เนื้อหาเกี่ยวกับสิ่งมีชีวิตในอาณาจักรมอเนอรา

1. Kingdom Monera
B
I
O
L
O
G
Y
Mr. Nattapong Boonpong (B.Ed.)
Phlubphlachai Phittayakhom School

2. Prokaryotic Cells
• Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Cells
– Prokaryote comes from the Greek words
for prenucleus.
– Eukaryote comes from the Greek words
for true nucleus.

3. Prokaryote Eukaryote
• One circular • Paired
chromosome, not in chromosomes, in
a membrane nuclear membrane
• No histones • Histones
• No organelles • Organelles
• Peptidoglycan cell • Polysaccharide cell
walls walls
• Binary fission • Mitotic spindle

4. Glycocalyx
• Outside cell wall
• Usually sticky
• A capsule is neatly
organized
• A slime layer is
unorganized & loose
• Extracellular
polysaccharide
allows cell to attach
• Capsules prevent
phagocytosis

5. Cell Wall
• Prevents osmotic lysis
• Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria)

6. Peptidoglycan
• Polymer of disaccharide
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & N-acetylmuramic acid
(NAM)
• Linked by polypeptides

7. Peptidoglycan

8. Gram-positive cell walls Gram-negative cell walls
• Thick peptidoglycan • Thin peptidoglycan
• Teichoic acids • No teichoic acids
• In acid-fast cells, • Outer membrane
contains mycolic acid

9. Gram-Positive cell walls
• Teichoic acids:
– Lipoteichoic acid links to plasma membrane
– Wall teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan
• May regulate movement of cations
• Polysaccharides provide antigenic variation

10. Gram-Negative Outer Membrane
• Lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids.
• Forms the periplasm between the outer membrane and
the plasma membrane.
• Protection from phagocytes, complement, antibiotics.
• O polysaccharide antigen, e.g., E. coli O157:H7.
• Lipid A is an endotoxin.
• Porins (proteins) form channels through membrane

11. Gram-Negative Outer Membrane

12. Gram Stain Mechanism
• Crystal violet-iodine crystals form in cell
• Gram-positive
– Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan
– CV-I crystals do not leave
• Gram-negative
– Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes
in peptidoglycan
– CV-I washes out

13. A typical Cell Walls
• Mycoplasmas
– Lack cell walls
– Sterols in plasma membrane
• Archaea
– Wall-less, or
– Walls of pseudomurein (lack NAM and D amino acids)

14. Damage to Cell Walls
• Lysozyme digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan.
• Penicillin inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan.
• Protoplast is a wall-less cell.
• Spheroplast is a wall-less Gram-positive cell.
• L forms are wall-less cells that swell into irregular
shapes.
• Protoplasts and spheroplasts are susceptible to
osmotic lysis.

15. Fimbriae & Pili
• Fimbriae allow
attachment
• Pili are used to
transfer DNA from
one cell to another
Fimbriae
200 nm

16. Flagella
• Outside cell wall
• Made of chains of
flagellin
• Attached to a protein
hook
• Anchored to the wall
and membrane by
the basal body

17. Flagella Arrangement

19. Motile Cells
• Rotate flagella to run or tumble
• Move toward or away from stimuli (taxis)
• Flagella proteins are H antigens
(e.g., E. coli O157:H7)

20. Motile Cells

21. Plasma Membrane

22. Plasma Membrane
• Phospholipid bilayer
• Peripheral proteins
• Integral proteins
• Transmembrane proteins

23. Fluid Mosaic Model
• Membrane is as viscous as olive oil.
• Proteins move to function
• Phospholipids rotate and move
laterally

24. • Some prokaryotes
– Do have specialized membranes that perform
metabolic functions
0.2 m 1 m
Respiratory
membrane
Thylakoid
membranes
(a) Aerobic prokaryote (b) Photosynthetic prokaryote

25. Nucleoid
• The typical prokaryotic genome
– Is a ring of DNA that is not surrounded by a
membrane and that is located in a nucleoid region
• Some species of bacteria
– Also have smaller rings of DNA called plasmids
Chromosome
1 m

26. Endospores
• Resting cells
• Resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals
• Bacillus, Clostridium
• Sporulation: Endospore formation
• Germination: Return to vegetative state

27. Endospores
Endospore
0.3 m

28. Type of Bacteria: Shape
• Average size: 0.2 -1.0 µm  2 - 8 µm
• Basic shapes:

29. Type of Bacteria: Shape
Spheres (Coccus/Cocci)

30. Type of Bacteria: Shape
Rods (Bacillus/Bacilli)

31. Type of Bacteria: Shape
Spirals (Spirillum/Spirilli)

32. Type of Bacteria: Nutrition and metabolic adaptation
• A great diversity of nutritional and metabolic
adaptations have evolved in prokaryotes
• Examples of all four models of nutrition are found
among prokaryotes
– Photoautotrophy
– Chemoautotrophy
– Photoheterotrophy
– Chemoheterotrophy

33. Type of Bacteria: Nutrition and metabolic adaptation
• Major nutritional modes in prokaryotes

34. Type of Bacteria: Metabolic Relationships to Oxygen
• Obligate aerobes
– Require oxygen
• Facultative anaerobes
– Can survive with or without oxygen
• Obligate anaerobes
– Are poisoned by oxygen

35. Reproduction
• Prokaryotes reproduce quickly by binary fission
– And can divide every 20 minutes to 1–3 hours

36. Classification
• Subkingdom Archaebacteria
- Euryarchaeota
- Crenarchaeota
• Subkingdom Eubacteria
- Proteobacteria
-
-
-
-
-
- Chlamydias
- Spirochetes
- Gram-positive bacteria
- Cyanobacteria

37. Classification

38. Archaea
• Archaea share
certaintraits with
bacteria
– And other traits
with eukaryotes

39. Classification: Subkingdom Archaebacteria
Euryarchaeota (Methanophile & Halophile)
Crenarchaeota (Thermophile & Acidophile)

40. Archaea
• Some archaea
– Live in extreme environments
• Extreme thermophiles
– Thrive in very hot environments

41. Archaea
• Extreme halophiles
– Live in high saline environments

42. Archaea
• Methanogens
– Live in swamps and marshes
– Produce methane as a waste product
• Hyperthermophiles
– Pyrodictium
– Sulfolobus
• Methanogens
– Methanobacterium
• Extreme halophiles
– Halobacterium

45. Microbial Diversity
• Bacteria size range
– Thiomargarita
(750 µm) to
nanobacteria
(0.02 µm) in
rocks

46. Classification: Subkingdom Archaebacteria
Crenarchaeota (Thermophile & Acidophile)
Pyrococcus abyssi (archaea)
• 3,500 m deep in the Southeast Pacific.
• Optimally at 103°C (217°F)
• 200 atms

47. Classification: Subkingdom Archaebacteria
Crenarchaeota (Thermophile & Acidophile)
P. furiosus (archaea)
• In the marine sand surrounding
sulfurous volcanoes.
• Optimally at 100°C (212°F)
• Highly resistant to radiation
• May possess an efficient
system for repairing DNA.

48. Classification: Subkingdom Eubacteria
Proteobacteria
Rhizobium sp.

49. Classification: Subkingdom Eubacteria
Proteobacteria
Helicobacter pylori

50. Classification: Subkingdom Eubacteria
Clamydias
• Chlamydia trachomatis
- May be transmitted to newborn's eyes
- Painful urination and watery discharge
• Mycoplasma hominis
• Ureaplasma urealyticum

51. Nongonococcal Urethritis
• Chlamydia trachomatis
– May be transmitted to newborn's eyes
– Painful urination and watery discharge
• Mycoplasma hominis
• Ureaplasma urealyticum

52. Gonorrhea
• Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• Attaches to oral or urogenital mucosa by fimbriae
• Females may be asymptomatic; males have painful
urination and pus discharge
• Treatment with antibiotics
• Untreated may result in
– Endocarditis
– Meningitis
– Arthritis
– Ophthalmia neonatorum

53. Gonorrhea

54. Classification: Subkingdom Eubacteria
Spirochete

55. Leptospirosis
• Leptospira interrogans
• Reservoir: Dogs and
rats
• Transmitted by
skin/mucosal contact
from urine-
contaminated water
• Diagnosis: Isolating
bacteria or serological
tests

56. Syphilis
• Treponema pallidum
• Invades mucosa or through skin breaks

57. Classification: Subkingdom Eubacteria
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Lactobacillus sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Bacillus sp.
B. subtilis
B. megaterium
B. anthracis
Mycoplasma

58. Classification
I. Cyanophyta Blue green algae (Cyanobacteria)
Morphology
• Non nuclear membrane
• Cell wall ; Cellulose & Pectin
• Non flagella
• Cyanophycean Starch
• Pigment : chlorophyll a , B - carotene , Flavicin &
phycobilin 2 type ; c - phycoerythrin & c - phycocyanin
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59. I. Cyanophyta
Habitat
• น้้าจืด น้้าเค็ม ในดินที่ชื้นแฉะ
• บางชนิดเป็น phycoplankton พบในน้้าจืดและทะเลสาบทั่วไป
• Ex. Anabaena , Nostoc , Calothrix , Cylindrospermum , Tolypothrix
Oscillatoria etc.
การด้ารงชีวิต
• Mutualism ; lichen :-
• Gloeocapsa & Nostoc is phycobionts
• Anabaena azollae & Azolla filiculoides
• Blue green algae & Protozoa พวก rhizopod ที่เรียกว่า cyanellae

60. I. Cyanophyta
Reproduction
• Only asexual reproduction
• Binary fission : Chroococcus , Anacystis , nidular
• Fragmentation : Oscillatoria
• Akinete : การสร้างจะถูกกระตุ้นด้วย glucose และถูกยับยั้งด้วย
KNO3 & NH4Cl
: เป็นโครงสร้างที่มีผนังหนา และมีอาหารสะสมภายใน
• Heterocyst : ตรึง N2 ในอากาศ
Anabaena , Nostoc , Oscillatoria , Calothrix

61. Classification: Subkingdom Eubacteria
Cyanobacteria
Anabaena azollae
Nostoc sp.
Oscillatoria sp.
Calothrix sp.

63. Anacystis
Chroococcus
Calothrix
Anabaena
Oscillatoria Nostoc

64. The End