9. Specific Industries in Each Category

14. P vs Q in Factory Operations

23. Charging a basic oxygen furnace in steelmaking: molten pig iron is poured into the BOF. Temperatures are around 1650 C (3000F).

35. Metal chips fly in a high speed turning operation performed on a computer numerical control turning center (photo courtesy of Cincinnati Milacron).

38. A batch of silicon wafers enters a furnace heated to 1000 °C (1800°F) during fabrication of integrated circuits under clean room conditions (photo courtesy of Intel Corporation).

40. Photomicrograph of the cross section of multiple coatings of titanium nitride and aluminum oxide on a cemented carbide substrate (photo courtesy of Kennametal Inc.).

42. Two welders perform arc welding on a large steel pipe section (photo courtesy of Lincoln Electric Company).

43. Automated dispensing of adhesive onto component parts prior to assembly (photo courtesy of EFD, Inc.).

45. A robotic arm performs unloading and loading operation in a turning center using a dual gripper (photo courtesy of Cincinnati Milacron).

48. Machine cell consisting of two horizontal machining centers supplied by an in-line pallet shuttle.

51. Fixed-Position Plant Layout

53. Process Plant Layout

54. Cellular Plant Layout

58. Product Plant Layout

59. Assembly workers on an engine assembly line (photo courtesy of Ford Motor Company).

67. Overview of Major Topics