9. Spermatogenesis
• Spermatogenesis: The production of
spermatozoa in the sertoli cells
• Spermiogenesis: Conversion of the
spermatids into spermatozoa
• Spermiation: Release of the
spermatazoon into the lumen
• Capacitation: Final maturation of the
spermatazoon in the female genital tract
10. Spermatogenesis
• Stem cells
• Mitosis
• Spermatogonia
• First spermatocyte
• First miosis
• Second spermatocyte
• Second miosis
• Spermatid
• sperm
26. Functions of leydig cells
• Steroidogenesis …8-18th week of gest.
• LH receptor/PRL(potentiate LH function)
• Testosteron ..5-7mg/day
• Androstenedione
• Relaxin-like factor
• A good marker for fully differentiated adult-
type Leydig cells
• Weakly expressed in prepubertal
• Immature Leydig cells
– By insulin-like factor 3 gene
27. Relaxin-like factor 3(RLF)
• In estrogen-induced cryptorchidism, RLF
levels in the testis are significantly reduced
• RLF secreted by theca cells of small antral
follicles
• RLF secreted by the corpus luteum of the
cycle and pregnancy
29. MALE REPRODUCTION: HORMONAL REGULATION
HYPOTHALAMUS
- ve feedback
GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
- ve feedback
FSH LH
TESTES
S
E LEYDIG CELL
R
T
O TESTOSTERONE
L
I REP.TRACT
CELL SPERMATOGENESIS
& OTHER ORGANS
INHIBIN 29
30. SEMEN ANALYSIS
• A test for infertility
• Semen contain:
– Sperms
– Secretions:
• Seminal vesicles
• Prostate
• Cowper’s glands
• Bulbo-urethral glands
30
52. PENILE ERECTION: REFLEX PATHWAYS
INPUT FROM
THOUGHTS MECHANORECEPTORS
EMOTIONS OF PENIS
SIGHT, SMELL
NEURONS TO PENIS
NEURONS RELEASE nonCholinergic
NEUROTRANSMITTER (NO)
INHIBITION ON SYMPATHETIC NEURONS
PENIS
ARTERIAL DILATATION + VENOCOMPRESSION
= ERECTION
52
53. EJACULATION
• Sympathetic facilitation
• Skeletal muscles contract
• Two events:
1. EMISSION: Smooth muscles contract &
semen sent into urethra
2. EXPULSION: Rapid contraction of
urethral smooth muscles.
53
54. MALE REPRODUCTIVE
ABNORMALITIES
• CRYPTORCHIDISM (UNDESCENDED
TESTES)
– THE DESCENT OF TESTES IS INCOMPLETE IN
10% OF NEONATES
– SPONTANEOUS DESCENT OCCURS LATER
– INCIDENCE: 2% AT INFANCY & 0.3% AFTER
PUBERTY
– COMPLICATIONS: INCREASED INCIDENCE OF
TESTICULAR MALIGNANCIES & INFERTILITY.
54
58. Synthesis of the male sex hormones in Leydig
cells of the testis. P450SSC, 3b-DH, and
P450c17 are the same enzymes as those
needed for adrenal steroid hormone
synthesis. 17,20-desmolase is the same as
17,20-lyase of adrenal hormone synthesis..
71. Estrogen in proliferation phase
• Cell proliferation in endometrium
• Growth of ER & mitochondria in endometrium
• Increase glycogen storage
• Endometrial glands
• Dilation of arteries and coiled
• Increase in progesterone receptors
• Increase sensitivity & contractility of myometrium
72. Secretory phase
• Secretion of mucus
• Continue to proliferation
• Edema of endometrium
• Decrease contraction of myometrium
77. Follicle graaf
• Theca interna is rich in Scc450(desmolase)
• Theca interna cells have LH receptors
• Granulosa cells are rich in aromatase
• Granulosa cells have LH & FSH receptors
78.
79. Synthesis of the major female sex hormones in the ovary. Synthesis of testosterone and
androstenedione from cholesterol occurs by the same pathways as indicated for
synthesis of the male sex hormones.
80.
81.
82. Hohlweg effect
• Critical plasma concentration for estrogen
– 200pg/ml
– For 36 hrs
– No response to 100pg/ml
• Increase GnRH receptor on gonadotrops (est &
PGE2)
• Increase the enzymatic activity of
gonadotrops(est)
• Increase amplitude & frequency of GnRH(est &
PGE2)
89. Luteal phase
• Progesterone secretion
• Negative Fern test
• LH support
• Maximum activity: 6-8 days after ovulation
90. Luteolysis
• PGF2α:
– Reduction in blood flow of corpus luteum
– Increase estrogen secretion
– Reduce response of corpus luteum to LH
– Increase OT secretion from CL
93. Capacitation
• Remove of HMW glycoprotein (polylactoseamine) &
peptides
• Whiplash-like pattern of hyperactivation of sperm
• Removing sterol & cholesterol from the surface
• Rearrangement of surface molecules
• Increase permeability to calcium
• Hyaloronidase activity
• Galactosyl-transferase activity
94.
95. Acrosome reaction
• Calcium entrance- Ca-cal
• Increase cAMP
• Activation of phospholipaseA2
• Increasing lysophospholipids
• Adhesion
• pH: 5.2 to 7:00
• Segmentation of acrosome
96.
97.
98.
99. Syngamy
• After enter the sperm, 2nd polar body
• After 30 min, disperse of sperm nucleus
• After 6-8 hrs, pronucleus & syngamy
• After 27-43 hrs, first division
110. Aromatase activity in
• Muscle (25-30% in normal conditions)
• Adipose tissue
• Skin fibroblasts
• Hair follicles
• Brain
• Aromatase has more affinity to androstenedione than
testosterone