root
‘dhr’ meaning ‘to sustain’ or ‘to support’. Man has obligation
to his own self, to the fellow-men and to the society, in fact, to
the whole environment of the world. All the mutual
obligations of these inter-relationships are spelt out by dharma.

15. (4) Moksha: Moksha means liberation or total freedom. The
Sanskrit word moksha is derived from the root ‘muk’. This
root means ‘to emancipate’ or ‘to release’ or ‘to free’. Indian
tradition considers moksha as the ultimate goal of life.
Education
The Indian education system is structured as follows:
•Pre-school: Education at this level is not compulsory. The
Montessori system is especially popular at the pre-school
level.
•Private playschools: Catering for children between the ages
of18 months and three.
•Kindergarten: This is divided into lower kindergarten (for
three- to four-year-olds) and upper kindergarten (for
four- to five-year-olds)
•Primary school: First to fifth standard/class/grade (for six-to
ten-year-olds)

16. •Middle school: Fifth to eighth standard/class/grade (for 11-
to 14-year-olds)
•Secondary school: Ninth and tenth standard/class/grade (for
14- to 16-year-olds)
•Higher secondary or pre-university: 11th and 12th
standard/class/grade (for 16- to 17-year-olds).
•Undergraduate: A BA is a three-year degree. Specialised
courses such as medicine and engineering can be
longer.
•Postgraduate: A one-year course,

17. Types of Schools
•Public/government schools: Most schools in India are
funded and run by the government.
•Private schools: Since many government schools do not
provide adequate education, Indian parents aspire to
send their children to a private school.
•International schools: There are international schools in all
major cities.
•National open schools: Provide education up to the higher
secondary level for children whose schooling has been
interrupted and have been unable to complete formal
education
•Special-needs schools: Provide non-formal education and
vocational training to children with disabilities

18. Language
In India Languages belonging to the two major language
families - Indo Aryan and Dravidian - are spoken by more than
90% of the people of India.
India is considered to be the home to 398 languages out of
which 11 have been reported extinct.
Hindi is spoken by the majority of North Indians but it's not
a popular means of communication in southern part of India.
Similarly south Indian languages - Tamil, Telugu, and
Malayalam - are not understood by the people of northern
India.

19. The List of Indian languages includes:
•Sanskrit
•Hindi
•English
•Gujarati - Language of Gujarat and
Union Territories of Dadar
and Nagar Haveli
•Punjabi - The official language
of Punjab
•Bengali - The state language
of West Bengal
•Assamese - Official language
of Assam
•Dogri, Urdu -The language
of Jammu and Kashmir
•Oriya - The state language of state
of Orissa
•Marathi - Language
of Maharashtra
•Kannada - The official language
of Karnataka
•Tamil - The state language of Tamil
Nadu
•Telugu - It is the official language
of Andhra Pradesh
•Malayalam - It is the official
language of Kerala
•Sindhi
•Konkani - The state language
of Goa
•Manipuri - The official language
of Manipur
•Khasi - The official language
of Meghalaya
•Mizo - The official language
of Mizoram
•Lotha - The official language
of Nagaland

20. Panchatantra (also spelled Pañcatantra or Pañca-tantra)
consists of five books of animal fables and magic tales (some
87 stories in all) that were compiled, in their current form,
between the third and fifth centuries AD. Although the original
author's or compiler's name is unknown, an Arabic translation
from about 750 AD attributes the Panchatantra to a wise man
called Bidpai, which is probably a Sanskrit word meaning
"court scholar."

21. In a certain town were four Brahmans who lived in friendship. Three
of them had reached the far shore of all scholarship, but lacked sense.
The other found scholarship distasteful; he had nothing but sense.
One day they met for consultation. “What is the use of attainments,
"said they, “If one does not travel, win the favor of kings, and acquire
money? Whatever we do, let us all travel.”
But when they had gone a little way, the eldest of them said: “One of
us, the fourth, is a dullard, having nothing but sense. Now nobody
gains the favorable attention of kings by simple sense without
scholarship. Therefore we will not share our earnings with him. Let
him turn back and go home.”
Then the second said: “My intelligent friend, you lack scholarship.
Please go home.” But the third said: “No, no. This is no way to
behave. For we have played together since we were little boys. Come
along, my noble friend. You shall have a share of the money we
earn.’

22. With this agreement they continued their
journey, and in a forest they found the bones
of a dead lion. Thereupon one of them said:
“A good opportunity to test the ripeness of
our scholarship. Here lies some kind of
creature, dead. Let us bring it to life by means
of the scholarship we have honestly won.”
Then the first said: “I know how to assemble
the skeleton.” The second said: “I can supply
skin, flesh, and blood.” The third said: “I can
give it life.” So the first assembled the
skeleton, the second provided skin, flesh, and
blood. But while the third was intent on
giving the breath of life, the man of sense
advised against it, remarking: “This is a lion.
If you bring him to life, he will kill every one
of us.”

23. “You simpleton!” said the other, “it is not
I who will reduce scholarship to a
nullity.” “In that case,” came the reply,
“wait a moment, while I climb this
convenient tree.”
When this had been done, the lion was
brought to life, rose up, and killed all
three. But the man of sense, after the lion
had gone elsewhere, climbed down and
went home.
And that is why I say:
“Scholarship is less than
sense; Therefore seek
intelligence: Senseless scholars in their
pride Made a lion; then they died.”

24. The Lion makers (From the Panchantantra) Analysis
I Setting
- A certain town in India, the forest
Unlocking of Difficulties
-Scholarship - intelligence; high level of academic excellence
-Dullard - short-witted person-
-Ripeness - extent of something; maturity of something
II. Characters
-1stBrahman: assemble the skeleton
-2ndBrahman: supply skin, flesh, and blood
-3rdBrahman: give life
-4thBrahman: has nothing but sense
III. Conflict-Man vs. Man-
-The three Brahmans vs. The sensible Brahman during their confrontation about bringing the lion back to life
IV. Synopsis
-Four Brahmans went on a journey after a confrontation; three had scholarship but lack sense, the other had nothing but
sense. Upon reaching the forest, they found the bones of a dead lion. They each stated what they can contribute (one can
supply flesh, one the blood, the other life), but the sensible Brahman went against their decision. Since he is overwhelmed, he
climbed up a tree to save his life. The lion returns and kills the senseless scholars.
V. Plot
-Exposition: The four Brahmans went on a journey to test their scholarship.
-Rising Action: They found the bones of a dead lion and the senseless scholars agreed to bring it back to life.
-Climax: The lion was revived and killed the first three Brahmans while the sensible Brahman saved himself.
-Falling Action: The sensible Brahman survived because he climbed up the tree.
-Resolution: The sensible Brahman realized that scholarship is less than sense.
VI. Theme
-Sensibility
-Wisdom
-Friendship
VII. Moral
-“What we think, or what we
know, or what we believe, is, in the end, of little consequence. The
only consequence is what we do.”
- John Ruskin