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1. Chapter 45 Hormones and the Endocrine System

4. Fig. 45-1

5. Fig. 45-UN1

9. Fig. 45-2 Blood vessel Response Response Response Response (a) Endocrine signaling (b) Paracrine signaling (c) Autocrine signaling (d) Synaptic signaling Neuron Neurosecretory cell (e) Neuroendocrine signaling Blood vessel Synapse Response

12. Fig. 45-2a Blood vessel Response Response Response (a) Endocrine signaling (b) Paracrine signaling (c) Autocrine signaling

14. Fig. 45-2b Response (d) Synaptic signaling Neuron Neurosecretory cell (e) Neuroendocrine signaling Blood vessel Synapse Response

19. Fig. 45-3 Water-soluble Lipid-soluble Steroid: Cortisol Polypeptide: Insulin Amine: Epinephrine Amine: Thyroxine 0.8 nm

22. Fig. 45-4 MSH injected into melanocyte Nucleus Melanosomes do not disperse MSH injected into interstitial fluid (blue) Melanosomes disperse Melanocyte with melanosomes (black dots) RESULTS

25. Fig. 45-5-1 NUCLEUS Signal receptor (a) (b) TARGET CELL Signal receptor Transport protein Water- soluble hormone Fat-soluble hormone

26. Fig. 45-5-2 Signal receptor TARGET CELL Signal receptor Transport protein Water- soluble hormone Fat-soluble hormone Gene regulation Cytoplasmic response Gene regulation Cytoplasmic response OR (a) NUCLEUS (b)

29. Fig. 45-6-1 cAMP Second messenger Adenylyl cyclase G protein-coupled receptor ATP GTP G protein Epinephrine

30. Fig. 45-6-2 cAMP Second messenger Adenylyl cyclase G protein-coupled receptor ATP GTP G protein Epinephrine Inhibition of glycogen synthesis Promotion of glycogen breakdown Protein kinase A

32. Fig. 45-7-1 Hormone (estradiol) Hormone-receptor complex Plasma membrane Estradiol (estrogen) receptor

33. Fig. 45-7-2 Hormone (estradiol) Hormone-receptor complex Plasma membrane Estradiol (estrogen) receptor DNA Vitellogenin mRNA for vitellogenin

35. Fig. 45-8-1 Glycogen deposits  receptor Vessel dilates. Epinephrine (a) Liver cell Epinephrine  receptor Glycogen breaks down and glucose is released. (b) Skeletal muscle blood vessel Same receptors but different intracellular proteins (not shown)

36. Fig. 45-8-2 Glycogen deposits  receptor Vessel dilates. Epinephrine (a) Liver cell Epinephrine  receptor Glycogen breaks down and glucose is released. (b) Skeletal muscle blood vessel Same receptors but different intracellular proteins (not shown) Epinephrine  receptor Different receptors Epinephrine  receptor Vessel constricts. (c) Intestinal blood vessel

37. Fig. 45-9 (a) (b)

38. Fig. 45-9a (a)

39. Fig. 45-9b (b)

43. Fig. 45-10 Major endocrine glands: Adrenal glands Hypothalamus Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Pancreas Kidney Ovaries Testes Organs containing endocrine cells: Thymus Heart Liver Stomach Kidney Small intestine

45. Fig. 45-11 Pathway Example Stimulus Low pH in duodenum S cells of duodenum secrete secretin ( ) Endocrine cell Blood vessel Pancreas Target cells Response Bicarbonate release Negative feedback –

48. Fig. 45-12-1 Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 mL) Insulin Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into the blood. STIMULUS: Blood glucose level rises.

49. Fig. 45-12-2 Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 mL) Insulin Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into the blood. STIMULUS: Blood glucose level rises. Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen. Blood glucose level declines. Body cells take up more glucose.

50. Fig. 45-12-3 Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 mL) Glucagon STIMULUS: Blood glucose level falls. Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon.

51. Fig. 45-12-4 Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 mL) Glucagon STIMULUS: Blood glucose level falls. Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon. Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose. Blood glucose level rises.

52. Fig. 45-12-5 Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 mL) Glucagon STIMULUS: Blood glucose level falls. Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon. Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose. Blood glucose level rises. STIMULUS: Blood glucose level rises. Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into the blood. Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen. Blood glucose level declines. Body cells take up more glucose. Insulin

59. Fig. 45-13-1 Ecdysone Prothoracic gland Brain PTTH EARLY LARVA Neurosecretory cells Corpus cardiacum Corpus allatum Juvenile hormone (JH)

60. Fig. 45-13-2 Ecdysone Brain PTTH Juvenile hormone (JH) EARLY LARVA Neurosecretory cells Corpus cardiacum Corpus allatum LATER LARVA Prothoracic gland

61. Fig. 45-13-3 Ecdysone Brain PTTH EARLY LARVA Neurosecretory cells Corpus cardiacum Corpus allatum LATER LARVA PUPA ADULT Low JH Juvenile hormone (JH) Prothoracic gland

64. Fig. 45-14 Spinal cord Posterior pituitary Cerebellum Pineal gland Anterior pituitary Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Hypothalamus Thalamus Cerebrum

65. Table 45-1

66. Table 45-1a

67. Table 45-1b

68. Table 45-1c

69. Table 45-1d

71. Fig. 45-15 Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Hypothalamus Axon HORMONE Oxytocin ADH Kidney tubules TARGET Mammary glands, uterine muscles

73. Fig. 45-16 Suckling Pathway Stimulus Hypothalamus/ posterior pituitary Positive feedback Example Sensory neuron Neurosecretory cell Blood vessel Posterior pituitary secretes oxytocin ( ) Target cells Response Smooth muscle in breasts Milk release +

75. Fig. 45-17 Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus HORMONE TARGET Posterior pituitary Portal vessels Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary Pituitary hormones Tropic effects only: FSH LH TSH ACTH Nontropic effects only: Prolactin MSH Nontropic and tropic effects: GH Testes or ovaries Thyroid FSH and LH TSH Adrenal cortex Mammary glands ACTH Prolactin MSH GH Melanocytes Liver, bones, other tissues

77. Fig. 45-18-1 Cold Pathway Stimulus Blood vessel Example Sensory neuron Hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH ) Neurosecretory cell

78. Fig. 45-18-2 Cold Pathway Stimulus Hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH ) Example Sensory neuron Neurosecretory cell Blood vessel + Anterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin )

79. Fig. 45-18-3 Cold Pathway Stimulus Hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH ) Negative feedback Example Sensory neuron Neurosecretory cell Blood vessel Anterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin ) Target cells Response Body tissues Increased cellular metabolism – Thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormone (T 3 and T 4 ) –

87. Fig. 45-19 Normal iodine uptake High level iodine uptake

90. Fig. 45-20-1 PTH Parathyroid gland (behind thyroid) STIMULUS: Falling blood Ca 2+ level Homeostasis: Blood Ca 2+ level (about 10 mg/100 mL)

91. Fig. 45-20-2 PTH Parathyroid gland (behind thyroid) STIMULUS: Falling blood Ca 2+ level Homeostasis: Blood Ca 2+ level (about 10 mg/100 mL) Blood Ca 2+ level rises. Stimulates Ca 2+ uptake in kidneys Stimulates Ca 2+ release from bones Increases Ca 2+ uptake in intestines Active vitamin D

96. Fig. 45-21 Stress Adrenal gland Nerve cell Nerve signals Releasing hormone Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Blood vessel ACTH Adrenal cortex Spinal cord Adrenal medulla Kidney (a) Short-term stress response (b) Long-term stress response Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine: 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Increased breathing rate 4. Increased metabolic rate 1. Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose 5. Change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive, excretory, and reproductive system activity Effects of mineralocorticoids: Effects of glucocorticoids: 1. Retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys 2. Increased blood volume and blood pressure 2. Possible suppression of immune system 1. Proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose

97. Fig. 45-21a Stress Adrenal gland Nerve cell Nerve signals Releasing hormone Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Blood vessel ACTH Adrenal cortex Spinal cord Adrenal medulla Kidney

98. Fig. 45-21b (a) Short-term stress response Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine: 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Increased breathing rate 4. Increased metabolic rate 1. Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose 5. Change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive, excretory, and reproductive system activity Adrenal gland Adrenal medulla Kidney

100. Fig. 45-21c (b) Long-term stress response Effects of mineralocorticoids: Effects of glucocorticoids: 1. Retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys 2. Increased blood volume and blood pressure 2. Possible suppression of immune system 1. Proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose Adrenal gland Kidney Adrenal cortex

104. Fig. 45-22 Embryonic gonad removed Chromosome Set Appearance of Genitals XY (male) XX (female) Male Female Female Female No surgery RESULTS

107. Fig. 45-UN2 Pathway Example Stimulus Low blood glucose Pancreas secretes glucagon ( ) Endocrine cell Blood vessel Liver Target cells Response Glycogen breakdown, glucose release into blood Negative feedback –

108. Fig. 45-UN3 Patient X No drug Normal Dexamethasone Cortisol level in blood

109. Fig. 45-UN4