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Competition Commission of India
Training for Central Government Officers
(US & Others)
on

REGULATION OF COMBINATIONS
K.K. Sharma
Advisor (Law)
IIC, 26-11-2008

1
Early Stages
Planned economic development since early 1950s.
Commanding heights in public sector
Industrial (development & regulation) Act, 1951 and
Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act,
1969
Comprehensive control over direction, pattern and quantum of
investment
Extensive reservations and concessions in favour of small – scale
industry

Despite industrial growth/diversification – complex
network of controls/regulations fettered freedom of
enterprises
2
Transition
Industrial policy statement of 1980

focused attention on need for promoting competition in domestic
market, technological up gradation and modernization

Reforms since 1991- on a much broader scale and
scope
Industrial policy statement of 1991
emphasized attainment of technological
international competitiveness

dynamism

and

Indian industry could scarcely be competitive with the rest of the
world if it had to operate within an over regulated environment
3
Wave of Liberalization
Starting from 1991 – further liberalization of industrial
licensing, dispensing with the requirement of prior
governmental approval before effecting expansion of
undertakings registered under MRTP Act, 1969
Progressively diluting the monopoly of public sector
except for security and statutory concerns
Abolition of levy and non-levy price system
Reducing purchase preference for PSUs
4
Strengthening of Reforms
Further reforms of trade policy substantially reduced
the barrier to domestic industries
Common thread running through the economic
reforms-since 1991 – has been to free the economy
from governmental controls and allow market forces
to determine economy activity.

5
Expert Group
Singapore ministerial declaration in 1996 – followed
by setting up of an expert group by Union Ministry of
Commerce in Oct. 1997
To study issues relating to interaction between trade
and competition policy, including anti-competitive
practices and the effect of mergers and
amalgamations on competition in order to identify
areas that may merit consideration in the WTO
framework
Expert group, in Jan. 1999 report, suggested
enactment of new Competition Law
6
Raghavan Committee
FM on 27-2-1999 declared in budget speech that
MRTPC has become obsolete in the light of
international economic developments relating to
competition laws
High level committee on competition policy and law
constituted in Oct. 99
Inter-alia, the committee noted
in conditions of effective competition, rivals have equal
opportunities to compete for business on the basis and
quality of their outputs, and resource deployment follows
market success in meeting consumers’ demand at the
lowest possible cost
7
Need for Overhaul
The Department Related Parliamentary Standing
Committee on Home Affairs, to which the
Competition Bill 2001 was referred for examination
concluded that the rigidly structured MRTP Act also
necessitate its repeal in view of government policy
being a facilitator rather than a regulator

8
Law Enacted
In mid term appraisal of 9th five year plan, Planning
Commission recognized the need of a National
Competition Policy
Enactment of Competition Act 2002, pursuant to
Raghavan Committee’s Report
National Common Minimum Programme 2004 (UPA)
desired to strengthen all regulatory institutions to
ensure that competition is free and fair
9
Present Status
Competition Act, 2002 enacted in January 2003
Competition Commission of India established in October,
2003 with one Member
Full constitution of Commission and enforcement could
not be taken up due to legal challenge leading to
process of amendments
Competition (Amendment)
September 2007

Act,

2007

passed

in

Process for full constitution of the Commission set in
10
motion
Duties of the CCI
Prevent practices
competition

having

adverse

effect

on

Promote and sustain competition in markets
Protect the interests of consumers
Ensure freedom of trade carried on by other
participants in markets, in India
[ Preamble and Section 18]
11
Reach of the CCI
All enterprises, whether public or private [S 2(h)/
Expln. cl. (l)]
Departments of government except activities
relatable to sovereign functions including Atomic
energy, Currency, Defence and Space (S 2(h))
Extra-territoriality (S 32)
Provision to enter into MOUs or arrangements with
foreign competition authorities (S 18)
12
Broad Provisions of CA 02
Prohibits anti-competitive agreements (S 3)
Prohibits abuse of dominant position (S 4)
Regulates combinations (S 6)
Mandates competition advocacy and awareness (S
49)

13
“Combination”
Acquisition of control, shares, voting rights or assets (S
5(a))
Acquiring of control – already having direct or indirect
control over another enterprise in identical or
substitutable goods/services (S 5(b))
Merger or amalgamation (S 5(c))

14
“Control”
Inclusive definition
Control includes controlling the affairs or management
by

one or more enterprises, either jointly or singly,
over another enterprise or group
one or more groups, either jointly or singly, over
another group or enterprise
( Expln (a) to S 5)

15
“Group”
‘Group’ means two or more enterprises which, directly
or indirectly, are in position to

exercise 26% or more of voting rights in other
enterprise or
appoint more than 50% of members of the board
of directors in the other enterprise
control the management or affairs of the other
enterprise
(Expln (b) to S 5)
16
Value of Assets
By taking book value of the assets shown in audited
BOA in immediately preceding FY w.r.t. FY of date of
merger
reduced by depreciation

Value of assets to include
brand value, goodwill, copyright, patent, collective
mark, registered trade mark or similar other
commercial rights
(Expln (c) to S 5)
17
Applicability
Combination through acquisition of shares/ voting rights
or assets, acquiring of control and mergers &
amalgamation (S 5)
Combination must be above thresholds and meet
domestic nexus criterion (S 5)
Thresholds defined in terms of total assets or turnover
and domestic nexus (S 5)

18
Thresholds for Notification
Assets
Total (In India)

Only in
India

Turn over
Total (In India)

No
Group

Rs. 1000 cr

Rs. 3000 cr

Group

Rs. 4000 cr

Rs. 12000 cr

US $ 500 m (Rs. 500 cr)
(Rs. 2000 cr)

US $ 1500 m (Rs. 1500 cr)
(Rs. 6000 cr)

US $ 2000 m (Rs. 500 cr)
(Rs. 8000 cr)

US$ 6000 m (Rs. 1500 cr)
(Rs. 24000 cr)

No
In and
outside Group
India
Group

19
Where does India stand?
Except where indicated otherwise, figures, rounded to full numbers, are in US dollars 1$ = Rs 40/-

Country

Domestic Turnover

World Wide Turnover

Group

Belgium

145 m (DN 58 m)

---

---

Canada

---

---

400 m*

7236 m
(DN 362 m – Community)

---

E.U.
France

---

218 m (DN 73 m)

---

Germany

---

724 m (DN 36 m)

---

U.S.A.

200 m

---

---

U.K.

141 m

---

---

India

750 m

1500 m

6000 m
(World Wide)

m = million
DN = Domestic Nexus
*= Canadian dollar

20
Salient Features
Compulsory Notification (S 6 (2))

Form of Notification
Timings of Notification
Suspensive regime (S 6 (2A))
Assessment based on listed factors (S 20(4))
Consequences of not filing (S 43A)
Detailed procedure for inquiry (S 29)
Compares well with RPs of ICN

21
Triggering event for notifying
Any document indicating bonafide intention can trigger
filing at the option of the person filing notice
Flexibility for time of filing notice introduced without
liability for not filing notice in time (R 6)
Conforms with ICN best practices

22
Notification Forms
Forms (R 6)
simple notification forms seeking readily available
information
Two forms
Form 1 –
30 days
Form 2 - for combinations not likely to cause
AAEC including those between Indian and
foreign companies60 days
Form 3 for information to be filed by banks/PFIs /FIIs/
VCFs (R 7)
23
Filing Fee
Legal sanction S 6 (2)
Fee pattern of different jurisdictions studied
Fee pattern of SEBI/ROC in India studied
Detailed consultation with stakeholders
Uniform fee model followed
Uniform fee of Rs. 40 lakhs (R 12)

24
Consequences of not notifying
Penalty – which may extend to one percent of the
total turnover or the assets, whichever is higher, of
such a combination (S 43A)

25
Suspensive Regime
Combining parties to wait for 210 days (S 6 (2A))
Combination coming into effect, before 210 days,
without order of Commission – Void
If Commission approves combination before 210
days – Combine
If no order up to 210 days – deemed approval of
combination (S 31(11))
First clearance in most cases 30/60 days – CR

26
Comparison of Review Periods
Country

Stage One

Stage Two

EU

25-35 W days

90-125 W days (35+125=160 W days or 224 days in the
least)

France

5-8 weeks

Additional 4 months. Further extended by 4 more weeks
(thus 5 ½ Months in total)

Spain

1 month

7 months

Singapore

30 W days

120 W days (30+120=150 W days)

China

30 W days

90-150 W days

Mexico

40 C days

145 (in complex cases)

Japan

30 C days

120 C days (more if information is late)

USA

30/15 C days

-----

Germany

1 month

3 months (1+3= 4 months)

India

30 c days (draft
regulations)

210 C days (150 w days)
27
Relevant Market-I
Relevant Geographic Market (S 19(6))
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)

Regulatory trade barriers
Local specification requirements
National procurement policies
Adequate distribution facilities
Transport costs
Language
Consumer preferences
Need for secure or regular supplies or rapid aftersales services
28
Relevant Market-II
Relevant Product Market (S 19(7))
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Physical characteristics or end-use of goods
Price of goods or service
Consumer preference
Exclusion of in-house production
Existence of specialized producers
Classification of industrial products

29
Listed Factors for Assessment-I
Factors (S 20(4)):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Actual and potential level of competition through
imports
Extent of barriers to entry into the market
Level of concentration in the market (HHI, CR)
Degree or countervailing power in the market
Likelihood of post combination price/profit
increase
Extent of effective competition in the market – post
combination
Extent to which substitutes are/likely to be available
30
Listed Factors for Assessment-II
Factors (S 20(4))
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Market share in the relevant market-individually
and combined
Removal of vigorous and effective competitor
from the market
Nature and extent of vertical integration in the
market
Possibility of failing business
Nature and extent of innovation
Contribution to economic development
Whether the benefit of combination outweigh
adverse effect of combination

31
Difficulties
Economy is dynamic- even during review
The viability of proposed combination may change in
the review period
Delay can break/destroy the deal
Challenge to ensure that combination remains viable
after review
The review periods should gradually be brought
down

32
The Tough Choice
Unit 1

Unit 2

Commission

Competition
compatibility

Accolades/
criticism

Married Unit
(Combination)

Consumer welfare/
Competition

Marriage
compatibility

Advocates/
Attorneys /C S etc.

Advocacy to show case
Performance (balancing)

33
Other Constraints-I
Relatively, politically most sensitive
Politically sensitive issues
Massive lay-offs
Substantial new investments
National pride
Competition policy forms a part of industrial policy1

34
Other Constraints-II
Undoing the connection between the two may be an
impossible task
Strongest advocates of competition may be swayed
by political prospects of the creation of a national
champion
Despite perceived lessening of competition, merger of
Boeing and Mc Donnel Douglas, approved by FTC/DOJ1
Eleventh hour clearance by EC- speculated to have been
given to maintain good relation with US

35
Inquiry
Mandate for inquiry (S 20/ S 30)
Detailed procedure of investigation (S 29)
Orders of the Commission (S 31)
Substantive test - AAEC

36
Procedure in Brief-I
Notification filed (S 6(2))
Opinion by the Commission
Prima facie (1st ) - no AAEC
Order of approval (S 31(1))
If, prima facie (1st ) - AAEC
Show cause notice (S 29(1))

37
Procedure in Brief-II
Response to show cause received (S 29(1A))
Commission may call for DG’s report
Prima facie opinion (2nd) - no AAEC
Approval order (S 31(1))
If prima facie opinion (2nd) - AAEC
Direction to publish details of combination (S 29(2))
38
Procedure in Brief-III
Commission may invite any person or member of the
public, affected, to file written objections (S29(3))
Commission may call for additional or other information
from parties (S 29(4))
Additional or other information furnished (S 29(5))
Commission to proceed with the case (S 29(6))
Approval (S 31(1))/ Non approval (S 31(2))

39
Options and Global Experience
Orders of the Commission:
Approve
Approve with modifications
Not approve
International experience- less than 10/15 percent of
notified combinations seen to have AAEC
Very few (less than one in hundred) blocked
Approval with Structural and/or Behavioral remedies

40
Combination Regulations-I
Salient Features
Through R 5 transactions having no significant
competition concerns indicated
The type of transactions covered under R 5 are

41
Combination Regulations-II
Acquisition
of shares/ voting rights not exceeding 15%,
provided not leading to control,
of assets not directly related to business, solely
as investment, or in ordinary course of
business, provided not leading to control,
of shares/ voting rights where the acquirer hold
more than 50% of shares/voting rights before
acquisition
by succession, will, etc.
of current assets in ordinary course of business
42
Combination Regulations-III
in the process of under writing,
pursuant to a bonus or right issue or sub division
of shares
pursuant to an order of the Commission
within a group
of 5% of shares/voting rights per year by an
acquirer who has already acquired 15% or more

43
Combination Regulations-IV
specifically exempt under statute of parliament
Amended or renewed tender offer
Where each of at least two of the combining parties
do not have assets / turnover of Rs 200 / 600 crores
in India

44
Combination Regulations-V
Special provisions for hostile takeover (R 10)
Permitting additional time when sought by parties (R
18)
Rectification of mistakes (R 20)
Intimation of changes, not affecting assessment (R
22)
Deemed clearance in 30/60 days in most cases (R
26)
45
Combination Regulations-VI
Provision for personal appearance of the parties to the
combination / opportunity of being heard before final
order (R 41)
Enabling provision for appointing independent trustees,
at the cost of the parties, for overseeing
orders/directions of the Commission (R 54)
Pre-notification consultation being considered

46
Draft Regulations Endorsed

Advisory Committee, consisting of experts, endorsed the
draft regulations with minor changes

47
Recommended Practices-I
(non-binding)

1. Sufficient Nexus
2. Clear and objective notification thresholds
3. Flexibility in the timings of merger notification
4. Merger review periods -Six weeks / six
months
5. Requirements for initial notification

48
Recommended Practices-II
(non-binding)

6. Conduct of merger investigations
7. Procedural fairness
8.

Transparency

49
Recommended Practices-III
(non-binding)

9. Confidentiality
10. Inter agency coordination
11. Remedies
12. Competition agency powers and
13. Review of merger control provisions

50
Other Penalties
Failure to comply with orders/ directions u/s 27, 28,
31, 32, 33, 42A and 43A – fine upto Rs. one lakh
per day [S 42 & 43 (S 36 (2)/(4)) / 41(2)]
Non furnishing of information on combinations –
upto 1% of turnover/ assets whichever is higher
(S 43A)
Making false statement/ omission to furnish
material information on combinations – not less
than Rs. 50 lakh extendable to Rs. one crore (S
44)
False statement/ omitting information – fine upto
Rs. one crore
Lesser penalty (S46)
51
Powers of Enforcement
CCI has powers of a civil court for gathering evidence
After prima facie determination CCI shall direct DG to
investigate (S 26(1))
DG is empowered to investigate into contraventions
of the Act when so directed by the commission and
has the powers of a civil court for gathering evidence
{Section 41(1) & (2)}

52
Gathering Evidence
Powers of a civil court for gathering evidence
Summoning and enforcing attendance of any
person and examining him on oath;
Requiring the discovery and production of
documents;
Receiving evidence on affidavits;
Issuing commissions for the examination of
witnesses or documents;
Requisitioning any public record or document
or copy of such record or document from any
office.
53
Powers of Director General
Director General (DG) has powers as are vested in
the ‘Inspector’ in terms of Section 240 & 240 A of the
Companies Act, 1956.
These powers, inter-alia, include seizure of
documents with the approval of the Chief
Metropolitan Magistrate, Delhi, when there is
reasonable ground to believe that books, papers or
documents may be destroyed, mutilated, altered,
falsified or secreted. (S 41(3))

54
Other Principles in the Act
Competitive neutrality [S 2(h)/expln (l)]
Effects doctrine (S 32)
International co-operation (S 18)
Exclusive jurisdiction in competition matters
(S 53B/ 53T /61)
Confidentiality (S 57/GR 38)
55
Present Activities of Commission
Competition advocacy and awareness
Ground-work--professional & legal-including 7 draft
regulations and internal guidelines, etc.
Institutional capacity building, including staffing and
training-IIM B entrusted with organizational study
IIM B suggested – economists 40% , lawyers 40% and
financial analysts etc. 20%-Training – high priority, on
going
56
Preparatory Work-I
Draft Competition Commission (General) Regulations
200_
Draft Competition Commission (Combination)
Regulations 200_
Draft Competition Commission (Lesser Penalty)
Regulations 200_
Draft Competition Commission (Meeting for Transaction
of Business) Regulations 200_
Draft Competition Commission (Determination of Cost of
Production) Regulation 200_
57
Preparatory Work-II
Draft Competition Commission (Procedure for Engagement
of Experts and Professionals) Regulations 200_
Draft Competition Commission ( Calling upon Experts to
Assist in Conduct of Inquiry) Regulations 200_
Preparation of Advocacy Booklets on
Competition Compliance Programme
Bid rigging
Intellectual Property Rights
Abuse of Dominance
Activities
Cartel
FAQs

58
Guiding Principles of CCI
CCI to be in sync with markets
Minimize compliance costs for
enforcement costs for Commission

enterprises

and

Fully professional organization with required skills
Confidentiality for business, transparency for CCI
Consultative approach
59
Wide Consultations
An international conference on “India’s New Merger
Notification Regime (INMNR)” held on 15/16, March,
2008 in New Delhi, by IBA & others
Delegates from ICN, EU, FTC, ACCC, IBA, ABA &
leading legal firms across the world attended
Benefiting from the experience of mature, functioning
jurisdictions

60
Indian Law in Global Context
WTO : “Law is broadly comparable to those of other
jurisdictions with effective laws in this area and, for the
most part, embodies a modern economics - based
approach” (Trade Policy Review of India 2007)
OECD : “close to state-of-the-art” (Economic Survey
India Report 2007)

61
The Road Ahead
Advocacy is already on
The stage is all set for enforcement
The fully constituted CCI expected to be in place in
about a month’s time
Waiting for the curtain to rise
In view of the good background work, expected to
deliver
62
Thank you
63

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Regulation of combinations training for central government officers (us & others) 2008

  • 1. Competition Commission of India Training for Central Government Officers (US & Others) on REGULATION OF COMBINATIONS K.K. Sharma Advisor (Law) IIC, 26-11-2008 1
  • 2. Early Stages Planned economic development since early 1950s. Commanding heights in public sector Industrial (development & regulation) Act, 1951 and Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 Comprehensive control over direction, pattern and quantum of investment Extensive reservations and concessions in favour of small – scale industry Despite industrial growth/diversification – complex network of controls/regulations fettered freedom of enterprises 2
  • 3. Transition Industrial policy statement of 1980 focused attention on need for promoting competition in domestic market, technological up gradation and modernization Reforms since 1991- on a much broader scale and scope Industrial policy statement of 1991 emphasized attainment of technological international competitiveness dynamism and Indian industry could scarcely be competitive with the rest of the world if it had to operate within an over regulated environment 3
  • 4. Wave of Liberalization Starting from 1991 – further liberalization of industrial licensing, dispensing with the requirement of prior governmental approval before effecting expansion of undertakings registered under MRTP Act, 1969 Progressively diluting the monopoly of public sector except for security and statutory concerns Abolition of levy and non-levy price system Reducing purchase preference for PSUs 4
  • 5. Strengthening of Reforms Further reforms of trade policy substantially reduced the barrier to domestic industries Common thread running through the economic reforms-since 1991 – has been to free the economy from governmental controls and allow market forces to determine economy activity. 5
  • 6. Expert Group Singapore ministerial declaration in 1996 – followed by setting up of an expert group by Union Ministry of Commerce in Oct. 1997 To study issues relating to interaction between trade and competition policy, including anti-competitive practices and the effect of mergers and amalgamations on competition in order to identify areas that may merit consideration in the WTO framework Expert group, in Jan. 1999 report, suggested enactment of new Competition Law 6
  • 7. Raghavan Committee FM on 27-2-1999 declared in budget speech that MRTPC has become obsolete in the light of international economic developments relating to competition laws High level committee on competition policy and law constituted in Oct. 99 Inter-alia, the committee noted in conditions of effective competition, rivals have equal opportunities to compete for business on the basis and quality of their outputs, and resource deployment follows market success in meeting consumers’ demand at the lowest possible cost 7
  • 8. Need for Overhaul The Department Related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs, to which the Competition Bill 2001 was referred for examination concluded that the rigidly structured MRTP Act also necessitate its repeal in view of government policy being a facilitator rather than a regulator 8
  • 9. Law Enacted In mid term appraisal of 9th five year plan, Planning Commission recognized the need of a National Competition Policy Enactment of Competition Act 2002, pursuant to Raghavan Committee’s Report National Common Minimum Programme 2004 (UPA) desired to strengthen all regulatory institutions to ensure that competition is free and fair 9
  • 10. Present Status Competition Act, 2002 enacted in January 2003 Competition Commission of India established in October, 2003 with one Member Full constitution of Commission and enforcement could not be taken up due to legal challenge leading to process of amendments Competition (Amendment) September 2007 Act, 2007 passed in Process for full constitution of the Commission set in 10 motion
  • 11. Duties of the CCI Prevent practices competition having adverse effect on Promote and sustain competition in markets Protect the interests of consumers Ensure freedom of trade carried on by other participants in markets, in India [ Preamble and Section 18] 11
  • 12. Reach of the CCI All enterprises, whether public or private [S 2(h)/ Expln. cl. (l)] Departments of government except activities relatable to sovereign functions including Atomic energy, Currency, Defence and Space (S 2(h)) Extra-territoriality (S 32) Provision to enter into MOUs or arrangements with foreign competition authorities (S 18) 12
  • 13. Broad Provisions of CA 02 Prohibits anti-competitive agreements (S 3) Prohibits abuse of dominant position (S 4) Regulates combinations (S 6) Mandates competition advocacy and awareness (S 49) 13
  • 14. “Combination” Acquisition of control, shares, voting rights or assets (S 5(a)) Acquiring of control – already having direct or indirect control over another enterprise in identical or substitutable goods/services (S 5(b)) Merger or amalgamation (S 5(c)) 14
  • 15. “Control” Inclusive definition Control includes controlling the affairs or management by one or more enterprises, either jointly or singly, over another enterprise or group one or more groups, either jointly or singly, over another group or enterprise ( Expln (a) to S 5) 15
  • 16. “Group” ‘Group’ means two or more enterprises which, directly or indirectly, are in position to exercise 26% or more of voting rights in other enterprise or appoint more than 50% of members of the board of directors in the other enterprise control the management or affairs of the other enterprise (Expln (b) to S 5) 16
  • 17. Value of Assets By taking book value of the assets shown in audited BOA in immediately preceding FY w.r.t. FY of date of merger reduced by depreciation Value of assets to include brand value, goodwill, copyright, patent, collective mark, registered trade mark or similar other commercial rights (Expln (c) to S 5) 17
  • 18. Applicability Combination through acquisition of shares/ voting rights or assets, acquiring of control and mergers & amalgamation (S 5) Combination must be above thresholds and meet domestic nexus criterion (S 5) Thresholds defined in terms of total assets or turnover and domestic nexus (S 5) 18
  • 19. Thresholds for Notification Assets Total (In India) Only in India Turn over Total (In India) No Group Rs. 1000 cr Rs. 3000 cr Group Rs. 4000 cr Rs. 12000 cr US $ 500 m (Rs. 500 cr) (Rs. 2000 cr) US $ 1500 m (Rs. 1500 cr) (Rs. 6000 cr) US $ 2000 m (Rs. 500 cr) (Rs. 8000 cr) US$ 6000 m (Rs. 1500 cr) (Rs. 24000 cr) No In and outside Group India Group 19
  • 20. Where does India stand? Except where indicated otherwise, figures, rounded to full numbers, are in US dollars 1$ = Rs 40/- Country Domestic Turnover World Wide Turnover Group Belgium 145 m (DN 58 m) --- --- Canada --- --- 400 m* 7236 m (DN 362 m – Community) --- E.U. France --- 218 m (DN 73 m) --- Germany --- 724 m (DN 36 m) --- U.S.A. 200 m --- --- U.K. 141 m --- --- India 750 m 1500 m 6000 m (World Wide) m = million DN = Domestic Nexus *= Canadian dollar 20
  • 21. Salient Features Compulsory Notification (S 6 (2)) Form of Notification Timings of Notification Suspensive regime (S 6 (2A)) Assessment based on listed factors (S 20(4)) Consequences of not filing (S 43A) Detailed procedure for inquiry (S 29) Compares well with RPs of ICN 21
  • 22. Triggering event for notifying Any document indicating bonafide intention can trigger filing at the option of the person filing notice Flexibility for time of filing notice introduced without liability for not filing notice in time (R 6) Conforms with ICN best practices 22
  • 23. Notification Forms Forms (R 6) simple notification forms seeking readily available information Two forms Form 1 – 30 days Form 2 - for combinations not likely to cause AAEC including those between Indian and foreign companies60 days Form 3 for information to be filed by banks/PFIs /FIIs/ VCFs (R 7) 23
  • 24. Filing Fee Legal sanction S 6 (2) Fee pattern of different jurisdictions studied Fee pattern of SEBI/ROC in India studied Detailed consultation with stakeholders Uniform fee model followed Uniform fee of Rs. 40 lakhs (R 12) 24
  • 25. Consequences of not notifying Penalty – which may extend to one percent of the total turnover or the assets, whichever is higher, of such a combination (S 43A) 25
  • 26. Suspensive Regime Combining parties to wait for 210 days (S 6 (2A)) Combination coming into effect, before 210 days, without order of Commission – Void If Commission approves combination before 210 days – Combine If no order up to 210 days – deemed approval of combination (S 31(11)) First clearance in most cases 30/60 days – CR 26
  • 27. Comparison of Review Periods Country Stage One Stage Two EU 25-35 W days 90-125 W days (35+125=160 W days or 224 days in the least) France 5-8 weeks Additional 4 months. Further extended by 4 more weeks (thus 5 ½ Months in total) Spain 1 month 7 months Singapore 30 W days 120 W days (30+120=150 W days) China 30 W days 90-150 W days Mexico 40 C days 145 (in complex cases) Japan 30 C days 120 C days (more if information is late) USA 30/15 C days ----- Germany 1 month 3 months (1+3= 4 months) India 30 c days (draft regulations) 210 C days (150 w days) 27
  • 28. Relevant Market-I Relevant Geographic Market (S 19(6)) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Regulatory trade barriers Local specification requirements National procurement policies Adequate distribution facilities Transport costs Language Consumer preferences Need for secure or regular supplies or rapid aftersales services 28
  • 29. Relevant Market-II Relevant Product Market (S 19(7)) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Physical characteristics or end-use of goods Price of goods or service Consumer preference Exclusion of in-house production Existence of specialized producers Classification of industrial products 29
  • 30. Listed Factors for Assessment-I Factors (S 20(4)): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Actual and potential level of competition through imports Extent of barriers to entry into the market Level of concentration in the market (HHI, CR) Degree or countervailing power in the market Likelihood of post combination price/profit increase Extent of effective competition in the market – post combination Extent to which substitutes are/likely to be available 30
  • 31. Listed Factors for Assessment-II Factors (S 20(4)) 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Market share in the relevant market-individually and combined Removal of vigorous and effective competitor from the market Nature and extent of vertical integration in the market Possibility of failing business Nature and extent of innovation Contribution to economic development Whether the benefit of combination outweigh adverse effect of combination 31
  • 32. Difficulties Economy is dynamic- even during review The viability of proposed combination may change in the review period Delay can break/destroy the deal Challenge to ensure that combination remains viable after review The review periods should gradually be brought down 32
  • 33. The Tough Choice Unit 1 Unit 2 Commission Competition compatibility Accolades/ criticism Married Unit (Combination) Consumer welfare/ Competition Marriage compatibility Advocates/ Attorneys /C S etc. Advocacy to show case Performance (balancing) 33
  • 34. Other Constraints-I Relatively, politically most sensitive Politically sensitive issues Massive lay-offs Substantial new investments National pride Competition policy forms a part of industrial policy1 34
  • 35. Other Constraints-II Undoing the connection between the two may be an impossible task Strongest advocates of competition may be swayed by political prospects of the creation of a national champion Despite perceived lessening of competition, merger of Boeing and Mc Donnel Douglas, approved by FTC/DOJ1 Eleventh hour clearance by EC- speculated to have been given to maintain good relation with US 35
  • 36. Inquiry Mandate for inquiry (S 20/ S 30) Detailed procedure of investigation (S 29) Orders of the Commission (S 31) Substantive test - AAEC 36
  • 37. Procedure in Brief-I Notification filed (S 6(2)) Opinion by the Commission Prima facie (1st ) - no AAEC Order of approval (S 31(1)) If, prima facie (1st ) - AAEC Show cause notice (S 29(1)) 37
  • 38. Procedure in Brief-II Response to show cause received (S 29(1A)) Commission may call for DG’s report Prima facie opinion (2nd) - no AAEC Approval order (S 31(1)) If prima facie opinion (2nd) - AAEC Direction to publish details of combination (S 29(2)) 38
  • 39. Procedure in Brief-III Commission may invite any person or member of the public, affected, to file written objections (S29(3)) Commission may call for additional or other information from parties (S 29(4)) Additional or other information furnished (S 29(5)) Commission to proceed with the case (S 29(6)) Approval (S 31(1))/ Non approval (S 31(2)) 39
  • 40. Options and Global Experience Orders of the Commission: Approve Approve with modifications Not approve International experience- less than 10/15 percent of notified combinations seen to have AAEC Very few (less than one in hundred) blocked Approval with Structural and/or Behavioral remedies 40
  • 41. Combination Regulations-I Salient Features Through R 5 transactions having no significant competition concerns indicated The type of transactions covered under R 5 are 41
  • 42. Combination Regulations-II Acquisition of shares/ voting rights not exceeding 15%, provided not leading to control, of assets not directly related to business, solely as investment, or in ordinary course of business, provided not leading to control, of shares/ voting rights where the acquirer hold more than 50% of shares/voting rights before acquisition by succession, will, etc. of current assets in ordinary course of business 42
  • 43. Combination Regulations-III in the process of under writing, pursuant to a bonus or right issue or sub division of shares pursuant to an order of the Commission within a group of 5% of shares/voting rights per year by an acquirer who has already acquired 15% or more 43
  • 44. Combination Regulations-IV specifically exempt under statute of parliament Amended or renewed tender offer Where each of at least two of the combining parties do not have assets / turnover of Rs 200 / 600 crores in India 44
  • 45. Combination Regulations-V Special provisions for hostile takeover (R 10) Permitting additional time when sought by parties (R 18) Rectification of mistakes (R 20) Intimation of changes, not affecting assessment (R 22) Deemed clearance in 30/60 days in most cases (R 26) 45
  • 46. Combination Regulations-VI Provision for personal appearance of the parties to the combination / opportunity of being heard before final order (R 41) Enabling provision for appointing independent trustees, at the cost of the parties, for overseeing orders/directions of the Commission (R 54) Pre-notification consultation being considered 46
  • 47. Draft Regulations Endorsed Advisory Committee, consisting of experts, endorsed the draft regulations with minor changes 47
  • 48. Recommended Practices-I (non-binding) 1. Sufficient Nexus 2. Clear and objective notification thresholds 3. Flexibility in the timings of merger notification 4. Merger review periods -Six weeks / six months 5. Requirements for initial notification 48
  • 49. Recommended Practices-II (non-binding) 6. Conduct of merger investigations 7. Procedural fairness 8. Transparency 49
  • 50. Recommended Practices-III (non-binding) 9. Confidentiality 10. Inter agency coordination 11. Remedies 12. Competition agency powers and 13. Review of merger control provisions 50
  • 51. Other Penalties Failure to comply with orders/ directions u/s 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 42A and 43A – fine upto Rs. one lakh per day [S 42 & 43 (S 36 (2)/(4)) / 41(2)] Non furnishing of information on combinations – upto 1% of turnover/ assets whichever is higher (S 43A) Making false statement/ omission to furnish material information on combinations – not less than Rs. 50 lakh extendable to Rs. one crore (S 44) False statement/ omitting information – fine upto Rs. one crore Lesser penalty (S46) 51
  • 52. Powers of Enforcement CCI has powers of a civil court for gathering evidence After prima facie determination CCI shall direct DG to investigate (S 26(1)) DG is empowered to investigate into contraventions of the Act when so directed by the commission and has the powers of a civil court for gathering evidence {Section 41(1) & (2)} 52
  • 53. Gathering Evidence Powers of a civil court for gathering evidence Summoning and enforcing attendance of any person and examining him on oath; Requiring the discovery and production of documents; Receiving evidence on affidavits; Issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses or documents; Requisitioning any public record or document or copy of such record or document from any office. 53
  • 54. Powers of Director General Director General (DG) has powers as are vested in the ‘Inspector’ in terms of Section 240 & 240 A of the Companies Act, 1956. These powers, inter-alia, include seizure of documents with the approval of the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, Delhi, when there is reasonable ground to believe that books, papers or documents may be destroyed, mutilated, altered, falsified or secreted. (S 41(3)) 54
  • 55. Other Principles in the Act Competitive neutrality [S 2(h)/expln (l)] Effects doctrine (S 32) International co-operation (S 18) Exclusive jurisdiction in competition matters (S 53B/ 53T /61) Confidentiality (S 57/GR 38) 55
  • 56. Present Activities of Commission Competition advocacy and awareness Ground-work--professional & legal-including 7 draft regulations and internal guidelines, etc. Institutional capacity building, including staffing and training-IIM B entrusted with organizational study IIM B suggested – economists 40% , lawyers 40% and financial analysts etc. 20%-Training – high priority, on going 56
  • 57. Preparatory Work-I Draft Competition Commission (General) Regulations 200_ Draft Competition Commission (Combination) Regulations 200_ Draft Competition Commission (Lesser Penalty) Regulations 200_ Draft Competition Commission (Meeting for Transaction of Business) Regulations 200_ Draft Competition Commission (Determination of Cost of Production) Regulation 200_ 57
  • 58. Preparatory Work-II Draft Competition Commission (Procedure for Engagement of Experts and Professionals) Regulations 200_ Draft Competition Commission ( Calling upon Experts to Assist in Conduct of Inquiry) Regulations 200_ Preparation of Advocacy Booklets on Competition Compliance Programme Bid rigging Intellectual Property Rights Abuse of Dominance Activities Cartel FAQs 58
  • 59. Guiding Principles of CCI CCI to be in sync with markets Minimize compliance costs for enforcement costs for Commission enterprises and Fully professional organization with required skills Confidentiality for business, transparency for CCI Consultative approach 59
  • 60. Wide Consultations An international conference on “India’s New Merger Notification Regime (INMNR)” held on 15/16, March, 2008 in New Delhi, by IBA & others Delegates from ICN, EU, FTC, ACCC, IBA, ABA & leading legal firms across the world attended Benefiting from the experience of mature, functioning jurisdictions 60
  • 61. Indian Law in Global Context WTO : “Law is broadly comparable to those of other jurisdictions with effective laws in this area and, for the most part, embodies a modern economics - based approach” (Trade Policy Review of India 2007) OECD : “close to state-of-the-art” (Economic Survey India Report 2007) 61
  • 62. The Road Ahead Advocacy is already on The stage is all set for enforcement The fully constituted CCI expected to be in place in about a month’s time Waiting for the curtain to rise In view of the good background work, expected to deliver 62