1. Ratification of the
Constitution
The Debate between the States

2. Constitutional Convention

3. Constitutional Convention
Summer 1787, Philadelphia

4. Constitutional Convention
Summer 1787, Philadelphia
Compromises: Great Compromise, 3/5 Compromise,
Commercial Compromise (among others)

5. Constitutional Convention
Summer 1787, Philadelphia
Compromises: Great Compromise, 3/5 Compromise,
Commercial Compromise (among others)
September 17, 1787: Constitution signed

6. Constitutional Convention
Summer 1787, Philadelphia
Compromises: Great Compromise, 3/5 Compromise,
Commercial Compromise (among others)
September 17, 1787: Constitution signed
Of the 55 delegates, 39 signed it

7. Constitutional Convention
Summer 1787, Philadelphia
Compromises: Great Compromise, 3/5 Compromise,
Commercial Compromise (among others)
September 17, 1787: Constitution signed
Of the 55 delegates, 39 signed it
Then sent to the Continental Congress

8. Ratification

9. Ratification
9 out of the 13
states had to ratify
(approve) it

10. Ratification
9 out of the 13
states had to ratify
(approve) it
New York and
Virginia were the
toughest states

11. Federalists & Antifederalists
Left to Right:
- John Jay
- James Madison
- Alexander Hamilton
Left to Right:
- Patrick Henry
- Thomas Paine
- George Mason

12. Federalists & Antifederalists
Left to Right:
- John Jay
- James Madison
- Alexander Hamilton
Federalists: Supporters of the Constitution
Left to Right:
- Patrick Henry
- Thomas Paine
- George Mason

13. Federalists & Antifederalists
Left to Right:
- John Jay
- James Madison
- Alexander Hamilton
Federalists: Supporters of the Constitution
Antifederalists: Opponents of the Constitution
Left to Right:
- Patrick Henry
- Thomas Paine
- George Mason

14. The Federalist Papers

15. The Federalist Papers
In response to the Antifederalist Papers

16. The Federalist Papers
In response to the Antifederalist Papers
Written by John Jay, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton
under the name “Publius”

17. The Federalist Papers
In response to the Antifederalist Papers
Written by John Jay, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton
under the name “Publius”
Gave support for the Constitution - political theory

18. The Bill of Rights

19. The Bill of Rights
What is a “Bill of Rights”?

20. The Bill of Rights
What is a “Bill of Rights”?
Many states wanted a Bill of Rights attached to the
Constitution

21. The Bill of Rights
What is a “Bill of Rights”?
Many states wanted a Bill of Rights attached to the
Constitution
James Madison proposed bill in June 1789 - debates held in
Congress

22. The Bill of Rights
What is a “Bill of Rights”?
Many states wanted a Bill of Rights attached to the
Constitution
James Madison proposed bill in June 1789 - debates held in
Congress
12 Amendments agreed upon - only 10 passed

24. The Bill of Rights only applied to the actions of the
federal government, NOT the states

25. The Bill of Rights only applied to the actions of the
federal government, NOT the states
But state constitutions had their own Bills of Rights that
usually were similar to the federal government.

26. The Bill of Rights only applied to the actions of the
federal government, NOT the states
But state constitutions had their own Bills of Rights that
usually were similar to the federal government.
Barron v. Baltimore (1833)

27. Incorporation
“No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the
privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall
any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without
due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction
the equal protection of the laws.”
1960s: Establishment Clause, right to counsel, free speech, assembly, petition,
right against unreasonable searches and seizures were incorporated
Only the 3rd, grand jury indictment (5th), and 7th are not incorporated.

28. Incorporation
Application of the Bill of Rights to the states.
“No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the
privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall
any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without
due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction
the equal protection of the laws.”
1960s: Establishment Clause, right to counsel, free speech, assembly, petition,
right against unreasonable searches and seizures were incorporated
Only the 3rd, grand jury indictment (5th), and 7th are not incorporated.

29. Incorporation
Application of the Bill of Rights to the states.
Used the 14th Amendment to require states to follow the Bill
of Rights. (due process)
“No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the
privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall
any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without
due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction
the equal protection of the laws.”
1960s: Establishment Clause, right to counsel, free speech, assembly, petition,
right against unreasonable searches and seizures were incorporated
Only the 3rd, grand jury indictment (5th), and 7th are not incorporated.