2. The Problem
Finding music scores and sound recordings in a library
catalog is an extremely difficult task!
• Given titles do not always reflect an item’s
contents: Michael Tilson Thomas conducts
Beethoven
• Music is published all over the world: Neun
Symphonien
• Prolific composers (e.g., Bach, Mozart)--
even more prolific manifestations and
expressions
3. The Problem (contd.)
• Which language, which script to search?
Tchaikovsky or Ciaikowski or Tsjaikovskij?!?
• English language translations of works
published in other languages: The magic
flute: an opera in two acts for soli, chorus and
orchestra with German and English text
• Or other languages: La flute enchantee :
opera en quatre actes / de Mozart ; traduction
francais de Nuitter & Beaumont
4. More Problems
•Ambiguity in names: Waltz by Johann
Strauss OR Waltz by Johann Strauss?
•Ambiguity in generic titles: Symphony no. 1
5. 404: [Item] Not Found
Traditional OPAC Searches
Author search for Händel yields no results
Title search for Rite of Spring yields no relevant results
OR....
6. Too Many Results
Traditional OPAC Searches
Author search for Bach in LC Catalog: Your search
retrieved more records than can be displayed. Only the first
10,000 will be shown.
Title search for Symphony in LC Catalog: Your search
retrieved more records than can be displayed. Only the first
10,000 will be shown.
7. Titles, Titles, Titles
• 245: Michael Tilson Thomas conducts
Beethoven (symphony no. 4)
• 240: Symphonies, no. 4, op. 60, Bb major
• 505: Symphony no. 4 in B-flat major, op. 60
-- "Ah, Perfido!", op. 60 [i.e. op. 65]
• 700: Beethoven, Ludwig van, 1770-1827.
Ah, perfido.
8. Names, Names, Names
• Strauss, Johann, 1804-1849. OR Strauss,
Johann, 1825-1899.
• Händel OR Handel
• Gioachino Rossini OR Gioacchino Rossini
9. The Information
Behavior
Search for known work (composer and title).
Hope to find a manifestation and expression of the work.
Want to walk away with an item.
11. FRBR and Music
Information need expression:
Group 2 Name & Group 1 Work Title
Disambiguate elaborate bibliographic relationships
(Superworks, Bibliographic Families, and Instantiation)
13. Uniform Title
• Basic Definition: title selected for cataloging purposes when a
work has appeared under varying titles
• AACR2 Definition
• The particular title by which a work is to be identified for
cataloging purposes;
• The particular title used to distinguish the heading for a work
from the heading for a different work
• A conventional collective title used to collocate publications
of an author, composer, or corporate body containing several
works or extracts, etc., from several works, e.g., complete
works, several works in a particular literary or musical form.
14. Authority Control is
Essential
• Authority Names
• Uniform Titles
• Name--Uniform Title Heading:
FRBRIZATION!
16. Still too complicated...
• Learning Curve
• Not Intuitive for Users
• Additional reference resources are needed
at times (e.g., whole-part relationships)
• Relationships are implicit, not explicit
17. OPACs & Next Gen
• Many OPACs do not offer this kind of browse
• Search and Discovery interfaces largely ignore the
need
• Advocacy is needed!
• Simplification is necessary
• Name--Uniform Title Headings Keyword Searching
• Tree Structures that show relationships
• Did you mean...?
18. Show me the data:
Automation/Cleanup?
• 245: Michael Tilson Thomas conducts
Beethoven (symphony no. 4)
• 240: Symphonies, no. 4, op. 60, Bb major
• 505: Symphony no. 4 in B-flat major, op. 60
-- "Ah, Perfido!", op. 60 [i.e. op. 65]
• 700: Beethoven, Ludwig van, 1770-1827.
Ah, perfido.
19. The Future of Music
Searching if we
abandon A-UT & FRBR:
404: [Music] Not
Found
21. Studies in Instantiation
• McNellis (1985): 26% of textual works
• Papakhian (1985): 61% of works in music
library
• Smiraglia (1989): 90% of musical works
• Vellucci (1998): 97% of musical works
22. Studies in Instantiation
• Smiraglia (2007): Best-selling books
• More studies needed: print, e-book, audio
book, film based on book: Stanwicks
(20XX)?
23. Instantiation is
everywhere
• No longer music phenomenon
• Bibliographic families will always be larger in
music
• Textual works are appearing in multiplicity
of expressions and manifestations now
24. Implications
• Study music information behavior
• Develop music information behavior
models
• Need better understanding of
instantiation’s reach
• Inform IR design to attain sophistication
and meet user needs in relation to
superworks
