1. Evil succeeds when good does nothing

2.  The deliberate and systematic extermination of
a national, racial, political, or cultural group.

3. Time Period: 1915 -1916, Ottoman Empire. Campaign
against Armenians living in the eastern portion of
Anatolia (modern day turkey).

4. • Nationalism started affecting the Turkish mentality. The Turks
placed themselves above everybody else claiming they were
superior. As the Ottoman Empire began to crumble, however,
the Turks became frustrated and began to have conflicting
views with the Armenians. The conditions in the empire had
turned from their former glorious sate to chaos and failure.
Young Turk leaders felt that the lack of environmental changes
was the cause of their issues. The only source holding the
empire up was their European allies. Around this time, the
Ottoman empire had lost land in both Europe and Africa and
the Turks were embarrassed. The Turks had plans to expand
their empire into a society that was completely Turkish and
Muslim.

5. • The Turks feared their empire was falling because of
Christian Armenians. The Armenians were oblivious
to the attacks on their cultural group. They did nothing
to try to stop the Turk’s harmful reformations that
would soon put them at risk. The Turks were able to
impose their reforms and policies on the people with
complete cooperation.

6.  Scapegoats  The Turkish government confiscated all of the
Identified
 Target Devalued-
Dehumanized Armenian people's weapons. Turks told the
 New Ideology
Developed
Armenians that they needed their hunting weapons
to fuel the war efforts. (WWI) The Armenians were
loyal and worked to come up with as many weapons
as they could, striving to meet the Turk’s ideal quota.
The Turkish government used the large quantity of
weapons to claim that the Armenians were devising a
plan to rebel and the they must take action to stop the
madness. The Turks began their three stages of
extermination (discussed in the next section) to work
towards a Turkish, Muslim, homogeneous society.

7.  The Turkish Committee of Union Progress, or CUP, came up with a plan to
 Steps increase in Violence exterminate the Armenians in order to change and expand their empire. What
began as simple suppression of the Armenians with high taxes, isolation from
 Social Morals Lessen Toward the Muslims, and second class citizenship reached entirely new levels. Turks
Group decided to dispose of the defenseless Armenians in three stages to quicken the
development of their reformed empire. Stage one included recruiting all men
 Perpetrators Selected between the ages of 15 and 45 to the army and then killing them in sets ranging
from 50-100 innocent men. If the men were not killed they were worked to their
death. The second phase included the arresting of prominent political and
military leaders in Constantinople, or Istanbul. The leaders were arrested,
tortured and executed. Lastly, phase three, was the extermination of elders,
women, and even children. The leaders started pogroms and marches that were
said to be relocations to camps, but instead ended in death. The innocent
Armenians faced rape, starvation, dehydration, kidnappings, and murder by the
Kurdish during these “relocation” marches. Some marchers were lucky enough
to reach their destination of Syria and Mesopotamia, but were killed upon
arrival. Some young children were given to non-Armenian non-Christian
families, and older children were forced to convert to Islam.

8.  Nationalism
 The issues that occurred in the Ottoman Empire where triggered by
 Respect for Authority
 Monolithic Culture nationalism. The Turks agreed upon developing a Muslim, Turkish
 Ideology
empire that excluded the Christian Armenians, a homogeneous
society. The xenophobic nationalists believed the multi- cultural
society had led to the empire’s loss of territory and near collapse. The
Armenians remained unaware of the genocide and their relocation,
they had trust in their Turkish government. They had no obvious
reason to fear the Turks whom they had lived harmoniously with for
some time. They respected their rule, but the Turks were now
against this Christian minority and believed that their relocation,
which turned into extermination, would turn the empire around into
a marvelous Turkish empire.

9.  Public Support/Early
Opposition  The Turkish government would use the destruction of WWI
 Other nations
to exterminate the Armenian race without the intrusion of
 Just World Theory
foreign defenders. The allies did not intrude on the genocide
and the Turkish government got away with their treacherous
actions. Any foreigners who did witness the genocide did
nothing to stop the massacre. Great Britain, France, Russia,
and the US became aware of the genocide but did little to
stop the cruelty. They simply "commanded" the Turks to stop
the killing and made efforts to save the starving people, but
not nearly enough to save the population. America was the
first to know and took the most action raising money and
working towards a resolution, but nothing truly took
flight. Talat Pasa, a Turkish leader stated when the German
Ambassador persistently complained about the genocide,
"with a smile…What on earth do you want? The question is
settled. There are no more Armenians.”

10.  Leaders with Extreme Views


Leaders speak to Core Values of
The tragic genocide was headed by young Turks of various
Society groups. They came together as one because of their desire for
 Followers Buy In
modernization and reform. Three key leaders were Jemal Pasa,
Enver Pasa, and Talat Pasa. Jemal Pasa was a military
commander, Enver Pasa was a skilled military leader, and
Talat Pasa was a telegraphist and member of the CUP who
worked in planning movements. The three men were
responsible during the time of Ottomanization by separating
the Armenians from the Ottomans and coming up with ways to
easily dissolve the group.
"The Ottoman Empire should
be cleansed of the Armenians...
We have destroyed the former
by the sword, we shall destroy
the latter through starvation." --
Enver Pasha, May 1916
Jemal followed by Enver and
then Talat

11.  Execution by the State Power  It was the Turkish government that headed the
Influences Socialization
mass extermination. The Turkish leaders

 Elevate individual Actions
envisioned a homogeneous society and abused
their power in doing so. They oppressed the
entire Armenian race, taking away their rights,
and making them second class to all Turks. The
"You are greatly alienation was solely the government's
mistaken. We have this responsibility, but they refused to accept the
country absolutely under reality. They claim that the genocide was
our control. I have no simply an action taken by the government for
desire to shift the blame protection.
onto our underlings and I
am entirely willing to
accept the responsibility
myself for everything that
has taken place." Enver
Pasa

12.  There were around 600,000 to 1.5 million deaths. This number includes
both men and women and even children. Not one country was able to
stop the cruelty. The Armenians whom had lived in the empire for over
2,000 years were now nearly invisible. The Armenians that survived
predominantly converted to the Muslim faith or fled from the empire.
Some Armenians fled with Russians who were returning to Russia to
fight. Later the battle of Sardarabad, other battles, the collapsing
Ottoman Empire, and Turkey's loss in WWI led to the end of the
genocide. There was mass destruction of the empire including towns,
villages, churches, and schools. Today the Armenian genocide is
remembered on April 24th, the day of the arrests in Istanbul. The
Armenian Genocide is a perfect example of a genocide, fitting into the
definition of a mass killing of a specific group systematically.

13. Occurring during 1928, 1932-1933, and
1936-1939 in the Soviet Union, Ukraine.

14.  War  A leader of this genocide had a vision for an
Economic Hardship
industrialized nation. This man was Stalin

 Feeling Threatened by Violence
 Rapid Changes in Society who devised a five year plan creating a
 Lack of Diversity in Society (Monolithic) socialist state free of capitalism, and with a
prosperous agricultural industry. Stalin
wished for the farmers to produce more food
in order for the Soviet Union to focus on an
industrial economy. He also wanted to sell
grain abroad to raise funds. Under Stalin,
grain production increased by 150%, but
other food production did not increase as
much. Stalin wanted all peasants to farm on
state owned farms called collectives. The
government would proved tractors,
fertilizers, and seed for the peasants to farm
using modern techniques. They forced
peasants to turn over their farm animals and
tools to the collective. The state regulated
prices and access to farm supplies.

15.  Sense of Self and Way Life Threatened  Stalin became frustrated because some
 Feeling of Frustration peasants did not agree with his collective
policies. Many peasants were not in favor of
giving up their land and selling their crops
at low prices. The peasants killed their farm
animals, destroyed tools, and burned crops.
Stalin was furious and thought Kulaks, rich
farmers, were leading this resistance. This
triggered his plans for extermination. Stalin
stated, “liquidate the Kulaks as a class.”

16.  Scapegoats Identified  Stalin was a totalitarian and wished to gain
 Target Devalued- Dehumanized complete control over the peasants and the
New Ideology Developed

working class along with the Soviets. He
produced propaganda and used terror as his
weapon. Stalin eliminated any opposing
ideas, forced Russian culture on all groups,
and replaced religion with communists
ideology. Stalin made himself appear as god-
like. He used propaganda to increase his
popularity. Radios, speakers, movie theaters,
school, billboards, and posters encouraged
his policies to all groups and ages. His new
ideas were to be the only ideas recognized by
the Soviet population.
“Print is the sharpest and the
strongest weapon of our
party.” -Stalin

17.  
Steps increase in Violence Stalin used his weapon of terror on the Kulaks. He wished to
 Social Morals Lessen
teach them a lesson for rebelling against his collective farm
Toward Group policies. He had around 1,000,000 Kulak homes, or 5,000,000
 Perpetrators Selected people, deported from the country. These people were never
heard back from after their deportation. He imposed
collectivization on any and all of the remaining peasants. He
used this genocide to prevent independence from occurring. His
destruction caused famine along with exterminating anyone who
opposed his views. He caused starvation of 7-10 million people.
Many military leaders, authors, and government officials would
also be killed because of their unique views. Stalin also created
Gulags, or brutal working camps, which imprisoned people who
“Cannibalism did not agree with Stalin. The Great Purge “cemented his control
came later. Fresh of the government.”
corpses were dug
up and boiled for
stew.” Witness of
the effects of Stalin

18.  Nationalism  People aware for costs of disloyalty and took this
 Respect for Authority into account. Stalin demanded for a society that
Monolithic Cultural

followed his beliefs and ideals, thus there would
 Ideology
be no possible way for him to lose control. People
did not respect Stalin’s authority, although some
areas were better off. Stalin’s forced monolithic
culture was imposed in every direction. Schools
taught his ideas and they were advertised
everywhere. The only benefits that came about
under Stalin, increasing peoples’ loyalty were,
children attending state supported schools,
cultural activities, sports, free medical care and
daycare, inexpensive housing, public recreation
and greater women's rights. There was little
room for nationalism for Stalin ruled by purely
fear.

19.  Public Support/Early Opposition  People were confused with what was
 Other nations occurring in the Soviet Union and allowed the
Just World Theory

reforms to unfold. The word of famine in the
Soviet Union spread across Europe and to the
United States. The US and Europe attempted
to ship food supplies to the Ukraine in efforts
to help the starving victims. The food
shipments were rejected by the authorities
and outside help was refused. Journalists
were forbidden to enter the Ukraine because
the government did not want their crimes to
be exposed. The US and Britain took no
further action in the genocide because they
were more focused on winning the war
against Nazi Germany, Italy, and Japan,
which would also require Stalin’s assistance.

20.  Leaders with Extreme Views  Stalin was the mastermind behind the
 Leaders speak to Core Values of Society Ukrainian genocide. He was paranoid that
Followers Buy In

someone else would steel his power, and
plotted against all people with views that may
-“Death solves all one day override his. He felt that terror was
problems - no man, the only way to get his message across to the
no problem.” people. As previously mentioned, he was a
totalitarian seeking complete domination.
-“Ideas are more Stalin not only targeted the Kulaks because of
their opposing views on farming, but became
powerful than so obsessed with power and expanded his
guns. We would policies to differing minded citizens and even
not let our enemies high-class officials. He felt that his work was a
have guns, why “revolution from above”, and would
should we let them transform the Soviet Union into a successful
industrial giant. He never gained true
have ideas.” followers, only those who joined his campaign
in fear of otherwise being killed.
-Stalin

21.  Execution by the State Power  The government disposed of people who
 Influences Socialization did not follow Stalin's beliefs. Censorship
Elevate individual Actions

was increased along with the power of the
secret police. This secret police arrested
millions of citizens, they cracked down on
the Bolsheviks, army heroes, industrial
managers, and writers. These people were
all accused of plotting against Stalin’s
revolution. Stalin reinforced his control of
the government through the Great Purge
and also called for trials that would force
people to confess in his favor. He
strengthened his governmental control
giving the state more and more power
through every act he initiated.

22.  Thousands of military leaders were killed or sent off to camps. Millions of
Kulaks, ordinary citizens, and other groups faced the same fate. Stalin was
responsible for the deaths of more than 20,000,000 people before the time of
his own death. Stalin faced no consequences nor regretted his actions.
Although this event did not focus on killing a single group of people, it
began by targeting the Kulaks and then expanded into all people with
opposing ideas. This would be considered a genocide because it was a
massive, systematic killing of Soviet citizens because of Stalin’s paranoia.

23. Occurring in Nanking, China in 1937.

24.  War  Japan and their military was looking to complete their
 Economic Hardship conquest of China. Japan had been modernizing since
 Feeling Threatened by Violence WWI, their exports were soring, and they were an
 Rapid Changes in Society industrial giant. With the civil war in China, they viewed
 Lack of Diversity in Society this as a key time to invade. They planned to take over
(Monolithic) China in as little as three months. The Great Depression
had hurt Japan greatly causing some economic troubles.
The economic disasters powered the military and extreme
nationalists to take action. Politicians were frustrated with
other countries’ demands for Japan to stop expansion, and
they were tired of racial discrimination from other
countries. The Japanese simply felt restricted. Nationalists
demanded for continued expansion and felt taking over
China would provide them with raw materials and a
region for their growing population. After the Manchurian
incident, Japan claimed Manchuria and set up a puppet
state. Japan withdrew from the League of Nations so they
could pursue their conquests. Japan’s frustration was
fueling their desire to take a stand against western powers.

25.  Sense of Self and Way Life Threatened  Japan felt as though other Western
 Feeling of Frustration powers were holding them back
from reaching their full potential and
becoming a dominant Asian power.
They were frustrated and tired of
feeling threatened. They pursued
conquest of China after breaking
away from the League of Nations,
but were once again irritated by the
Chinese troops resistance to their
ruling. The Chinese army fought a
tough battle during Shanghai,
delaying Japan’s plans for a quick
conquer. This only made Japan more
angry and hungrier for conquest.
During their reign of expansion they
invaded Nanking.

26.  Scapegoats Identified  Japan was looking to take over China in search of
 Target Devalued- Dehumanized resources and more land for their people. The
 New Ideology Developed Chinese people stood in their way. As the
Japanese army entered Nanking they carried
orders to kill all captives. They targeted POW’s,
or prisoners of war, who surrendered to the
Japanese soldiers. The Japanese saw the POW’s as
harmless and scared. They were far better trained
than the Chinese and killed all of the POW’s.
Along with this initial group they started an
extermination of the remaining population. The
Japanese truly had no motives to begin the
genocide, they were simply doing as they were
told.
"They [Japanese soldiers] smash open windows and doors and take
whatever they like.... I watched with my own eyes as they looted the café of
our German baker Herr Kiessling.... Of the perhaps one thousand disarmed
soldiers that we had quartered at the Ministry of Justice, between 400 and
500 were driven from it with their hands tied. We assume they were shot
since we later heard several salvos of machine-gun fire. These events have
left us frozen with horror.” I witness

27.  Steps increase in Violence  The genocide lasted for a brutal 6 weeks. In December 1937, the
Japanese army entered Nanking and murdered 300,000 out of
 Social Morals Lessen Toward Group 600,000 civilians and soldiers in the city. After the massacre and
 Perpetrators Selected torturing of the POWs was finished, the Japanese shifted their
focus to the women of Nanking. Women over the age of 70, and
Li Ke-hen-"There are so many young girls under the age of 8 were taken away to be sexually
bodies on the street, victims of abused. Over 20,000 females faced gang-rapes by Japanese
group rape and murder. They soldiers. After they were brutally raped the Japanese would stab
were all stripped naked, their them to death so the genocide would never be heard of. Pregnant
breasts cut off, leaving a terrible women were also raped, and then had their stomachs cut open and
dark brown hole; some of them the unborn child ripped out. If the Japanese found an entire family
were bayoneted in the abdomen, in a house, they forced Chinese men to rape their daughters, sons
with their intestines spilling out to rape their mothers, and brothers their sisters. The family had to
alongside….” watch in terror and could do nothing to stop the brutality. The
soldiers committed many more acts of murder, randomly shooting
their guns at crowds, and sporadically killing people. They also
raided stores, and burned buildings with people still inside. People
who were not killed were forced to dig their own graves along
with caring out live burials. The Japanese took pleasure in their
acts and sought to teach that the Chinese were lesser human being
who did not deserve to live. As time passed the soldiers backed off
and focused more on the war.

28.  Nationalism  The Japanese army led a nationalist movement
 Respect for Authority envisioning a Japanese dominated Asia. They had
Monolithic Cultural

no true reason for killing and raping the Chinese
 Ideology
people, except the possible threat they could
impose on Japan’s path of expansion. The Japanese
"If I had not seen it with army respected the authority of their military run
my own eyes, I would not government’s demand for them to kill all prisoners.
have believed it," wrote “They reflected a mentality in which the brutal
the committee chairman dominance of subjugated or so-called inferior
Rabe in his diary on that peoples was considered just.”- History Place
day.
It has been said that: “...modern nationalist
sentiment, xenophobia, and military power
combined with the unforgiving code of
bushido created a military machine capable of
great acts of atrocity such as the “Rape of
Nanking” (Michigan Museum of Natural
History)

29.  Public Support/Early Opposition
 Other nations  The genocide was broadcasted in Japanese
 Just World Theory newspapers and even the New York Times. The
United States informed their people about the
genocide in multiple other forms of the press. The
American people were very curious about the
violence and could not believe it was true. The
Japanese army’s work was too brutal. The
Americans did not have much interest in what
was occurring in Asia. Politicians in the US and
even Britain were more focused on the issues in
Europe, Adolf Hitler’s rise to power and creation
of the Nazi political group. China was left for the
Japanese to continue their devastating actions.

30.  Leaders with Extreme Views  Hirohito was the emperor of Japan at the
 Leaders speak to Core Values of Society time, but his role in the Rape of Nanking is
 Followers Buy In unknown and quite questionable. The
 Execution by the State Power ultranationalists looked for military
 Influences Socialization domination and revival of ancient warrior
Elevate individual Actions

values and building a group that believed
in the emperor’s godliness. They spread
nationalism through teachings in schools.
Ultranationalists believed Japan should
have an empire that was equal to the
Western powers. Japanese people turned
their backs on peace and followed the
ways of the military state. Peace was
weakness and strength and action were
the only method for success. Absolute
obedience to the emperor and service to
the state was the government’s message.

31.  In the end, Japanese soldiers did not face prosecution for the crimes they
committed. 300,000 out of 600,000 citizens were brutally raped, tortured,
and murdered. Although the Rape of Nanking was devastating for China,
Nanking was not entirely demolished. About 20 Americans and European
missionaries, doctors, and businessmen worked towards developing an
International Safety Zone. They carved out a 2.5 square-mile territory that
was off-limits to the Japanese. These brave Americans and Europeans
risked their lives to stop the violence and rapes. These Westerners were
heroes to the Chinese. It is estimated that almost 300,000 Chinese people
sought protection in the safe zone. I would not consider this a true
genocide because they did not deliberately attempt to destroy an entire
religious or ethnic group by definition of genocide. There was no
genocidal plan, the Chinese were simply in the way of Japanese expansion.

32. Occurring from 1939-1945 in Eastern Europe.

33.  War  In 1918 an economic crisis hit
Economic Hardship

 Feeling Threatened by Violence
Germany and the Nazi Party as
 Rapid Changes in Society Hitler came to power. After
 Lack of Diversity in Society (Monolithic) WWI Germany was in a
“If the venerable state, left with war
debt, land losses, and other
international complications. Germany was
Jewish financiers . not confident with their
. . should again government structure that had
succeed in come about during the Weimer
plunging the Republic. Hitler declared that
nations into a they were stabbed in the back
world war the and not responsible for WWI.
result will be . . . They were tired of the
the annihilation of limitations imposed on the
country during the Treaty of
the Jewish race Versailles and ready for change.
throughout Also, Anti-Semitism was arising
Europe.”-Hitler and flowing through society
even before Hitler came to
power.

34.  Sense of Self and Way Life Threatened  Hitler expressed a strong
Feeling of Frustration
sentiment of anti-Semitism and

the Nazi power directed their
anger about the economy
towards the Jews. They blamed
the Jews for some of their
economic misfortune, calling
them a potential evil against
governmental policies. The
Nazis boycotted Jewish
businesses as an act of revenge.
Hitler saw the Jews as a
“poisonous race that fed off the
other races” weakening
Germany.

35.  Scapegoats Identified  The Holocaust genocide was a Nazi plot for the
 Target Devalued- Dehumanized mass destruction of the Jewish people. Other
New Ideology Developed

groups were also targeted and dehumanized
such as the Slavs, gypsies, homosexuals, the
disabled and Poles. Even people who simply
spoke against the Nazi party were targeted.
Hitler sought out to establish the German
identity as a strong Aryan race. The perfect
person would have blond hair, blue eyes, and
be tall. They used Jewish people as scapegoats
for national problems they were facing. To
prevent the Jewish population from growing,
they stopped the Jews from having children,
forcing sterilization. Other groups the party
targeted were also sterilized. Hitler took
measurements of the ideal Aryan figure and
used these to determine the physical value of
an individual.

36.  Steps increase in Violence  Hitler and his Nazi party established ghettos, or
 Social Morals Lessen Toward Group secluded parts of cities for Jews, in Poland, The
 Perpetrators Selected ghettos led to starvation, sickness, and death.
Einsatzgruppen, special task forces, killed Jewish men
and later women and children. All Jews were forced to
wear the star of David to identify their religion. In
September and October of 1941, Hitler called for the
final solution, or mass execution of Jews,
predominantly by gas chambers. Hitler and the Nazis
soon transported the Jews throughout Europe to work
camps or even extermination camps. Jews were
kidnapped off the streets and put on crowded trains,
some people would die before they even reached the
camps. At these camps the Jews would be worked to
death, given little to no food or water. Other means of
death included being gunned down and put in gas
chambers. The Jews were told to line up expecting
showers, but instead, walked right into their
suffocating, gaseous deaths. Escaping was almost
impossible. Nearing the end of the Holocaust the Jews
were sent on death marches. These marches covered
far distances and most were either too weak to survive
or murdered along the way. Not many Jews saw the
end of the genocide.

37.  Nationalism  Hitler and the Nazi party made
Respect for Authority

 Monolithic Cultural
their beliefs the government’s
 Ideology ideology and spread their
messages to the public. Posters,
the radio, movies, and
newspapers voiced the new
laws and ways of thinking for
Germans. The Nazis replaced
the current materials in schools
with those that broadcasted
their opinions on racial purity
and other ideals. Schools
became segregated along with
other public places. Material
was now censored for content
“All propaganda has to be popular and has that may go against Hitler and
to accommodate itself to the the state. Hitler dreamed of a
comprehension of the least intelligent of single party, Aryan state, and
people respected his authority,
those whom it seeks to reach.”-Hitler especially as his reign
continued.

38.  Public Support/Early Opposition  The United State was hesitant to welcome
 Other nations the few Jews that escaped from Europe into
Just World Theory

this country. With the Great Depression
hurting their economy, the government
feared that foreigners would compete for
work with the Americans and drain them of
their resources needed to support the poor.
When an American governmental
department first heard about the killings,
they failed to pass the message on to their
leaders. The Holocaust was spoken about in
American news and media, but the severity
of the violence was often downgraded. Some
sources claim that the US was in denial of the
extermination of the Jewish race and killing
of other races, explaining why they did not
take action until much of the damage had
already been done.

39.  Leaders with Extreme Views  Hitler was an extreme racist who opposed
 Leaders speak to Core Values of Society all other ethnicities except the Aryan race.
Followers Buy In

Hitler was an extremely influential speaker
and attracted the German population. He
promised to bring back economic strength
in Germany and improved ways of life. The
Nazi party enforced Hitler’s views and
appealed to the unemployed Germans,
younger citizens, and members of the
middle class. At first, the Germans saw
Hitler has their only hope to bring back
national strength. Hitler led the Nazi party
and Germany through terror, and was
determined to turn Germany into a one
party state. No one would dare go against
Hitler in fear of being killed.
“After fifteen years of work I have achieved, as a common German soldier and
merely with my fanatical will-power, the unity of the German nation, and have freed
it from the death sentence of Versailles.” -Hitler

40.  Execution by the State Power  Germany, led by the Nazi's, continued to carry
 Influences Socialization out the killing of the “non-superior” ethnic
Elevate individual Actions

groups, especially the Jews. The Germans took
over Poland, Denmark, Norway, Luxemburg,
Netherlands, Belgium, France, Yugoslavia,
Greece, and a portion of Italy in order to further
their plans and build more extermination and
labor camps. One of the worst extermination
camps, Auschwitz, was built in Poland. The state
supported the anti-Semitism campaign. As
Germany called for the "Final Solution”, they
executed the task of eliminating 2/3 of the
Jewish population in Europe. Gassings,
shootings, random acts of terror, disease, and
starvation were state approved forms of killing.

41.  11-17 million people, 6 million being Jews, were killed. Hitler
committed suicide before he was able to be captured by Russia. Many
other followers of Hitler and Nazis were “convicted for crimes against
humanity” and put in jail. It was the Soviet soldiers who became the
first successful people to liberate Hitler’s prisoners. British, Canadian,
American, and French troops were also responsible for the liberations.
The few survivors would be nursed back to health and reenter a society
with scarce minorities. Overall, the Holocaust is undoubtedly a
genocide. Hitler focused his extermination plans on races that he felt
were not nearly as superior as the Aryans, especially the Jews, and did
so in a systematic and planned out method.

42. Occurring from 1975-1978 in
Cambodia.

43.  War  After gaining their freedom from France,
Economic Hardship

 Feeling Threatened by Violence
Cambodia became independent and
 Rapid Changes in Society moved from left to right on the political
 Lack of Diversity in Society (Monolithic) spectrum. During this time period, a man
named Pol Pot led the communist party.
The United States invaded Cambodia to
force the North Vietnamese from their
border encampments, and move deeper
into the country. They bombed the North
Vietnamese territories and supply routes
in the east and killed about 150,000
Cambodians. Peasants fled the
countryside and settled in Cambodia's
capital. These events led to economic and
military destruction in Cambodia, along
with a gain in popularity for Pol Pot.
When the US left, the government was
completely destroyed and Pol Pot seized
control of Cambodia.

44.  Sense of Self and Way Life Threatened  The Khmer Rouge were frustrated with
 Feeling of Frustration their current monarchy led by Prince
Norodom Sihanouk. The prince was
relieved of his duty by Lon Nol who
supported the US and not Vietnam. He
did not take action against the US’s
violence towards the Vietnamese nor
the chaos in Cambodia. The people of
Cambodia believed the prince was
betraying the country’s principles.
Innocent Vietnamese people were being
killed for no reason what so ever. The
Khmer Rouge and Pol Pot would rise to
power without force. The reign of the
Rouge would begin a new era.

45.  Scapegoats Identified  When Pol Pot came to power, he wished to
 Target Devalued- Dehumanized experiment and develop agrarian, agricultural,
New Ideology Developed

society much like Mao Zedong's Cultural
Revolution. He wanted communal farming and
to re-educate people in the art of agriculture.
People with Western educations, who wore
glasses, or spoke a different language were
targeted as unfit for his new Cambodia.
Renaming Cambodia the Democratic Republic
of Kampuchea, he began his reforms. He called
this, “Year Zero,” declaring that society was to
be “purified”. Capitalism, Western culture, city
life, religion, and all foreign influences were
dissolved and replaced by high levels of peasant
communism.

46.  Steps increase in Violence  Cambodia's cities were cleared by force, in Phnom
 Social Morals Lessen Toward Group
Penh two million citizens were evacuated at gunpoint
and led to the countryside. About 20,000 people died
 Perpetrators Selected along their journey on foot. These people were forced
to work as slaves in Pot’s killing fields. They died from
overwork, starvation, and disease. The workers lived
off of a tin of rice, given to them twice a day. They
worked long hours, from 4 in the morning until 10 at
night and were given only two breaks. The Khmer
Rouge, armed, supervised the workers and were
excited when the opportunity to kill someone arose.
People worked to produce fruit and rice which the
Khmer Rouge collected after production. Killings were
initiated to mask the remains of the "old society”. The
educated, the wealthy, Buddhist monks, police,
doctors, lawyers, teachers, and former government
officials all fell as victims to murder. Ex-soldiers and
their wives and children along with government
“Since he is of no use anymore, there is no
officials were also exterminated. If a person was seen
gain if he lives and no loss if he dies.”-Pot
questioning their support for Pol Pot and the Khmer
Rouge, they were shot or axed down without
“I did not join the resistance movement to kill people, to kill the
hesitation.
nation. Look at me now. Am I a savage person? My conscience is
clear.”-Pots

47.  Nationalism  Pol Pot changed the culture of Cambodia by having
 Respect for Authority foreigners shipped out, embassies closed, and any
Monolithic Cultural

foreign economic or medical assistance refused. He
 Ideology
banned foreign languages, had newspaper and
television stations shut down, radios and bicycles
confiscated, and mail and telephone usage reduced
and restricted. Money was even banned. Every
business was closed up, religious practice was
band, education ceased, and parent authority
ended. Cambodia was isolated from the
surrounding world. Pot wished to re-establish
Cambodia’s former state. Many people were
unfamiliar with who Pol Pot was and were forced
under his authority believing he was a god-like
figure.

48.  Public Support/Early Opposition  There were few bystanders during the
 Other nations Cambodian genocide because Pol Pots
Just World Theory

had killed off most foreigners. Few
Americans, Chinese, and Vietnamese
knew of the killings but showed no
desire to help out or put an end to
what was occurring.

49.  Leaders with Extreme Views  Led by a Western educated man with
 Leaders speak to Core Values of Society intentions to create a society based on
Followers Buy In

agriculture and the ways of the past. He
 Execution by the State Power
 Influences Socialization favored the young since they had not yet
 Elevate individual Actions been corrupted by Western ways. The
young worked in the military instead of
the slower, older men. The Khmer Rouge
followed Pots commands and carried out
the killings. Pot wished to reverse
imperialism and did so by turning the
entire country into a torturous labor camp
in fear of losing power.
“I'm quite modest. I don't want to tell
people I'm a leader.”-Pots

50.  Overall, about 2 million Cambodians were killed, around 25% of the
population. They were eventually defeated by the Vietnamese ending the
killings. In July 1997 Pol Pot was tried by the Khmer Rouge and found
guilty. He was forced to live out the remainder of his life under house
arrest. Pol Pot died on April 15, 1998 of a heart attack. I would consider
this a genocide because it specifically targeted a Western influenced race
and Western influence in general. It was an attack on imperialism in
attempt to erase Western thinking.

51. Occurring in 1994 in Rwanda.

52.  War  Rwanda was a Belgian colony with two
 Economic Hardship major classes or groups of people, the
Feeling Threatened by Violence

Tutsi, or upper class, and the Hutu, or
 Rapid Changes in Society
 Lack of Diversity in Society (Monolithic) lower class. The Hutu class made up the
majority of the population. The elite Tutsi
class, backed up by the Belgiums, ruled by
hatred and fear towards the Hutus. They
were power crazy and feared losing their
ruling status. The Tutsi’s had better job
and educational opportunities than the
Hutus.

53.  Sense of Self and Way Life Threatened  The Hutus were growing angry
Feeling of Frustration
against the privileged Tutsis

and began to riot in 1959. They
felt that they had equal rights to
the jobs and opportunities being
presented to the upper class.
Out of frustration, they began
killing many Tutsis and some of
the Tutsi population left the
country.
“All these people who were about to be
killed had land and at times cows. And
somebody had to get these lands and
those cows after the owners were dead.
In a poor and increasingly
overpopulated country this was no a
negligible incentive.” –Unknown Hutu

54.  Belgium granted Rwanda its freedom in 1962
 Scapegoats Identified and the Hutus were in control. In the past years,
Target Devalued- Dehumanized

the Tutsi’s had been considered the scapegoats
 New Ideology Developed
for all issues. The economy was declining and
the president, Habyarimana, was losing his
popularity. The Tutsi civilians in Uganda were
forming the RPF, or Rwandan Patriotic Front to
attack the ruling Hutu government. They wanted
to overthrow the president and gain back their
ruling rights in Rwanda. In April the president's
plane was shot down, presumably by Tutsis.
The effect of the killing granted the Hutus a
reason to attack the Tutsis.
“We had two French military who helped train the
Interahamwe. A lot of other Interahamwe were sent for
training in Egypt. The French military taught us how to
catch people and tie them. It was at the Affichier Central
base in the centre of Kigali. It's where people were
tortured. That's where the French military office was... The
French also went with us Interahamwe to Mount Kigali,
where they gave us training with guns. We didn't know
how to use the arms which had been brought from France
so the French military were obliged to show us.” –
Unknown Hutu

55.  Steps increase in Violence  The Hutus began to murder Tutsis and
 Social Morals Lessen Toward Group moderate Hutus immediately after the
 Perpetrators Selected President’s death. The Hutus wanted a
payback for the death of their president. An
unofficial militia of Hutus, known as the
Inerahamwe, or those who fight together,
began going house to house killing the
“All these people who moderates and Tutsis. The force was 30,000
were about to be killed strong. Military officials, politicians, and
had land and at times businessmen joined in the killings. Soldiers
cows. And somebody and police officers wished for citizens to take
had to get these lands action and Hutus who killed their Tutsi
and those cows after the neighbors earned benefits such as the Tutsi’s
owners were dead. In a land and food. After the murdering of 10
poor and increasingly foreign soldiers, the international community
overpopulated country and United Nation’s troops left the genocide
this was no a negligible alone. The Hutu militia carried machetes,
incentive.” –Unknown “Rule number one was to kill. There was nowhich they used to
clubs, guns, and grenades rule number
Hutu two.”-Unknown Hutu
sporadically kill the Tutsis.

56.  Nationalism  Rwandan citizens were forced to carry cards that
 Respect for Authority identified their ethnicity. These cards were very
Monolithic Cultural

important for Hutus offered them protection. The
 Ideology
idea for a monolithic society was taking hold amongst
the Hutus who finally possessed the power. This
respect for authority was not always the case, some
Hutus were forced to kill Tutsis, but in these kill or be
killed situations the Hutus did as the government
requested. The Interahamwe used radio stations to
arrange their movements and to alert the other Hutus
when a Tutsi was attempting to escape. The Hutus
used the phrase join in, “Do your Duty.”
RTML (Radio Télévision
des Milles
Collines)broadcasted,
“cut down the tall trees”,
a signal for the Hutus to
start killing the Tutsis.

57.  Public Support/Early Opposition  During the genocide, the UN, Church,
 Other nations and the media stood by and did nothing
Just World Theory

to stop the killing. Although Belgium,
France, and the US did everything in
their power to get their citizens out of
Rwanda, they did nothing for the native
population.

58.  Leaders with Extreme Views  Three major Hutu leaders of the
 Leaders speak to Core Values of Society
 Followers Buy In
genocide included Mathieu
 Execution by the State Power Ngirumpaste, Edourd Karemera,
 Influences Socialization and Joseph Nzirorera. Mathieu
Elevate individual Actions

Ngirumpaste was the president of
the Hutu extremists who were
responsible for the national
revolutionary movements in
hopes of promoting democracy
and further creation of a Hutu
society. Edourd Karemera was the
Hutu party’s past vice president
and Joseph Nzirorera was the
previous secretary-general.
 The Hutu state created a genocide
with forced and voluntary
participation. The number of
perpetrators was enormous.

59.  800,000 men, women, and children were killed during the 100 day
genocide. This was about ¾ of the entire Tutsi population. Eventually the
Tutsi's, under the RPF, captured the capital, Kigali, the Hutu government
collapsed, and the RPF called for a ceasefire. As word spread that Tutsis
were victorious, the Hutus fled. A multi-ethnic government was set up at
first. Rwanda now had a Tutsi run government, but the anger against the
Hutus had not ceased. The leaders of the genocide pled not guilty to
their horrible crimes. I would consider this a genocide because it
specifically targeted one group of people for a single reason. The Hutus
deliberately killed the Tutsis whom they felt were threatening their
existence.

60. Occurring from 1922-1995 in Bosnia and
Herzegovina.

61.  War  After WWII, the Balkan states of Bosnia-
 Economic Hardship Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro,
 Feeling Threatened by Violence Croatia, Slovenia and Macedonia were
 Rapid Changes in Society incorporated into the multi-cultural
 Lack of Diversity in Society (Monolithic) Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia.
Yugoslavian leader Josip Broz Tito died
in 1980 triggering nationalist movements.
Tito had been a powerful communist
leader who had formed alliances with
superpowers such as the US and the
Soviet Union, that occasionally provided
Bosnia with money and other resources.
Without a strong leader, political and
economic destruction erupted. After the
Soviet Union fell, Yugoslavia truly began
to fall apart.

62.  Sense of Self and Way Life Threatened
 Feeling of Frustration A Serbian communist named Slobodan
Milosevic later rose to power. In these chaotic
times, he used nationalism and religious
prejudice to establish his presence in Bosnia. He
increased the straining relationships between the
Serbians and Muslims and spread a rumor that
the Muslims were mistreating the other religious
minorities. Milosevic provided money and arms
in order for the Bosnian Serbs to successfully set
up their own government. Bosnia’s
independence frustrated Yugoslavia and
triggered a Bosnian civil war between Bosniaks,
Serbs, and Croats.

63.  Scapegoats Identified  The United States and Europe began to
recognize Bosnia as an independent country
Target Devalued- Dehumanized

in 1992, and Milosevic did not want Bosnia to
 New Ideology Developed separate. Bosnia was a predominantly
Muslim country with only 32% of the
population being Serbs. Milosevic decided to
take action and attack Sarajevo, Bosnia’s
capital city. Milosevic and his army claimed
that the Muslims were mistreating the Serbs
and they required their protection. Sarajevo
was soon known as the location where
Serbians shot innocent civilians , even
children, in the streets. Bosnian Serbs began a
system of “Ethnic Cleansing”, killing people
of differing ethnicities and removing them
from their homes in order to create a
homogeneous society.

64.  Steps increase in Violence  The Muslims were hopeless as the Yugoslavian
army began to gun down the Muslims. The Serbs
 Social Morals Lessen Toward Group established their presence and initiated a
systematic capturing of Bosnian Muslims. Serbians
 Perpetrators Selected held “mass shootings”, relocated towns,
established Muslim concentration camps, raped
women and girls. Muslim mosques and
architecture was destroyed.
"Serbs and Muslims are like cats
and dogs. They cannot live
together in peace. It is
impossible.”-Karadzic

65.  Nationalism  Milosevic of Serbia and Tudjman of Croatia used public
media, transformed T.V. and radio into propaganda fueling
 Respect for Authority aggressive conflicts between the Serbs and Croats and
simultaneously devaluing the Muslims. They were
 Monolithic Cultural censoring media for any support of multi-ethnic harmony.
The people in Bosnia were forced to live under these
 Ideology
conditions of civil war. The Serbs also targeted intellectuals,
professionals, and political leaders in efforts to demolish
the Muslim culture in Bosnia. The Muslim population was
not in favor of Serbian authority, but were hopeless and
could not fight back.
“The Serb cause in the
Bosnian war was just and
holy”-Karadzic

66.  Public Support/Early Opposition  The world remained unaffected by the genocide.
The U.N. put economic restrictions on Serbia and
 Other nations sent their army to protect the Muslims. Although,
the UN restricted their troops from getting in the
 Just World Theory
way of the Serbian military. Neutrality was
maintained even when conditions worsened. The
USA and Europe were other forces that neglected to
stop the genocide. The Serbians were free to kill the
Muslims. Under President Clinton the US strived to
stop the madness, issuing the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization. This requested that Serbians retreat
from Sarajevo and they did indeed listen. The US
then tried to unify Bosnian Muslims and Croats for
protection from the Serbs. The Serbs continued to
attack and the alliance did nothing. The Serbs
eventually captured U.N. peacekeepers, taking them
as prisoners and using them as defensive weapons.
The killings and raping continued despite other
powers weak, unplanned, and useless efforts.

67.  Leaders with Extreme Views  Radovan Karadzic, president of the
illegitimate Bosnian Serb Republic,
 Leaders speak to Core Values of Society denied that the genocide was occurring.
He led the Bosnian Serbs during the war.
 Followers Buy In He believed there was a group of
Muslims in Bosnia who dreamed of 100%
 Execution by the State Power power and they needed to be stopped. He
said, “I will defend that nation of ours
 Influences Socialization and their cause.” He was labeled as an
ultranationalist leader of the Bosnian
 Elevate individual Actions Serbs. He was also a psychiatrist, poet,
and writer. Some Serbs believe he was a
hero.
 Milosevic gained popularity in Serbia. He
was a nationalist and became president in
1989. He had a vision of creating a one
ethnicity country. Milosevic would
ethnically cleanse the Yugoslav Army of
non-Serbs which was not popular with
minorities. “For as long as multinational
communities have existed, their weak
point has always been the relations
between different nations,” was a motto
he followed.

68. Overall there were around 150,00-200,000 deaths along with 20,000
rapes. In 1994, the genocide came to a close when NATO led air strikes
against the Bosnia Serbs, forcing them to stop the murdering. Milosevic
was eventually put on trial for his criminal actions and would die from a
heart attack in 1990. As for Karadzic, he was arrested and charged with
wars crimes. Even in 2010, the Serbians celebrated and felt no remorse for
their actions. The Bosnian Serbs honor their leaders and attempted
cleansings. He is waiting for his fate to be determined in trial. I would
consider this a genocide because it specifically focused on the ethnic
cleansing or extermination of Muslims, whom they felt were against their
own ethnic group.

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