2. INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB
MATLAB stands for MATrix LABoratory.
What is MATLAB?
MATLAB
provides a language and environment for
numerical computation, data analysis,visualisation and
algorithm development
MATLAB provides functions that operate on
Integer, real and complex numbers
Vectors and matrices
Structures
2
3. MATLAB FUNCTIONALITY
Built-in Functionality includes
Matrix manipulation and linear algebra
Data analysis
Graphics and visualisation
…and hundreds of other functions
Add-on toolboxes include
Image processing
Signal Processing
Optimization
Genetic Algorithms
…and many more toolboxes
4. MATLAB
Typical uses include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Math and computation
Algorithm development
Modelling, simulation, and prototyping
Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
Scientific and engineering graphics
Application development, including Graphical User Interface
building
4
5. Why MATLAB
A good choice for vision program development because:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Easy to Use
Quick to learn,
Good documentation
A Big library for functions
Excellent display capabilities
Widely used for teaching and research in universities and industry
5
6. MATLAB Components
MATLAB consists :
•
•
The MATLAB language
A high-level matrix/array language with control flow statements, functions,
data structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features.
•
•
The MATLAB working environment
The set of tools and facilities that you work with as the MATLAB user or
programmer, including tools for developing, managing, debugging, and
profiling
•
•
Handle Graphics
It includes high-level commands for two-dimensional and threedimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and
presentation graphics.
•
…(cont’d)
6
7. MATLAB Components
…
•
•
MATLAB function library.
A vast collection of functions like sum, sine, cosine, and complex
arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix Eigen
values, Bessel functions, and fast Fourier transforms as well as special
image processing related functions
•
•
The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API)
A library that allows you to write C and Fortran programs that interact with
MATLAB. It include facilities for calling routines from MATLAB (dynamic
linking), calling MATLAB as a computational engine, and for reading and
writing MAT-files.
7
8. MATLAB
Some facts for a first impression
•
MATLAB is an interpreted language, no compilation needed
•
MATLAB does not need any variable declarations, no dimension
statements, no packaging, no storage allocation, no pointers
•
Programs can be run step by step, with full access to all variables,
functions etc.
8
9. MATLAB
MATLAB has an interactive environment
Commands are interpreted one line at a time
Commands may be scripted to create your own functions
or procedures
Variables are created when they are used
Variables are typed, but variable names may be reused for
different types
12. MATLAB Toolboxes
MATLAB has a number of add-on software
modules, called toolbox , that perform
more specialized computations.
12
13. MATLAB Toolboxes
Statistics Toolbox
Optimization Toolbox
Database Toolbox
Parallel Computing Toolbox
Image Processing Toolbox
Bioinformatics Toolbox
Fuzzy Logic Toolbox
Neural Network Toolbox
Data Acquisition Toolbox
MATLAB Report Generator
Signal Processing
Communications
System Identification
Wavelet Filter Design
Control System
Robust Control
13
14. Matlab Screen
Command Window
type commands
Current Directory
View folders and m-files
Workspace
View program variables
Double click on a variable
to see it in the Array Editor
Command History
view past commands
save a whole session
using diary
14
15. WINDOW COMPONENTS
Command Prompt – MATLAB commands are entered here.
Workspace – Displays any variables created (Matrices, Vectors,
Singles, etc.)
Command History - Lists all commands previously entered.
Double clicking on a variable in the
Workspace will open an Array
Editor.
This will give you an Excel-like
view of your data.
15
16. MATLAB Help
• MATLAB Help is an extremely
powerful
assistance
to
learning MATLAB
• Help not only contains the
theoretical background, but
also
shows
demos
for
implementation
• MATLAB Help can be opened
by using the HELP pull-down
menu
16
17. MATLAB Help (cont.)
• Any command description can
be found by typing the
command in the search field
• As
shown
above,
the
command to take square root
(sqrt) is searched
• We can also utilize MATLAB
Help from the command
window as shown
17
18. STARTING AND STOPPING MATLAB
To Start
select
Start->Programs->MATLAB R2007a
OR
To get started, type one of these commands:
helpwin, helpdesk, or demo
To stop (nicely)
Select File -> Exit MATLAB
Or
type quit in the MATLAB command window
19. MATLAB Special Variables
1.
7.
ans
pi
eps
inf
NaN
i and j
realmin
8.
realmax
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Default variable name for results
Value of
Smallest incremental number
Infinity
Not a number e.g. 0/0
i = j = square root of -1
The smallest usable positive real
number
The largest usable positive real
number
19
20. Some Useful MATLAB commands
who
whos
help
lookfor
what
clear
clear x y
clc
List known variables
List known variables plus their size
>> help sqrt
Help on using sqrt
>> lookfor sqrt Search for
keyword sqrt in m-files
>> what a: List MATLAB files in a:
Clear all variables from work space
Clear variables x and y from work space
Clear the command window
20
21. Some Useful MATLAB commands
what
dir
ls
type test
delete test
cd a:
chdir a:
pwd
which test
List all m-files in current directory
List all files in current directory
Same as dir
Display test.m in command window
Delete test.m
Change directory to a:
Same as cd
Show current directory
Display directory path to ‘closest’ test.m
21
22. To clear a variable
» who
Your variables are:
D
NRe
ans
mu
rho
v
» clear D
» who
Your variables are:
NRe
»
ans
mu
rho
v
22
23. To clear variables
» who
Your variables are:
NRe
ans
mu
rho
v
» clear
» who
»
23
25. Other MATLAB symbols
>>
...
,
%
;
:
prompt
continue statement on next line
separate statements and data
start comment which ends at end of line
(1) suppress output
(2) used as a row separator in a matrix
specify range
25
26. MATLAB Arithmetic Operators
1. Addition
2. Subtraction
+
-
a+b
a-b
3. Multiplication
* or .*
a*b
or
a.*b
4. Division /
5.
or
or
or
a/b
ba
or
or
a./b
b.a
6. Assignment
=
./
.
a=b
(assign b to a)
- (unary)
+ (unary)
26
27. MATLAB Relational Operators
MATLAB supports six relational operators.
Less Than
<
Less Than or Equal
Greater Than
Greater Than or Equal
Equal To
Not Equal To
<=
>
>=
==
~=
27
28. MATLAB Logical Operators
MATLAB supports three logical operators.
not
and
or
~
&
|
% highest precedence
% equal precedence with or
% equal precedence with and
Power Operators
Power
^
a^b
or .^
or a.^b
28
29. VARIABLES, VECTORS AND MATRICES
Variables Names
Variable names must start with a letter followed by letters, digits, and
underscores.
Reserved names are IF, WHILE, ELSE, END, SUM, etc.
Variable names ARE case sensitive
Variable names can contain up to 63 characters (as of MATLAB 6.5
and newer)
Variables Value
This is the data the is associated to the variable; the data is accessed
by using the name.
29
30. Variables
No need for types. i.e.,
int a;
double b;
float c;
All variables are created with double precision unless
specified and they are matrices.
Example:
>>x=5;
>>x1=2;
After these statements, the variables are 1x1 matrices
with double precision
30
31. SINGLE VALUES
Singletons
To assign a value to a variable use
the equal symbol ‘=‘
>> A = 32
To find out the value of a variable
simply type the name in
31
32. SINGLE VALUES
To make another variable equal to one
already entered
>> B = A
The new variable is not updated as you
change the original value
Note: using ; suppresses output
32
33. SINGLE VALUES
The value of two variables can be added together,
and the result displayed…
>> A = 10
>> A + A
…or the result can be stored in another
variable
>> A = 10
>> B = A + A
33
34. VECTORS
A vector is a list of numbers
Use square brackets [] to contain the numbers
To create a row vector use ‘,’ to separate the content
34
35. A Column Vector
A matrix with only one column is called a column vector.
A column vector can be created in MATLAB as follows
(note the semicolons):
» colvec = [13 ; 45 ; -2]
colvec =
13
45
-2
35
36. Column Vectors
To create a column vector use ‘;’ to separate the content
36
37. A Row Vector
A matrix with only one row is called a row vector. A row
vector can be created in MATLAB as follows (note the
commas):
» rowvec = [12 , 14 , 63]
rowvec =
12
14
63
37
38. VECTORS
A row vector can be converted into a column vector
by using the transpose operator ‘
38
39. MATRICES
You can create matrices (arrays) of any size using a
combination of the methods for creating vectors
List the numbers using ‘,’ to separate each column
and then ‘;’ to define a new row
39
40. MATRICES
You can also use built in functions to create a matrix
>> A = zeros(2, 4)
creates a matrix called A with 2 rows and 4 columns
containing the value 0
>> A = zeros(5) or >> A = zeros(5, 5)
creates a matrix called A with 5 rows and 5 columns
You can also use:
>> ones(rows, columns)
>> rand(rows, columns)
Note: MATLAB always refers to the first value as the
number of Rows then the second as the number of
Columns
40
41. A Scalar
A matrix with only one row AND one column is a scalar. A
scalar can be created in MATLAB as follows:
» x=23
x=
23
41
42. MATLAB Matrices
A matrix can be created in MATLAB as follows (note the
commas AND semicolons):
» matrix = [1 , 2 , 3 ; 4 , 5 ,6 ; 7 , 8 , 9]
matrix =
1
4
7
2
5
8
3
6
9
42
43. Extracting a Sub-Matrix
A portion of a matrix can be extracted and stored in a
smaller matrix by specifying the names of both matrices
and the rows and columns to extract. The syntax is:
sub_matrix = matrix ( r1 : r2 , c1 : c2 ) ;
where r1 and r2 specify the beginning and ending rows
and c1 and c2 specify the beginning and ending columns
to be extracted to make the new matrix.
43
44. MATLAB Matrices
A column vector can be Here we extract column 2 of
extracted from a matrix. As
an example we create a
matrix below:
the matrix and
column vector:
» m=[1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9]
a
» coltwo=m( : , 2)
m=
1
4
7
make
coltwo =
2
5
8
3
6
9
2
5
8
44
45. MATLAB Matrices
A row vector can be extracted Here we extract row 2 of the
from a matrix. As an example
we create a matrix below:
» mat=[1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9]
» rowvec=mat (2 : 2 , 1 : 3)
mat =
1
4
7
matrix and make a row vector.
Note that the 2:2 specifies the
second row and the 1:3 specifies
which columns of the row.
2
5
8
3
6
9
rowvec =
4
5
6
45
49. Matrix Addition
» a=3;
» b=[1, 2, 3;4, 5, 6]
b=
1 2 3
4 5 6
» c= b+a
% Add a to each element of b
c=
4 5 6
7 8 9
49
50. Matrix Subtraction
» a=3;
» b=[1, 2, 3;4, 5, 6]
b=
1 2 3
4 5 6
» c = b - a %Subtract a from each element of b
c=
-2 -1 0
1 2 3
50
51. Matrix Multiplication
» a=3;
» b=[1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6]
b=
1 2 3
4 5 6
» c = a * b % Multiply each element of b by a
c=
3 6 9
12 15 18
51
52. Matrix Division
» a=3;
» b=[1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6]
b=
1 2 3
4 5 6
»c=b/a
% Divide each element of b by a
c=
0.3333 0.6667 1.0000
1.3333 1.6667 2.0000
52
53. The use of “.” – “Element” Operation
Given A:
Divide each
element of A by 2
Multiply each
element of A by
3
Square each
element of A
53
54. ACCESSING MATRIX ELEMENTS
An Element is a single number within a matrix or vector
To access elements of a matrix type the matrices’ name
followed by round brackets containing a reference to
the row and column number:
>> Variable_Name(Row_Number, Column_Number)
NOTE: In Excel you reference a value by Column, Row.
In MATLAB you reference a value by Row, Column
54
56. CHANGING MATRIX ELEMENTS
The referenced element can also be changed
>> results(3, 4) = 10
or
>> results(3,4) = results(3,4) * 100
56
57. ACCESSING MATRIX ROWS
You can also access multiple values from a Matrix
using the : symbol
To access all columns of a row enter:
>> Variable_Name(RowNumber, :)
57
59. CHANGING MATRIX ROWS OR COLUMNS
These reference methods can be used to change
the values of multiple matrix elements
To change all of the values in a row or column to
zero use
>> results(:, 3) = 0
>> results(:, 5) = results(:, 3) + results(:, 4)
59
60. CHANGING MATRIX ROWS OR COLUMNS
To overwrite a row or column with new values
>> results(3, :) = [10, 1, 1, 1]
>> results(:, 3) = [1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1]
NOTE: Unless you are overwriting with a single value the data entered must
be of the same size as the matrix part to be overwritten.
60
61. ACCESSING MULTIPLE ROWS, COLUMNS
To access consecutive Rows or
Columns use : with start and
end points:
Multiple Rows:
>> Variable_Name(start:end, :)
Multiple Columns:
>> Variable_Name(:, start:end)
61
62. ACCESSING MULTIPLE ROWS, COLUMNS
To access multiple non
consecutive Rows or Columns
use a vector of indexes (using
square brackets [])
Multiple Rows:
>>Variable_Name([index1, index2, etc.], :)
Multiple Columns:
>>Variable_Name(:, [index1, index2, etc.])
62
63. CHANGING MULTIPLE ROWS, COLUMNS
The same referencing can be used to change
multiple Rows or Columns
>> results([3,6], :) = 0
>> results(3:6, :) = 0
63
65. Control Structures
If Statement Syntax
if (Condition_1)
Matlab Commands
elseif (Condition_2)
Matlab Commands
elseif (Condition_3)
Matlab Commands
else
Matlab Commands
end
Some Dummy Examples
if ((a>3) & (b==5))
Some Matlab Commands;
end
if (a<3)
Some Matlab Commands;
elseif (b~=5)
Some Matlab Commands;
end
if (a<3)
Some Matlab Commands;
else
Some Matlab Commands;
End
65
66. if statements
if
condition
false
if
condition
statements
if A>10
% computations;
end
false
true
true
statements (1)
statements (2)
if A>10
% computations;
else
% computations;
end
Can include multiple statements
Statements can also include other if statements
(can nest if statements inside if statements)
Be careful not to overlap (crossover) if statements!
66
69. Control Structures
Some Dummy Examples
For loop syntax
for i=Index_Array
Matlab Commands
end
for i=1:100
Some Matlab Commands;
end
for j=1:3:200
Some Matlab Commands;
end
for m=13:-0.2:-21
Some Matlab Commands;
end
for k=[0.1 0.3 -13 12 7 -9.3]
Some Matlab Commands;
End
69
70. for loop
for
j=1:10
done
for j=1:10
% computations;
end
computations
Repeats for specified number of times
ALWAYS executes computation loop at least once!!!
Can use + or – increments
Can escape (BREAK) out of computational loop
70
71. Control Structures
While Loop Syntax
Dummy Example
while (condition)
Matlab Commands
end
while ((a>3) & (b==5))
Some Matlab Commands;
end
71
72. while loop
initialize k
while
k<10
done
k=0;
while k<10
% computations;
k=k+1;
end
computations
change k
Will do computational loop ONLY if while condition is met
Be careful to initialize while variable
Can loop forever if while variable is not updated within loop!!!
72
73. What are we interested in?
Matlab is too broad for our purposes in this course.
Series of
Matlab
commands
Input
Output
capability
Matlab
m-files
functions
Command
Line
Command
execution like
DOS command
window
mat-files
Data
storage/
loading
73
74. M-Files
Script file: a collection of MATLAB
commands
Function file: a definition file for one function
74
75. Script Files
Any valid sequence of MATLAB commands
can be in the script files.
Variables defined/used in script files are
global, i.e., they present in the workspace.
75
79. Using Script M-files
» what
M-files in the current directory
C:WINDOWSDesktopMatlab-Tutorials
abc abc1
» abc
1
3
5
.
.
.
File Name
79
80. Writing User Defined Functions
Functions are m-files which can be executed by specifying
some inputs and supply some desired outputs.
The code telling the Matlab that an m-file is actually a function
is
function out1=functionname(in1)
function out1=functionname(in1,in2,in3)
function [out1,out2]=functionname(in1,in2)
You should write this command at the beginning of the m-file
and you should save the m-file with a file name same as the
function name
80
81. Writing User Defined Functions
Examples
Write a function : out=squarer (A, ind)
Which takes the square of the input matrix if the input
indicator is equal to 1
And takes the element by element square of the input
matrix if the input indicator is equal to 2
Same Name
81
82. Writing User Defined Functions
Another function which takes an input array and returns the sum and product of
its elements as outputs
The function sumprod(.) can be called from command window or an m-file as
82
84. Built-in Functions
•
sum – Sums the content of the variable passed
•
prod – Multiplies the content of the variable passed
•
mean – Calculates the mean of the variable passed
•
median – Calculates the median of the variable passed
•
mode – Calculates the Mode of the variable passed
•
std – Calculates the standard deviation of the variable passed
•
sqrt – Calculates the square root of the variable passed
•
max – Finds the maximum of the data
•
min – Finds the minimum of the data
•
size – Gives the size of the variable passed
84
85. MATLAB Logical Functions
MATLAB also supports some logical functions.
xor (exclusive or) True is returned as 1, false as 0.
any (x)
returns 1 if any element of x is nonzero
all (x)
returns 1 if all elements of x are nonzero
isnan (x)
returns 1 at each NaN in x
isinf (x)
returns 1 at each infinity in x
finite (x)
returns 1 at each finite value in x
85
87. FUNCTIONS
Passing a vector to a function like sum, mean, std will
calculate the property within the vector
>> sum([1,2,3,4,5])
= 15
>> mean([1,2,3,4,5])
=3
87
88. FUNCTIONS
When passing matrices the property, by default, will
be calculated over the columns
88
89. FUNCTIONS
More usefully you can
now take the mean
and
standard
deviation of the data,
and add them to the
array
89
90. FUNCTIONS
You can find the maximum and minimum of some
data using the max and min functions
>> max(results)
>> min(results)
90
91. Standard Deviation and Variance
Standard deviation is calculated using the std() function
std(X) : Calcuate the standard deviation of vector x
If x is a matrix, std() will return the standard deviation of each column
Variance (defined as the square of the standard deviation) is calculated
using the var() function
var(X) : Calcuate the variance of vector x
X = [1 5 9;7 15 22]
s = std(X)
s = 4.2426 7.0711 9.1924
92. Reading Data from files
MATLAB supports reading an entire file and creating a matrix
of the data with one statement.
>> load mydata.dat;
% loads file into matrix.
% The matrix may be a scalar, a vector, or a
% matrix with multiple rows and columns. The
% matrix will be named mydata.
>> size (mydata)
>> length (myvector)
% size will return the number
% of rows and number of
% columns in the matrix
% length will return the total
% no. of elements in myvector
92
93. MATLAB Demo
Demonstrations are invaluable since they give an indication
of the MATLAB capabilities.
A comprehensive set are available by typing the command
>>demo in MATLAB prompt.
93
94. MATLAB Graphics
One of the best things about MATLAB is interactive
graphics
“plot” is the one you will be using most often
Many other 3D plotting functions -- plot3, mesh, surfc,
etc.
Use “help plot” for plotting options
To get a new figure, use “figure”
logarithmic plots available using semilogx, semilogy and
loglog
94
95. Plotting Commands
plot(x,y) defaults to a blue line
plot(x,y,’ro’) uses red circles
plot(x,y,’g*’) uses green asterisks
If you want to put two plots on the same graph,
use “hold on”
plot(a,b,’r:’)
hold on
plot(a,c,’ko’)
(red dotted line)
(black circles)
95
96. Color, Symbols, and Line Types
Use “help plot” to find available Specifiers
Colors
Symbols
Line Types
b
blue
.
point
-
solid
g
green
o
circle
:
dotted
r
red
x
x-mark
-.
dashdot
c
cyan
+
plus
--
dashed
m
magenta
*
star
y
yellow
s
square
k
black
d
diamond
v
triangle (down)
^
triangle (up)
<
triangle (left)
>
triangle (right)
p
pentagram
h
hexagram
96
97. PLOTTING
A basic plot
>> x = [0:0.1:2*pi]
>> y = sin(x)
>> plot(x, y, ‘r.-’)
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
97
98. PLOTTING
Plotting a matrix
MATLAB will treat each column as a different set of data
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
98
99. PLOTTING
Some other functions that are helpful to create plots:
hold on and hold off
title
legend
axis
xlabel
ylabel
99
100. PLOTTING
>> x = [0:0.1:2*pi];
>> y = sin(x);
Sin Plots
2
>> plot(x, y, 'b*-')
sin(x)
2*sin(x)
1.5
>> hold on
1
>> plot(x, y*2, ‘r.-')
y
>> title('Sin Plots');
0.5
0
-0.5
>> legend('sin(x)', '2*sin(x)');
-1
>> axis([0 6.2 -2 2])
>> xlabel(‘x’);
-1.5
-2
0
1
2
3
x
4
5
6
>> ylabel(‘y’);
>> hold off
100
102. Plot Properties
Example
XLABEL X-axis label.
XLABEL('text') adds text
beside the X-axis on the
current axis.
...
xlabel('x
values');
ylabel('y
values');
YLABEL Y-axis label.
YLABEL('text') adds text
beside the Y-axis on the
current axis.
103. Hold
Example
HOLD Hold current graph.
HOLD ON holds the current
plot and all axis properties so
that subsequent graphing
commands add to the existing
graph.
HOLD OFF returns to the
default mode
HOLD, by itself, toggles the
hold state.
...
hold on;
y2 = x + 2;
plot(x, y2,
'g+:');
104. Subplot
SUBPLOT Create axes in tiled
positions.
SUBPLOT(m,n,p), or
SUBPLOT(mnp), breaks the Figure
window into an m-by-n matrix of
small axes
Example
x = [-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3];
y1 = (x.^2) -1;
% Plot y1 on the top
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(x, y1,'bo-.');
xlabel('x values');
ylabel('y values');
% Plot y2 on the bottom
subplot(2,1,2);
y2 = x + 2;
plot(x, y2, 'g+:');
105. Figure
FIGURE Create figure window.
FIGURE, by itself, creates a
new figure window, and
returns its handle.
Example
x = [-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3];
y1 = (x.^2) -1;
% Plot y1 in the 1st Figure
plot(x, y1,'bo-.');
xlabel('x values');
ylabel('y values');
% Plot y2 in the 2nd Figure
figure
y2 = x + 2;
plot(x, y2, 'g+:');105
106. Surface Plot
x = 0:0.1:2;
y = 0:0.1:2;
[xx, yy] = meshgrid(x,y);
zz=sin(xx.^2+yy.^2);
surf(xx,yy,zz)
xlabel('X axes')
ylabel('Y axes')
106
107. 3 D Surface Plot
contourf-colorbar-plot3-waterfall-contour3-mesh-surf
107
108. Histograms
• Histograms are useful for showing the pattern of the
whole data set
• Allows the shape of the distribution to be easily
visualized
108
109. Histograms
Matlab hist(y,m) command will generate a frequency
histogram of vector y distributed among m bins
Also can use hist(y,x) where x is a vector defining the bin
centers
Example:
>>b=sin(2*pi*t)
>>hist(b,[-1 -0.75 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1]);
>>hist(b,10);
40
45
40
35
35
30
30
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
109
110. Histograms
The histc function is a bit more powerful and allows bin
edges to be defined
[n, bin] = histc(x, binrange)
x = statistical distribution
binrange = the range of bins to plot eg: [1:1:10]
n = the number of elements in each bin from vector x
bin = the bin number each element of x belongs
Use the bar function to plot the histogram
110
112. Image Processing Toolbox
The Image Processing Toolbox is a collection of functions
that extend the capability of the MATLAB ® numeric
computing environment. The toolbox supports a wide
range of image processing operations, including:
Geometric operations
Neighborhood and block operations
Linear filtering and filter design
Transforms
Image analysis and enhancement
Binary image operations
Region of interest operations
112
113. Images in MATLAB
• MATLAB can import/export
several image formats:
– BMP (Microsoft Windows
Bitmap)
– GIF (Graphics Interchange
Files)
– HDF (Hierarchical Data Format)
– JPEG (Joint Photographic
Experts Group)
– PCX (Paintbrush)
– PNG (Portable Network
Graphics)
– TIFF (Tagged Image File
Format)
– XWD (X Window Dump)
– raw-data and other types of
image data
• Data types in MATLAB
– Double (64-bit double-precision
floating point)
– Single (32-bit single-precision
floating point)
– Int32 (32-bit signed integer)
– Int16 (16-bit signed integer)
– Int8 (8-bit signed integer)
– Uint32 (32-bit unsigned integer)
– Uint16 (16-bit unsigned integer)
– Uint8 (8-bit unsigned integer)
113