1. Prepared By
AdemUlusoy
249612

2. The Period
USE A PERIOD [ . ] AT THE END OF A SENTENCE that makes
a statement. There is no space between the last letter and
the period. Use one space between the period and the first
letter of the next sentence. This goes against the grain for
people using the typography instilled by generations of old-
fashioned typewriter users, but modern word-processors
nicely accommodate the spacing after a period, and double-
spacing after a period can only serve to discombobulate the
good intentions of one's software.

4. The Comma
The comma is the most important punctuation mark after the full stop. Its
main use is for separating parts of sentences. Commas function in five main
ways:
1. Before or after adverbial clauses and groups.
Recently, the number of service enterprises in wealthier free-market
economies has grown rapidly.
2. Before various connectives to join two independent clauses.
What we require is a National Emergency Government, but no two men I
meet can agree how this can be formed.
3. To separate some non-defining phrases from the rest of the sentence.
Malaria, once a widespread disease, is under control.
4. To separate words, groups and clauses in a series.
Many U.S. firms attempt to tap emerging markets by pursuing business in
China, India, Latin America, and Russia and other Eastern European countries.
5. To separate adjectives that separately modify the same noun.
Critics praise the novel's unaffected, unadorned style.

5. Common mistakes
A comma cannot separate subject from predicate. The following sentences are
not possible:
*A man of his great abilities, would always be successful.
*The number of service enterprises in wealthier free-market economies,
has grown rapidly.
*Only occupants of the deep oceans or the darkest recesses of caves, will escape
such rhythmic influences.
*Experience indicates that, these rhythms do not result wholly
from our life-style.
A comma cannot be used to join grammatically separate sentences.
The following sentences are not possible:
*London is a very cosmopolitan city, there are people from many culture living
there.
*Learning a new language is like learning to swim, it takes a lot of practice.
*Students in Higher Education face many problems, for example, they have to
cope with a new culture.

6. THE QUESTION MARK

7.  A question mark is used at the end of a sentence which is a question.
Have the students completed the exam?
 Be careful not to put a question mark at the end of an indirect question.
The instructor asked the students what they were doing.
 Be careful to distinguish between an indirect question (above), and a
question that is embedded within a statement which we do want to end
with a question mark.
We can get to Boston quicker, can't we, if we take the interstate?
 If a question mark is part of an italicized or underlined title, make
sure that the question mark is also italicized:
My favorite book is Where Did He Go?

8. THE EXCLAMATION MARK
 The main use of the exclamation mark is to end sentences that express:
an exclamation:
Ow! That hurt!
Hello! How are you?
 direct speech that represents something shouted or spoken very loudly:
‘Look up there!’ she yelled.
 something that amuses the writer:
Included on the list of banned items was 'crochet hooks'!
 An exclamation mark can also be used in brackets after a statement to show
that the writer finds it funny or ironic:
She says she’s stopped feeling insecure (!) since she met him.
People tend to use a lot of exclamation marks in informal writing such as
emails or text messages, but you should avoid using them in formal writing.

9. THE COLON

10. THE SEMICOLON
 The main task of the semicolon is to mark a break that is stronger than a
comma but not as final as a full stop. It’s used between two main clauses that
balance each other and are too closely linked to be made into separate
sentences, as in these two examples:
The road runs through a beautiful wooded valley; the railway line follows it.
An art director searched North Africa; I went to the Canary Islands.
 You can also use a semicolon as a stronger division in a sentence that already
contains commas:
The study showed the following: 76% of surveyed firms monitor employee
Web-surfing activities, with 65% blocking access to unauthorized Internet
locations; over one-third of the firms monitor employee computer keystrokes;
half reported storing and reviewing employee emails; 57% monitor employee
telephone behaviour, including the inappropriate use of voicemail.

11. THE HYPHEN

12. THE DASH
Hyphens should not be confused with dashes. Dashes are
like brackets; they enclose extra information. A colon and
semicolon would work just as well in the example opposite.
Dashes are rarely used in academic writing.
Although often used in pairs, dashes can also be
used singularly.
Examples:
To the three divisions of the economy—agriculture,
manufacturing, and service industries—Jones has added a
fourth.
Have an orange—or would you prefer a banana?

13. PARENTHESES
Parentheses are brackets used to include extra or
nonessential material in sentences. Parentheses should be
used sparingly and always appear in pairs.
In citation systems like Harvard, parentheses are used to
include in-text references.
Example:
It was unusual to see Paul awake so early (as he often
studied late into the night) and Jane greeted him with
amazement.
Larsen and Greene (1989) studied the effects of pollution
in three major cities.

14. Brackets [ ]

15. Ellipsis ( ... )

16. Apostrophe ( ' )
There are two uses for the apostrophe:
1. Contractions
A contraction is a shortened version of a word. An apostrophe is used to
show that something has been left out, and where it has been left out.
don't (do not)
It'll (It will)
she'll (she will)
the dog's tail (belonging to a single dog)
2. Possessives
An apostrophe is used to indicate ownership/possession with nouns. To show
ownership by a single individual, insert the apostrophe between the noun and
the 's'. To show ownership by more than one individual, use the apostrophe
at the end of the word.Be careful: It's is the contraction of it is. It's is not a
possessive (a possessive denotes ownership).
the women's magazines
boys' football boots (belonging to more than one boy)
Einstein's theory of relativity
Avagradro's number

17. Quotation Marks
We use quotation marks to show (or mark) the beginning and
end of a word or phrase that is somehow special or comes from
outside the text that we are writing. Quotation marks can be
double ("...") or single ('...') - that is really a matter of style (but
see below for more about this).
1.We use quotation marks around the title or name of a
book, film, ship etc.
2.We use quotation marks around a piece of text that we are
quoting or citing, usually from another source:
3.We use quotation marks around dialogue or direct speech:
4.We use quotation marks around a word or phrase that we see as
slang or jargon:
5.We use quotation marks around a word or phrase that we want
to make "special" in some way: